EECA - Artigos publicados em periódicos

URI Permanente para esta coleçãohttp://200.137.215.59//handle/ri/1287

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Agro-industrial waste upcycling into activated carbons: a sustainable approach for dye removal and wastewater treatment
(2025) Alvez Tovar, Beatriz Carolina; Scalize, Paulo Sérgio; Angiolillo Rodríguez, Giovanny; Albuquerque, Antonio João Carvalho de; Ebang, Malorie Ndemengane; Oliveira, Tatianne Ferreira de
Abstract: The increasing generation of agro-industrial waste has intensified soil and water contamination, as well as the eutrophication of water bodies, impacting biodiversity and human health. This highlights the need for responsible management to meet Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) 3, 6, 12, 13, 14, and 15, which promote health, access to clean water, responsible consumption, climate action, and the protection of life on land and below water. This study aimed to produce activated carbon from cocoa, baru, and monguba residues for the removal of contaminants dyes (methylene blue, bromocresol green, and methyl red) presented in wastewater. The three materials were carbonized at 500 ◦C for one hour under a nitrogen atmosphere and activated with H3PO4. The samples were characterized using TGA, SEM, XRD, FT-IR, pHPZC, and ASAP, in addition to conducting kinetic and thermodynamic parameter assays for the dyes. Monguba carbon exhibited the highest pore volume (1.57 cm3·g−1), surface area (1604 m2·g−1), and adsorption capacity for methylene blue and methyl red (50 mg·g−1). The data were analyzed using pseudo-first and pseudosecond order kinetic models. It was concluded that monguba carbon shows potential for the sustainable removal of organic dyes and molecules with similar characteristics in contaminated water or wastewater.
Assessment of per capita contribution to fecal sewage in rural residences of quilombola communities
(2025) Silva, Adivânia Cardoso da; Scalize, Paulo Sérgio; Albuquerque, Antonio João Carvalho de
The universalization of basic sanitation remains a challenge. For the development of sanitation infrastructure projects, it is essential to use water consumption data that accurately reflect reality, ensuring greater precision. This study aimed to determine the per capita contribution to fecal sewage (Cp) in six quilombola residences in Goiás (Brazil). The research was conducted in two phases: (a) a literature review on Cp in similar communities (CpL) and (b) the determination of Cp in six residences from different rural communities (CpP), varying in the number of inhabitants (8, 8, 5, 2, 1, and 1 persons in households R1 to R6, respectively). Flow measurements were obtained using a volumetric flowmeter (nominal flow rate of 1.5 m3/h) installed in the water pipeline supplying the toilet(s) of each household. A dearth of Cp data was observed in the literature, particularly for rural areas. Research on this topic remains in its infancy, as evidenced by the small number of publications (nine papers) published between 2006 and 2022, of which 44.4% reported on-site measurements. In the present study, the CpP ranged from 12.10 L/cap.day to 21.79 L/cap.day, with a mean of 16.22 L/cap.day (CV = 0.239). These calculated values lie within the lower (9.9 L/cap.day) and upper (51.5 L/cap.day) ranges reported in the literature. Generally, estimated data are higher than values calculated from flowrate measurements, highlighting the importance of direct measurements—which can also help reduce construction costs. Therefore, it is recommended that flowrate measurements and Cp calculations be expanded to residences with diverse demographic and geographic characteristics, also incorporating meteorological data, to obtain more accurate results.
Reuse of polymeric resin for production of activated hydrochar applied in removal of bisphenol A and diclofenac synthetic aqueous solution
(2025) Alves, Andreia Cristina Fonseca; Oliveira, Sérgio Botelho de; Scalize, Paulo Sérgio
Spent ion exchange resins were subjected to hydrothermal carbonization (HTC) and physical activation to produce adsorbents, which were tested for the adsorption of bisphenol A (BPA) and sodium diclofenac (DCF) in water. PAHF0.35.WV and PAHF0.50.WV were the materials that presented the largest specific surface area, around 200 m2/g. The best performance was in the adsorption of BPA, with an adsorption capacity of 24.45 and 23.34 mg/g. The kinetic and adsorption isotherm models that presented the best adjustments of the curves to the experimental data were the pseudo-secondorder model and the Freundlich model. The maximum adsorption capacity of DCF was 17.82 mg/g for PAHF0.35.WV and 15 mg/g for PAHF0.50.WV. The best fit of the adsorption kinetic curves to the experimental data was for the pseudo-second-order model. In the adsorption isotherms, the Langmuir and Freundlich models presented the best fit. The toxicity study with the microalgae Raphidocelis subcapitata did not demonstrate any toxic effects of the adsorbents. Material regeneration tests indicated a recovery of the adsorption capacity of around 50% in the first cycle, and from the second cycle onwards, the recovery was not satisfactory. However, the results indicate that the anionic resin residue has potential for use in the production of activated hydrocarbons.
Design criteria for wastewater treatment and disposal by evapotranspiration systems
(2025) Silva, Adivânia Cardoso da; Díaz Carrillo, Adriana Duneya; Diogo, António Manuel Abreu Freire; Scalize, Paulo Sérgio
The unsuitable performance of or deficit in basic sanitation infrastructure, especially in sparsely populated rural communities, remains critical, particularly in many developing regions, and demands sustainable, cost-effective, and easily operated solutions. Thus, the objective of this Review is to analyze design parameters for evapotranspiration tanks (EvapTs), adopted as nature-based solutions for zero-discharge domestic sewage treatment. The literature search was conducted using the Scopus and Web of Science databases, complemented by backward citation tracking. From 4434 records, 29 studies were selected based on specific criteria, such as the availability of design data and their application in urban or rural contexts. The main findings indicated required areas per inhabitant ranging from 0.5 to 7.7 m2, primarily influenced by climate conditions and the type of plant used. Statistical analysis showed a negative correlation between the area of the evaporation tanks and the mean annual temperature, with a Pearson correlation coefficient (r of −0.74). For mean annual temperatures between 19 and 27 degrees Celsius, linear regression showed a variation between 4.7 and 0.6 m2/inhabitant with a reduction coefficient of −0.51 per degree Celsius, suggesting that warmer climates require smaller system areas per capita. Most studies were conducted at full scale, with Brazil accounting for the highest number of publications. EvapT is identified as a promising ecological technology that is particularly suitable for rural settings. However, it still requires technical standardization, cost–benefit analysis, and research on social acceptance. The adoption of clear design criteria may enhance system replicability, support public policy development, and contribute to SDG 6—CleanWater and Sanitation for All.
Operation of a zero-discharge evapotranspiration tank for blackwater disposal in a rural quilombola household, Brazil
(2025) Silva, Adivânia Cardoso da; Díaz Carrillo Venezuela, Adriana Duneya; Scalize, Paulo Sérgio
Decentralized sanitation in rural areas urgently requires accessible and nature-based solutions to achieve Sustainable Development Goal 6 (clean water and sanitation for all). However, monitoring studies of such ecotechnologies in disperse communities remain limited. This study evaluated the performance of an evapotranspiration tank (TEvap), designed with community participation, for the treatment of domestic sewage in a rural Quilombola household in the Brazilian Cerrado. The system (total area of 8.1 m2, with about 1.0 m2 per inhabitant) was monitored for 218 days, covering the rainy season and the plants’ establishment phase. After 51 days, the TEvap reached operational equilibrium, maintaining a zero-discharge regime, and after 218 days, 92.3% of the total system inlet volumes (i.e., 37.47 in 40.58 m3) were removed through evapotranspiration and uptake by cultivated plants (Musa spp.). Statistical analyses revealed correlations that were moderate to strong, and weak between the blackwater level and relative humidity (Pearson correlation coefficient, r = 0.75), temperature (r = −0.66), and per capita blackwater contribution (r = 0.28), highlighting the influence of climatic conditions on system efficiency. These results confirm the TEvap as a promising, low-maintenance, and climate-resilient technology for decentralized domestic sewage treatment in vulnerable rural communities, with the potential to support sanitation policy goals and promote public health.
Drenagem urbana: telhados inteligentes com controle em tempo real (RTC)
(Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2024-12-26) Reis, Ricardo Prado Abreu; Guillen Salas, Juan Carlos; Silvério, Wanny Lacerda
Growing urbanization and soil impermeabilization have intensified the risk of flooding in urban areas, challenging the capacity of traditional drainage systems. This article investigates how smart roofs, integrating advanced technologies such as IoT sensors and predictive control, can mitigate these impacts by promoting sustainable stormwater management solutions. The systematic review follows the PICOC model guidelines, encompassing an analysis of 11 studies selected from renowned scientific databases, focusing on the typologies, applied technologies, and benefits of these systems. The results highlight that green, blue, and smart roof significantly reduce surface runoff, enhance water storage efficiency, and provide thermal and energy benefits. It concludes that smart roofs with predictive control are effective tools for addressing climatic and urban challenges, though they face barriers related to costs and regulations, emphasizing the need for further research to expand their adoption and effectiveness.
Heavy metal removal in a detention basin for road runoff
(2016-11) Belizario, Paulo; Scalize, Paulo Sergio; Albuquerque, Antonio João Carvalho de
Road runoff produced during rainfalls has significant pollutant load, which can cause important environmental impacts on waste and soil. The efficiency of a detention basin for removing heavy metals (Cr, Cu and Zn) in road runoff was evaluated for 8 rainfalls over one year with different intensities (between 16 mm and 103 mm) and durations (higher than 3 hours). The basin showed good performance for removing all metals for precipitation intensities between 16 mm and 103 mm and rainfall durations up to 3 hours. The volume of the basin is suitable for retaining all the road runoff coming from rainfalls with intensities lower than 29.4 mm and duration longer than 6 hours. This type of monitoring should be introduced in Environmental Monitoring Plans of roads because it allows evaluating the effectiveness of treatment systems and preventing the possible impacts of discharges into the environment.
Heavy metals removal from reclaimed water in a laboratory column using a granitic residual soil
(2018-10) Silva, Flora Cristina Meireles; Albuquerque, Antonio João Carvalho de; Cavaleiro, Victor Manuel Pissarra; Maneira, António Carvalho; Scalize, Paulo Sergio
The removal of five heavy metals was evaluated in vertical downflow column, with a granitic residual soil, operated in discontinuous and continuous mode. The results show higher removal rates of the five metals for the continuous mode, with highest values to Zn and Pb followed by Ni, Cu and Cr. The removal of all metals occurs mainly at the top 5 cm essentially through complexation and precipitation in the form of hydroxides.
Removal of Cr, Cu and Zn from liquid effluents using the fine component of granitic residual soils
(2018-11) Silva, Flora Cristina Meireles; Albuquerque, Antonio João Carvalho de; Cavaleiro, Victor Manuel Pissarra; Scalize, Paulo Sergio
The practice of reuse of treated wastewater (TWW) is seen as a strategy for water conservation in regions where water scarcity is a natural reality and in those where population growth and/or climate change foresee this scarcity. In situations of lower water scarcity, reuse is practiced by imperatives of environmental protection of the receiving media, reducing the discharge of e uents from wastewater treatment plants. The artificial recharge of aquifers (RAQ) with TWW is a very common practice at the international level, but little considered in Portugal. However, residual waste from TWW (e.g. heavy metals), when deposited in soil or water, can cause significant environmental impacts on its uses, and cause serious health problems in several animal species due to their bioaccumulation in food chains. The present study intends to show that the granitic residual soils of the Quinta de Gonçalo Martins (Guarda), in the Beira Interior region of Portugal, present physical-chemical and mineralogical characteristics favorable to the infiltration of TWW into RAQ. The results of the batch sorption tests indicate that the soil has a reactive capacity to remove the Cu and Zn residual load at TWW at high efficiencies by adsorption and ion exchange mechanisms. The pseudo-first order model explained the reaction kinetics for the three heavy metals removal and when the sorption equilibrium state was reached, the removal of these metals was explained by the Freundlich isotherm.
Real-scale comparison between simple and composite raw sewage sampling
(2018-06) Scalize, Paulo Sergio; Frazão, Juliana Moraes
The present study performed a qualitative and quantitative characterization of the raw sewage collected at the entrance of the sewage treatment station of the city of Itumbiara, state of Goiás. Samples were collected every two hours over a period of seven consecutive days. Characterization of both point samples and composite samples was performed. The parameters analyzed were: temperature, pH, alkalinity, chemical oxygen demand, oil and grease, electric conductivity, total phosphorus, settleable solids, ammoniacal nitrogen, total suspended solids, volatile suspended solids, fixed suspended solids and turbidity. These results allowed us to verify that it is possible to perform the collection and analysis of a point sample, instead of a composite sample, as a way of monitoring the efficiency of a sewage treatment plant.
Use of condensed water from air conditioning systems
(2018) Scalize, Paulo Sergio; Soares, Samara Silva; Alves, Andreia Cristina Fonseca; Marques, Thaynara Azevedo; Mesquita, Gabriel Gade Martins; Ballaminut, Nara; Albuquerque, Antonio Carvalho João
Facing the growing demand for water, discussions on environmental sustainability and conservation of this resource have become increasingly important. Among the possibilities for water conservation, air conditioning systems have potential applicability because, during their operation, water is generated via the condensation of air humidity, which is normally discarded. Thus, the objective of this work was to evaluate the water released by air conditioning equipment (condensed water) installed in the Laboratory of Water Analysis (LAnA) qualitatively and quantitatively, in order to verify its potential for use in the laboratory itself. For this, the quality of the water produced by three air conditioners was compared water quality parameters found in the literature, as well as with water produced by a distiller and an ultra-purifier, both used in the LAnA. Water quality was evaluated using physicochemical parameters (i.e. pH, electrical conductivity, resistivity, alkalinity, turbidity, apparent color and hardness) and microbiological parameters (i.e. total coliforms, Escherichia coli and heterotrophic bacteria). The average water flow produced by the three monitored air conditioners was 3.08 L/hour, which is higher than the daily consumption by the LAnA, indicating that its use would be quantitatively propitious. The physicochemical and microbiological analyses found that, condensed water can be used in the routine activities of LAnA. However, for its use as reagent-grade water, a prior treatment would be necessary, mainly due to the presence of heterotrophic bacteria
Risco de contaminação pela presença de disposição final de resíduos sólidos em bacias de captação superficial de água
(2018-10) Pinheiro, Roberta Vieira Nunes; Lobón, German Sánz; Scalize, Paulo Sergio
Vulnerability models are important in the study of water contamination by different soil usage activities. This research’s goal is to evaluate the contamination risk by the presence of an urban solid waste disposal site (UWDS) within the surface water catchment basins (SWCB) used in the public water supply of Goiás, Brazil. Identification and characterization of SWCBs and UWDSs have been done in a geographical identification system using the QGis2.12.0 Lyon software. The information overlapping allowed the identification of SWCBs that had an UWDS within its limits, applying to them the Susceptibility Index (SI), composed by intrinsic and extrinsic SWCB characteristics. Calculating the average vulnerability, SWCBs, which presented the highest risk of water contamination, were selected and had their UWDSs analyzed by six technical parameters. This way, 204 SWCBs and 228 UWDSs were identified, out of which 93% were classified as irregular dumping sites. The SI was calculated for each SWCB that had the presence of UWDSs within their areas (43 SWCBs with 69 UWDSs), pointing the 9 most vulnerable ones, which had 18 UWDSs within its limits. The interdependence of the evaluated parameters allowed to calculate the risk in these UWDSs. In conclusion, the vulnerability evaluation has been proven effective and of great relevance in the identification of the SWCBs most susceptible to water contamination, and it can be applied to other studies. In Goiás, the analysis allowed the existing risk calculation for each of the 18 UWDSs, out of which 4 were found high-risk being in need of priority adequation and remediation.
Seasonal evaluation of surface water quality at the Tamanduá stream watershed (Aparecida de Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil) using the Water Quality Index
(2019) Silva, Débora Pereira da; Pitaluga, Douglas Pereira da Silva; Scalize, Paulo Sérgio; Santos, Hebert Oliveira
Freshwater is an essential natural resource for humanity, however, its quality has been compromised as a result of natural and anthropogenic interference. The objective of the present study was to determine the Bascarán Water Quality Index (WQIB) for the Tamanduá stream in the municipality of Aparecida de Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil, and relate it to the limits established by CONAMA resolutions no 357 [1] and no 274 [2], for Class 2 freshwater bodies. The study was carried out at three sampling points proximate to urban parks, with samples collected in both the dry and the rainy seasons with the measurement of flow. The physical, chemical and biological parameters were analyzed as recommended in Standard Methods [3]. Parametric descriptive statistics were used for data analysis. The WQIB results classified the water as acceptable (24%), normal (48%), improper (20%) and unpleasant (8%), with turbidity, DO and total coliforms responsible for decreased WQIB in the rainy season. The parameters pH, apparent color and DO do not conform with CONAMA resolution no 357 [1] while water resources for bathing were classified as excellent according to CONAMA resolution no 274 [2].
Reuse of alum sludge for reducing flocculant addition in water treatment plants
(2019-11) Scalize, Paulo Sérgio; Souza, Leonora Milagre de; Albuquerque, Antonio João Carvalho de
The recycling of water treatment residues (WTR) inside drinking water treatment plants (DWTP) seems to be a good option for reusing this type of waste, as well as for reducing the costs with its disposal off and with the acquisition of treatment chemicals. Therefore, a WTR was reused for auxiliary of the coagulation-flocculation processes for reducing the use of aluminium sulfate (coagulant) in a DWTP. Three series of experiments have been conducted involving three water samples with different turbidity and colour, different WTR samples with different total suspended solids (TSS) concentrations and different aluminium sulfate concentrations. The results showed that WTR can efficiently be used for the removal of turbidity between 21 NTU and 218 NTU and colour between 194 HU and 1509 HU for TSS concentration between 1635 mg/dm3 and 5420 mg/dm3, with better results in the range between 1635 mg/dm3 and 2678 mg/dm3. For higher TSS concentrations, the removal of both parameters decrease because there are excess of organics released to water, which demands the use of more coagulant.
Impact of alum water treatment residues on the methanogenic activity in the digestion of primary domestic wastewater sludge
(2021) Scalize, Paulo Sergio; Albuquerque, Antonio João Carvalho de; Di Bernardo, Luiz
The effect of adding alum water treatment residues (WTR) on the methanogenic activity in the digestion of primary domestic wastewater sludge was evaluated through laboratory experiments in sedimentation columns, using total suspended solids (TSS) concentrations from 0.37 to 1.23 g/L. The addition of WTR to primary clarifiers can benefit its effluent water quality in terms of colour, turbidity, chemical oxygen demand (COD), and TSS. However, the presence of WTR can negatively influence the production of methane gas during organic sludge digestion in primary clarifiers, for concentrations of TSS between 14.43 and 25.23 g/L and of VSS between 10.2 and 11.85 g/L. The activity of the Methanothrix sp., curved bacilli, methanococci, and Methanosarcina sp. decreases considerably after 16 days of anaerobic digestion, and methane production seems to only be associated with fluorescent methanogenic bacilli.
Application of electrocoagulation with a new steel-swarf-based electrode for the removal of heavy metals and total coliforms from sanitary landfill leachate
(2021) Oliveira, Mayk Teles de; Torres, Ieda Maria Sapateiro; Ruggeri, Humberto; Scalize, Paulo Sergio; Albuquerque, Antonio João Carvalho de; Gil, Eric de Souza
Sanitary landfill leachate (LL) composition varies according to climate variables variation, solid waste characteristics and composition, and landfill age. Leachate treatment is essentially carried out trough biological and physicochemical processes, which have showed variability in efficiency and appear a costly solution for the management authorities. Electrocoagulation (EC) seems a suitable solution for leachate treatment taking into account the characteristics of the liquor. One of the problems of EC is the electrode passivation, which affects the longevity of the process. One solution to this problem could be the replacement of the electrode by one made of recyclable material, which would make it possible to change it frequently and at a lower cost. The objective of the present work was to evaluate the removal of heavy metals (As, Ba, Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, Pb, Mn, Ni, Se and Zn) and coliforms from a LL by EC using electrodes made from steel swarf (SfE) up to 8 h. Removal efficiencies of detected heavy metals were 51%(Cr), 59%(As), 71%(Cd), 72%(Zn), 92%(Ba), 95%(Ni) and >99%(Pb). The microbial load of coliforms in leachate was reduced from 10.76 × 104 CFU/mL (raw leachate) to less than 1 CFU/mL (after treatment with SfE) (i.e., approximately 100% reduction). The use of SfE in EC of LL is very effective in removing heavy metals and coliforms and can be used as alternative treatment solution for such effluents.
How much are metals for next-generation clean technologies harmful to aquatic animal health? A study with cobalt and nickel effects in zebrafish (Danio rerio)
(2022-11) Alves, Andreia Cristina Fonseca; Saiki, Patrícia Thieme Onofri; Brito, Rafaella da Silva; Scalize, Paulo Sérgio; Rocha, Thiago Lopes
Cobalt (Co) and nickel (Ni) are key metals for next-generation clean technologies with broad applications in industrial, military and commercial products. However, the knowledge about their environmental impact and toxicity to aquatic organisms remain limited, especially for the early developmental stages of fish. Thus, the current study aimed to evaluate the developmental toxicity of Co and Ni in zebrafish (Danio rerio). Zebrafish embryo-larval toxicity test (ZELT) was conducted with Co and Ni at different concentrations (10, 20, 40, 60, 80 and 100 mg L−1) during 144 h in a static condition. Multiple biomarker responses were analyzed, such as mortality, hatching rate, neurotoxicity, cardiotoxicity, teratogenesis, and morphometric changes. Results showed high embryotoxicity of Ni compared to Co. Both metals inhibited the hatching process and induced morphological changes, such as inhibition of swim bladder inflation, yolk sac edema and pericardial edema. Co induced bradycardia in zebrafish embryos, while Ni caused tachycardia, indicating differential cardiotoxic effects. Overall, the exposure to Co and Ni disrupts early development of zebrafish, confirming their risk to the health of freshwater fish. Results indicated the ZELT as a suitable approach to assess the environmental risk of metals for next-generation clean technologies.
Comparison between Regionalized Minimum Reference Flow and On-Site Measurements in Hydrographic Basins of Rural Communities in the State of Goiás, Brazil
(2022-03) Basso, Raviel Eurico; Honório, Michelle da Silva; Costa, Isabella Almeida; Bezerra, Nolan; Baumann, Luis Rodrigo; Silva, Flora Cristina Meireles; Albuquerque, Antonio João Carvalho de; Scalize, Paulo Sergio
Reference flows are important variables for assessing water availability in Brazil, as well as in rural communities in the state of Goiás (Brazil). However, as there is a lack of flowrate data and measurement points, regionalization methods have been used for forecasting the minimum reference flow (Qref) allowed for maintaining water uses. The present research covered 92 hydrographic basins within 46 selected rural communities in the state of Goiás, and 21 basins were selected for carrying out on-site flow measurements, as well as for Qref estimation following three regionalization methodologies. Results show a large variation between the values measured and estimated by the three methodologies, but the statistical analysis found regression equations of one of the methods more suitable for application in rural hydrograph basins of Goiás.
Evaluation of Water Quality of Buritis Lake
(2022) Santos, Renata Kikuda; Gomes, Raylane Pereira; Gama, Aline Rodrigues; Silva, Junilsom Augusto De Paula; Santos, Adailton Pereira dos; Alves, Keliane Rodrigues; Arruda, Poliana Nascimento; Scalize, Paulo Sérgio; Vieira, José Daniel Gonçalves; Carneiro, Lilian Carla; Pires, Debora De Jesus
The implementation of natural parks in cities is a current and controversial theme. Therefore, in Lake Buritis, which is a leisure area for the population of the city of Goiatuba, Goiás, Brazil, the quality of the water was analyzed, carrying out quantitative tests of the water samples at six different points between the source and the outlet of the lake that flows into the stream, Chico À Toa. Physical–chemical tests (turbidity, pH, alkalinity, electrical conductivity, color, nitrate and hardness parameters), microbiological tests for species identification, analysis of the antimicrobial susceptibility profile, metals analysis and Allium cepa test, were performed. The total coliforms number in water samples was higher than the maximum value established by Brazilian legislation, demonstrating high fecal contamination during the spring in samples from an artesian well. The bacterial diversity found was large and there were many pathogenic bacteria. The A. cepa test demonstrated a cytotoxic potential for water from the source and outlet of Buritis Lake. Statistical tests were applied to verify existing correlations between parameters. Among the analyzed data, the highest correlation was between the color and turbidity parameters and the grouping between the metals (lead, iron, cadmium and magnesium).
Gestão dos serviços públicos de água e esgoto operados por municípios em Goiás, GO, Brasil
(2016-06) Arruda, Poliana Nascimento; Lima, Aline Souza Carvalho; Scalize, Paulo Sérgio
The characteristics of services provided and the regulations governing their cost both contribute to the satisfaction of the consumer. Therefore, the aim of the study was to analyze the quality of public water and sewage services in 21 municipalities of Goiás, to include billing procedures and consumer satisfaction, and taking into account whether or not the operations were regulated. To accomplish this, we conducted on-site visits to complete questionnaires relating to our interviews with managers to obtain technical information and with consumers to determine their level of satisfaction. It was observed that systems are managed by local authorities in ten municipalities, four by city hall departments or appointed officials, and seven did not have any specific regulatory oversight. Seven municipalities had no water treatment; of those, six had no specific regulatory oversight, revealing the lack of a planned management system. In 57.1% of the municipalities, there was no sewage treatment and sewage was dumped in soak pits. These had no governing body, and the price-charging adjustments were established in three ways: i) approval of the project by the Town Hall councilors; ii) decree by the mayor; and iii) analysis by the Municipal Sanitation Council (CMS). The satisfaction of the consumers was related to economic, cultural and, especially, political factors, and the existence of a management system improved infrastructure conditions.

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