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Item Heavy metal removal in a detention basin for road runoff(2016-11) Belizario, Paulo; Scalize, Paulo Sergio; Albuquerque, Antonio João Carvalho deRoad runoff produced during rainfalls has significant pollutant load, which can cause important environmental impacts on waste and soil. The efficiency of a detention basin for removing heavy metals (Cr, Cu and Zn) in road runoff was evaluated for 8 rainfalls over one year with different intensities (between 16 mm and 103 mm) and durations (higher than 3 hours). The basin showed good performance for removing all metals for precipitation intensities between 16 mm and 103 mm and rainfall durations up to 3 hours. The volume of the basin is suitable for retaining all the road runoff coming from rainfalls with intensities lower than 29.4 mm and duration longer than 6 hours. This type of monitoring should be introduced in Environmental Monitoring Plans of roads because it allows evaluating the effectiveness of treatment systems and preventing the possible impacts of discharges into the environment.Item Heavy metals removal from reclaimed water in a laboratory column using a granitic residual soil(2018-10) Silva, Flora Cristina Meireles; Albuquerque, Antonio João Carvalho de; Cavaleiro, Victor Manuel Pissarra; Maneira, António Carvalho; Scalize, Paulo SergioThe removal of five heavy metals was evaluated in vertical downflow column, with a granitic residual soil, operated in discontinuous and continuous mode. The results show higher removal rates of the five metals for the continuous mode, with highest values to Zn and Pb followed by Ni, Cu and Cr. The removal of all metals occurs mainly at the top 5 cm essentially through complexation and precipitation in the form of hydroxides.Item Removal of Cr, Cu and Zn from liquid effluents using the fine component of granitic residual soils(2018-11) Silva, Flora Cristina Meireles; Albuquerque, Antonio João Carvalho de; Cavaleiro, Victor Manuel Pissarra; Scalize, Paulo SergioThe practice of reuse of treated wastewater (TWW) is seen as a strategy for water conservation in regions where water scarcity is a natural reality and in those where population growth and/or climate change foresee this scarcity. In situations of lower water scarcity, reuse is practiced by imperatives of environmental protection of the receiving media, reducing the discharge of e uents from wastewater treatment plants. The artificial recharge of aquifers (RAQ) with TWW is a very common practice at the international level, but little considered in Portugal. However, residual waste from TWW (e.g. heavy metals), when deposited in soil or water, can cause significant environmental impacts on its uses, and cause serious health problems in several animal species due to their bioaccumulation in food chains. The present study intends to show that the granitic residual soils of the Quinta de Gonçalo Martins (Guarda), in the Beira Interior region of Portugal, present physical-chemical and mineralogical characteristics favorable to the infiltration of TWW into RAQ. The results of the batch sorption tests indicate that the soil has a reactive capacity to remove the Cu and Zn residual load at TWW at high efficiencies by adsorption and ion exchange mechanisms. The pseudo-first order model explained the reaction kinetics for the three heavy metals removal and when the sorption equilibrium state was reached, the removal of these metals was explained by the Freundlich isotherm.Item Real-scale comparison between simple and composite raw sewage sampling(2018-06) Scalize, Paulo Sergio; Frazão, Juliana MoraesThe present study performed a qualitative and quantitative characterization of the raw sewage collected at the entrance of the sewage treatment station of the city of Itumbiara, state of Goiás. Samples were collected every two hours over a period of seven consecutive days. Characterization of both point samples and composite samples was performed. The parameters analyzed were: temperature, pH, alkalinity, chemical oxygen demand, oil and grease, electric conductivity, total phosphorus, settleable solids, ammoniacal nitrogen, total suspended solids, volatile suspended solids, fixed suspended solids and turbidity. These results allowed us to verify that it is possible to perform the collection and analysis of a point sample, instead of a composite sample, as a way of monitoring the efficiency of a sewage treatment plant.Item Use of condensed water from air conditioning systems(2018) Scalize, Paulo Sergio; Soares, Samara Silva; Alves, Andreia Cristina Fonseca; Marques, Thaynara Azevedo; Mesquita, Gabriel Gade Martins; Ballaminut, Nara; Albuquerque, Antonio Carvalho JoãoFacing the growing demand for water, discussions on environmental sustainability and conservation of this resource have become increasingly important. Among the possibilities for water conservation, air conditioning systems have potential applicability because, during their operation, water is generated via the condensation of air humidity, which is normally discarded. Thus, the objective of this work was to evaluate the water released by air conditioning equipment (condensed water) installed in the Laboratory of Water Analysis (LAnA) qualitatively and quantitatively, in order to verify its potential for use in the laboratory itself. For this, the quality of the water produced by three air conditioners was compared water quality parameters found in the literature, as well as with water produced by a distiller and an ultra-purifier, both used in the LAnA. Water quality was evaluated using physicochemical parameters (i.e. pH, electrical conductivity, resistivity, alkalinity, turbidity, apparent color and hardness) and microbiological parameters (i.e. total coliforms, Escherichia coli and heterotrophic bacteria). The average water flow produced by the three monitored air conditioners was 3.08 L/hour, which is higher than the daily consumption by the LAnA, indicating that its use would be quantitatively propitious. The physicochemical and microbiological analyses found that, condensed water can be used in the routine activities of LAnA. However, for its use as reagent-grade water, a prior treatment would be necessary, mainly due to the presence of heterotrophic bacteriaItem Risco de contaminação pela presença de disposição final de resíduos sólidos em bacias de captação superficial de água(2018-10) Pinheiro, Roberta Vieira Nunes; Lobón, German Sánz; Scalize, Paulo SergioVulnerability models are important in the study of water contamination by different soil usage activities. This research’s goal is to evaluate the contamination risk by the presence of an urban solid waste disposal site (UWDS) within the surface water catchment basins (SWCB) used in the public water supply of Goiás, Brazil. Identification and characterization of SWCBs and UWDSs have been done in a geographical identification system using the QGis2.12.0 Lyon software. The information overlapping allowed the identification of SWCBs that had an UWDS within its limits, applying to them the Susceptibility Index (SI), composed by intrinsic and extrinsic SWCB characteristics. Calculating the average vulnerability, SWCBs, which presented the highest risk of water contamination, were selected and had their UWDSs analyzed by six technical parameters. This way, 204 SWCBs and 228 UWDSs were identified, out of which 93% were classified as irregular dumping sites. The SI was calculated for each SWCB that had the presence of UWDSs within their areas (43 SWCBs with 69 UWDSs), pointing the 9 most vulnerable ones, which had 18 UWDSs within its limits. The interdependence of the evaluated parameters allowed to calculate the risk in these UWDSs. In conclusion, the vulnerability evaluation has been proven effective and of great relevance in the identification of the SWCBs most susceptible to water contamination, and it can be applied to other studies. In Goiás, the analysis allowed the existing risk calculation for each of the 18 UWDSs, out of which 4 were found high-risk being in need of priority adequation and remediation.Item Seasonal evaluation of surface water quality at the Tamanduá stream watershed (Aparecida de Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil) using the Water Quality Index(2019) Silva, Débora Pereira da; Pitaluga, Douglas Pereira da Silva; Scalize, Paulo Sérgio; Santos, Hebert OliveiraFreshwater is an essential natural resource for humanity, however, its quality has been compromised as a result of natural and anthropogenic interference. The objective of the present study was to determine the Bascarán Water Quality Index (WQIB) for the Tamanduá stream in the municipality of Aparecida de Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil, and relate it to the limits established by CONAMA resolutions no 357 [1] and no 274 [2], for Class 2 freshwater bodies. The study was carried out at three sampling points proximate to urban parks, with samples collected in both the dry and the rainy seasons with the measurement of flow. The physical, chemical and biological parameters were analyzed as recommended in Standard Methods [3]. Parametric descriptive statistics were used for data analysis. The WQIB results classified the water as acceptable (24%), normal (48%), improper (20%) and unpleasant (8%), with turbidity, DO and total coliforms responsible for decreased WQIB in the rainy season. The parameters pH, apparent color and DO do not conform with CONAMA resolution no 357 [1] while water resources for bathing were classified as excellent according to CONAMA resolution no 274 [2].Item Reuse of alum sludge for reducing flocculant addition in water treatment plants(2019-11) Scalize, Paulo Sérgio; Souza, Leonora Milagre de; Albuquerque, Antonio João Carvalho deThe recycling of water treatment residues (WTR) inside drinking water treatment plants (DWTP) seems to be a good option for reusing this type of waste, as well as for reducing the costs with its disposal off and with the acquisition of treatment chemicals. Therefore, a WTR was reused for auxiliary of the coagulation-flocculation processes for reducing the use of aluminium sulfate (coagulant) in a DWTP. Three series of experiments have been conducted involving three water samples with different turbidity and colour, different WTR samples with different total suspended solids (TSS) concentrations and different aluminium sulfate concentrations. The results showed that WTR can efficiently be used for the removal of turbidity between 21 NTU and 218 NTU and colour between 194 HU and 1509 HU for TSS concentration between 1635 mg/dm3 and 5420 mg/dm3, with better results in the range between 1635 mg/dm3 and 2678 mg/dm3. For higher TSS concentrations, the removal of both parameters decrease because there are excess of organics released to water, which demands the use of more coagulant.Item Impact of alum water treatment residues on the methanogenic activity in the digestion of primary domestic wastewater sludge(2021) Scalize, Paulo Sergio; Albuquerque, Antonio João Carvalho de; Di Bernardo, LuizThe effect of adding alum water treatment residues (WTR) on the methanogenic activity in the digestion of primary domestic wastewater sludge was evaluated through laboratory experiments in sedimentation columns, using total suspended solids (TSS) concentrations from 0.37 to 1.23 g/L. The addition of WTR to primary clarifiers can benefit its effluent water quality in terms of colour, turbidity, chemical oxygen demand (COD), and TSS. However, the presence of WTR can negatively influence the production of methane gas during organic sludge digestion in primary clarifiers, for concentrations of TSS between 14.43 and 25.23 g/L and of VSS between 10.2 and 11.85 g/L. The activity of the Methanothrix sp., curved bacilli, methanococci, and Methanosarcina sp. decreases considerably after 16 days of anaerobic digestion, and methane production seems to only be associated with fluorescent methanogenic bacilli.Item Application of electrocoagulation with a new steel-swarf-based electrode for the removal of heavy metals and total coliforms from sanitary landfill leachate(2021) Oliveira, Mayk Teles de; Torres, Ieda Maria Sapateiro; Ruggeri, Humberto; Scalize, Paulo Sergio; Albuquerque, Antonio João Carvalho de; Gil, Eric de SouzaSanitary landfill leachate (LL) composition varies according to climate variables variation, solid waste characteristics and composition, and landfill age. Leachate treatment is essentially carried out trough biological and physicochemical processes, which have showed variability in efficiency and appear a costly solution for the management authorities. Electrocoagulation (EC) seems a suitable solution for leachate treatment taking into account the characteristics of the liquor. One of the problems of EC is the electrode passivation, which affects the longevity of the process. One solution to this problem could be the replacement of the electrode by one made of recyclable material, which would make it possible to change it frequently and at a lower cost. The objective of the present work was to evaluate the removal of heavy metals (As, Ba, Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, Pb, Mn, Ni, Se and Zn) and coliforms from a LL by EC using electrodes made from steel swarf (SfE) up to 8 h. Removal efficiencies of detected heavy metals were 51%(Cr), 59%(As), 71%(Cd), 72%(Zn), 92%(Ba), 95%(Ni) and >99%(Pb). The microbial load of coliforms in leachate was reduced from 10.76 × 104 CFU/mL (raw leachate) to less than 1 CFU/mL (after treatment with SfE) (i.e., approximately 100% reduction). The use of SfE in EC of LL is very effective in removing heavy metals and coliforms and can be used as alternative treatment solution for such effluents.Item How much are metals for next-generation clean technologies harmful to aquatic animal health? A study with cobalt and nickel effects in zebrafish (Danio rerio)(2022-11) Alves, Andreia Cristina Fonseca; Saiki, Patrícia Thieme Onofri; Brito, Rafaella da Silva; Scalize, Paulo Sérgio; Rocha, Thiago LopesCobalt (Co) and nickel (Ni) are key metals for next-generation clean technologies with broad applications in industrial, military and commercial products. However, the knowledge about their environmental impact and toxicity to aquatic organisms remain limited, especially for the early developmental stages of fish. Thus, the current study aimed to evaluate the developmental toxicity of Co and Ni in zebrafish (Danio rerio). Zebrafish embryo-larval toxicity test (ZELT) was conducted with Co and Ni at different concentrations (10, 20, 40, 60, 80 and 100 mg L−1) during 144 h in a static condition. Multiple biomarker responses were analyzed, such as mortality, hatching rate, neurotoxicity, cardiotoxicity, teratogenesis, and morphometric changes. Results showed high embryotoxicity of Ni compared to Co. Both metals inhibited the hatching process and induced morphological changes, such as inhibition of swim bladder inflation, yolk sac edema and pericardial edema. Co induced bradycardia in zebrafish embryos, while Ni caused tachycardia, indicating differential cardiotoxic effects. Overall, the exposure to Co and Ni disrupts early development of zebrafish, confirming their risk to the health of freshwater fish. Results indicated the ZELT as a suitable approach to assess the environmental risk of metals for next-generation clean technologies.Item Comparison between Regionalized Minimum Reference Flow and On-Site Measurements in Hydrographic Basins of Rural Communities in the State of Goiás, Brazil(2022-03) Basso, Raviel Eurico; Honório, Michelle da Silva; Costa, Isabella Almeida; Bezerra, Nolan; Baumann, Luis Rodrigo; Silva, Flora Cristina Meireles; Albuquerque, Antonio João Carvalho de; Scalize, Paulo SergioReference flows are important variables for assessing water availability in Brazil, as well as in rural communities in the state of Goiás (Brazil). However, as there is a lack of flowrate data and measurement points, regionalization methods have been used for forecasting the minimum reference flow (Qref) allowed for maintaining water uses. The present research covered 92 hydrographic basins within 46 selected rural communities in the state of Goiás, and 21 basins were selected for carrying out on-site flow measurements, as well as for Qref estimation following three regionalization methodologies. Results show a large variation between the values measured and estimated by the three methodologies, but the statistical analysis found regression equations of one of the methods more suitable for application in rural hydrograph basins of Goiás.Item Evaluation of Water Quality of Buritis Lake(2022) Santos, Renata Kikuda; Gomes, Raylane Pereira; Gama, Aline Rodrigues; Silva, Junilsom Augusto De Paula; Santos, Adailton Pereira dos; Alves, Keliane Rodrigues; Arruda, Poliana Nascimento; Scalize, Paulo Sérgio; Vieira, José Daniel Gonçalves; Carneiro, Lilian Carla; Pires, Debora De JesusThe implementation of natural parks in cities is a current and controversial theme. Therefore, in Lake Buritis, which is a leisure area for the population of the city of Goiatuba, Goiás, Brazil, the quality of the water was analyzed, carrying out quantitative tests of the water samples at six different points between the source and the outlet of the lake that flows into the stream, Chico À Toa. Physical–chemical tests (turbidity, pH, alkalinity, electrical conductivity, color, nitrate and hardness parameters), microbiological tests for species identification, analysis of the antimicrobial susceptibility profile, metals analysis and Allium cepa test, were performed. The total coliforms number in water samples was higher than the maximum value established by Brazilian legislation, demonstrating high fecal contamination during the spring in samples from an artesian well. The bacterial diversity found was large and there were many pathogenic bacteria. The A. cepa test demonstrated a cytotoxic potential for water from the source and outlet of Buritis Lake. Statistical tests were applied to verify existing correlations between parameters. Among the analyzed data, the highest correlation was between the color and turbidity parameters and the grouping between the metals (lead, iron, cadmium and magnesium).Item Gestão dos serviços públicos de água e esgoto operados por municípios em Goiás, GO, Brasil(2016-06) Arruda, Poliana Nascimento; Lima, Aline Souza Carvalho; Scalize, Paulo SérgioThe characteristics of services provided and the regulations governing their cost both contribute to the satisfaction of the consumer. Therefore, the aim of the study was to analyze the quality of public water and sewage services in 21 municipalities of Goiás, to include billing procedures and consumer satisfaction, and taking into account whether or not the operations were regulated. To accomplish this, we conducted on-site visits to complete questionnaires relating to our interviews with managers to obtain technical information and with consumers to determine their level of satisfaction. It was observed that systems are managed by local authorities in ten municipalities, four by city hall departments or appointed officials, and seven did not have any specific regulatory oversight. Seven municipalities had no water treatment; of those, six had no specific regulatory oversight, revealing the lack of a planned management system. In 57.1% of the municipalities, there was no sewage treatment and sewage was dumped in soak pits. These had no governing body, and the price-charging adjustments were established in three ways: i) approval of the project by the Town Hall councilors; ii) decree by the mayor; and iii) analysis by the Municipal Sanitation Council (CMS). The satisfaction of the consumers was related to economic, cultural and, especially, political factors, and the existence of a management system improved infrastructure conditions.Item Avaliação de métodos para determinação de cloro residual livre em águas de abastecimento público(2016-06) Soares, Samara Silva; Arruda, Poliana Nascimento; Lobón, Germán Sanz; Scalize, Paulo SérgioTo assurance the drinking water quality, the disinfecting has to be guaranteed. In this sense, chlorination is the most widely used method, which promotes the inactivation and/or destruction of pathogenic microorganisms. The analytic methods more common for free available chlorine in drinking water are based on the DPD colorimetric method. In this way, the main core of this research is to compare the results obtained between two devices that can use two types reagents: visual and digital equipments; and powder and tablet reagents. Moreover, was analyzed whatever correlation between the others measured parameters: pH, turbidity, electric conductivity, fluoride, total coliforms and Escherichia coli. Were collected 40 samples in particular homes, which were distributed in six districts of three different areas of the city of Goiânia (Goiás, Brazil). The results were that the powder reagent had higher values than tablet ones, and that the measures of the digital equipment were lower than the visual disk. By other hand, was found one linear correlation between turbidity and the free available chlorine, and one soft inverse relationship between the fluorine and the electric conductivity.Item Satisfação e percepção dos usuários dos sistemas de saneamento de municípios goianos operados pelas prefeituras(2017-06) Lima, Aline Souza Carvalho; Scalize, Paulo Sérgio; Arruda, Poliana Nascimento; Baumann, Luis Rodrigo FernandesMeet consumer satisfaction as sanitation services is a tool to assist in their management. This study evaluated consumer satisfaction regarding the sanitation services directly managed by local governments of 21 municipalities in the state of Goiás. In the evaluation of satisfaction with the characteristics of all sanitation components, we used the interval scale. We verified the perception of consumers in relation to the reality of sanitation by comparing the results in the forms with the conditions observed in visits to municipal agencies responsible for sanitation. To that, 479 forms were applied with the people selected at random, and the number of forms used in each city was obtained using the Neyman allocation rule. It was found that satisfaction prevails for water supply, collection and transportation of waste. However, dissatisfaction prevails for urban drainage, waste disposal and all indicators relating to sewage. Small portion of the population is expressed as indifferent, showing consumer preference in positioning. It was observed that the perception of consumers was consistent with the reality of the municipalities perceived during the visits.Item Caracterização de solos residuais para infiltração de efluente de estação de tratamento de esgoto(2017-02) Silva, Flora; Scalize, Paulo Sergio; Cruvinel, Karla Alcione da Silva; Albuquerque, AntonioThe effects of climate change and the increasing demand of water for domestic, industrial and agricultural uses will lead to the use of treated wastewater (reclaimed water). The aquifer recharge with reclaimed water can be an alternative for restoring volumes of water to aquifers, which may afterwards be used to satisfy those demands, especially in regions with water scarcity or where water presents poor quality. A two-year research conducted in the sewage treatment plant of Vila Fernando (Guarda, Portugal) has shown that the characteristics of reclaimed water are adequate to be infiltrated into the soil for aquifer recharge. As the study area for infiltration was very large and it was necessary to consider several technical, environmental and economic constraints, a multi-criteria analysis based on Geographic Information Systems was used in order to find the most suitable site for reclaimed water infiltration. Soil sample was collected at Quinta Gonçalo Martins (Guarda, Portugal) for analysis, and the results have indicated that the site has favorable characteristics for reclaimed water infiltration.Item Gerenciamento dos resíduos em unidades de saúde em municípios do estado de Goiás, Brasil(2017-06) Arruda, Poliana Nascimento; Lima, Aline Souza Carvalho; Cruvinel, Karla Alcione da Silva; Scalize, Paulo SérgioThe objective of this work was to analyze the management of health care waste (HCW) in municipal public health facilities in 17 municipalities in the state of Goiás, Brazil. Forms have been applied to managers of hospitals and clinics based on specific standards for HCW. The survey of information occurred from February 2013 to January 2014, and it was found that incineration is the main method of treatment used in 100% of the municipalities, and 11% disposed part of the waste in the same place of the household waste. It was noticed that professionals involved in the HCW management processes have no knowledge of it at all, reflecting on failure on segregation and, therefore, on the treatment and disposal costs, being necessary higher attention of the public authorities and managers to the issue of HCW, promoting health of workers and the environmental quality of the city.Item Heterocontrole da fluoretação da água de abastecimento público em cidades do estado de Goiás, Brasil(2018-11) Scalize, Paulo Sérgio; Pinheiro, Roberta Vieira Nunes; Ruggeri Junior, Humberto Carlos; Albuquerque, Antonio João Carvalho; Lobón, Germán Sanz; Arruda, Poliana NascimentoThe addition of fluoride to the public water supply is a method used for reducing tooth decay. In this sense, the control of fluoridation is important for maintaining its efficiency and, at the same time, for avoiding the risk of fluorosis as a result of the consumption of water with excess of fluoride. The objective of this study was to evaluate the adequacy of fluoride levels in the water distributed to populations of the state of Goiás, Brazil. Towards this aim, 5,039 water samples collected between 2011 and 2013 in 225 municipalities of the state of Goiás were analyzed for fluoride level. The results were assessed with regard to season, type of water source and geographic location. Fluoride levels were found to vary between complete absence and 2.5 mg F/L, with 28.2% of the samples being between 0.6 and 0.8 mg F/L, and 39.1% between 0.55 and 0.84 mg F/L. The rainy season produced a greater number of atypical results and higher values than the dry period. The systems supplied by groundwater sources were shown to have a limited control of fluoride concentration compared to systems supplied by surface water sources. Lower concentrations of fluoride were found in samples collected in the North and East Mesoregions of Goiás, with less than 7.5% being between 0.6 and 0.8 mg F/L, which systems are mainly supplied by groundwater sources with fluoride addition.Item Avaliação da qualidade da água para consumo e prevalência de bactérias resistentes a antibióticos: um estudo em comunidades de Quilombola de Goiás, Brasil(2019-12) Gama, Aline Rodrigues; Scalize, Paulo Sergio; Gomes, Raylane Pereira; Moraes Filho, Aroldo Vieira de; Santos, Monica de Oliveira; Marinho, Nubia Aguiar; Martins, Wanderleia Eleuterio; Vieira, Jose Daniel Gonçalves; Barbosa, Monica Santiago; Galvão Filho, Arlindo Rodrigues; Bataus, Luiz Artur Mendes; Pires, Débora de Jesus; Carneiro, Lilian CarlaInappropriate water consumption represents a health risk because it leads to an increase in the incidence of infectious diseases propagated by water. Samples of water collected in taps were evaluated for the presence of coliforms and other bacteria, phenotypic tests were performed to identify them and define their patterns of antimicrobial susceptibility. Were also analyzed for the presence of potentially toxic metals and for the physico-chemical standards established for human consumed water. By means of the microbiological evaluation it was possible to observe that the quantity of coliforms in the majority of the samples is superior to that recommended by the organs that regulate the water potability standards. In addition, through the microbiological analysis it was possible to identify the presence of bacteria related to common diseases in humans, of which many presented resistance to multiple antibacterial. Physico-chemical analyzes and potentially toxic metals were performed, the results demonstrated that these parameters are in agreement with the standards established for potable water by the normative institutions. Thus, the present work alerts to the problem of bacterial contamination in water for consumption of quilombola regions and also to the growing problem of the transmission of antimicrobial resistance genes in water.