Antígeno leucocitário humano (HLA) e a leucemia mieloide aguda: uma revisão integrativa

Abstract

The human leukocyte antigen (HLA) system is a set of highly polymorphic genes, fundamental for immunological recognition and for distinguishing between self and non-self . Due to its central role in antigen presentation, HLA has been extensively investigated for its influence on susceptibility to various diseases, including hematological malignancies. Among these, Acute Myeloid Leukemia (AML) stands out, characterized by the proliferation of immature myeloid cells that compromise normal blood production and is associated with high relapse and mortality rates. In this sense, the identification of genetic markers, such as HLA alleles, has gained increasing relevance for prognosis and personalized medicine. Thus, this review aims to analyze the f requency of HLA alleles in patients with AML and their possible association with the development and prognosis of the disease. The research was conducted using the PubMed, Web of Science, and Scopus databases, considering publications in English between 2015 and 2025. Initially, 383 articles were identified, of which 23 met the inclusion criteria established for this study. The results showed that dif ferent alleles of the HLA system influence susceptibility to AML, acting as predisposing or protective factors. For example,

alleles such as HLA-B*40 and HLA-C*01 showed a protective ef fect, while HLA-A*32 and HLA- B*27 were associated with a higher risk. It was also observed that the influence of alleles varies according to population origin, genetic context, and haplotype combinations. Furthermore, HLA haplotype blocks and functional interactions with immune receptors, such as KIR/HLA-I combinations, proved important in explaining the genetic variability associated with the disease, complementing the analysis of isolated alleles. However , there are still gaps in the literature related to methodological standardization, sample size, and population diversity in studies. Therefore, broader and more integrated studies are needed to better understand the role of HLA in AML and apply it to immunogenetics and the development of personalized clinical approaches.