Programa de Pós-graduação em Ecologia e Evolução
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Navegando Programa de Pós-graduação em Ecologia e Evolução por Por Orientador "Camacho, Crisóforo Fabricio Villalobos"
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Item Macroecologia evolutiva de morcegos do Novo Mundo: uma abordagem filogenética(Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2019-08-28) Fortunato, Danilo de Siqueira; Diniz Filho, José Alexandre Felizola; http://lattes.cnpq.br/0706396442417351; Camacho, Crisóforo Fabricio Villalobos; http://lattes.cnpq.br/9691616509605593; Camacho, Crisóforo Fabricio Villalobos; Lima, André Felipe Barreto; Martínez, Pablo Ariel; Maestri, Renan; Faleiro, Frederico Augusto Martins ValtuilleMacroecology studies ecological patterns on large spatial scales, at these scales the main source of information is the geographical distribution of species. From the distribution of species emerge spatial patterns of richness, geographic range size, and endemism. Recently, evolutionary macroecology has been proposing a new approach to macroecological patterns of biodiversity when using metrics that combine the effect of time accumulation with the basic element of macroecology, the area of distribution of the species. In this thesis, we explore how another perspective of the biodiversity patterns can be obtained using phylogenetic diversity, phylogenetic endemism and how the evolutionary response of distribution sizes changes between parts of the phylogeny. First, we tested how beta diversity can evince ecological and evolutionary processes that act with different intensity along spatial scales and are determinants of the geographical pattern of biodiversity. We find that when we consider only small-scale phylogenetic diversity, beta diversity is important for increasing diversity in the tropics. On larger scales, and for species richness on all scales, the diversity gradient is determined by an effect of species removal in areas with a more seasonal temperature towards the subtropical region. We tested the effect of climate stability in the past as a determinant of the phylogenetic endemism pattern, that captures the accumulation of evolutionary time in a restricted distribution area, in more stable regions throughout the glacial cycles. We find that more stable areas presented deeper phylogenetic endemism, and also that areas of paleo-endemism are concentrated in more stable areas than areas of mixed endemism. However, areas of neo-endemism are located in stable areas surounded by unstable regions and areas of super endemism are located in climatically stable areas that present conditions of isolation by distances, as in the Caribbean islands. Lastly, we tested how the historical origin of groups can affect the range size evolution in relation to the climatic attribute of the species niches. We found that species of groups of temperate origin tend to have larger range sizes in colder and seasonal areas, following a Rapoport effect as a function of climate variability. Conversely, species of groups of tropical origin tend to broaden their range sizes in less seasonal areas, presenting a pattern contrary to the Rapoport effect, indicating a historical effect, determined by a trend of phylogenetic conservatism of ancestral climate preferences. Thus, in this thesis, we show some alternatives of how to integrate the main geographic patterns of biodiversity through an evolutionary macroecology approach based on phylogenies for a better understanding of macroecological and macroevolutionary processes.Item Processos históricos e padrões globais de diversidade em aves de rapina diurnas(Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2015-03-26) Simon, Lorena Mendes; Diniz-Filho, José Alexandre Felizola; http://lattes.cnpq.br/0706396442417351; Camacho, Crisóforo Fabricio Villalobos; http://lattes.cnpq.br/9691616509605593The latitudinal gradient of diversity is a ubiquitous pattern in natural world, but the determining factors of this pattern varies among different groups of organisms and geographical scales. Diurnal raptors exhibit a strong tendency of global species increase toward the tropics and share morphological characteristics. Despite the similarities, they were recently subdivided into two different orders (Falconiformes and Accipitriformes) which had their ancestral origin in different biogeographical regions, but predominantly tropical. To assess whether the orders retained their ancestral tropical condition, we used molecular phylogenies to classify species between basal and derived, which were related to total species richness later. Additionally, we used the GeoSSE algorithm to estimate speciation, extinction and dispersion rates associated with tropical and extratropical regions in order to understand the dynamics of diversity throughout their evolutionary histories. We found that both orders showed a strong relation between current richness and basal species, suggesting a conservation of the tropical niche in oldest. We also found higher rates of speciation and dispersal in temperate regions, whereas extinction rates did not differ between regions. In both orders the diversification was low in tropical and extratropical regions, and the dispersion rates were determinant driving the range expansion of species toward the tropics. These results suggest that despite the different ancestral areas of origination, both Falconiformes and Accipitriformes share similar process underling the pattern of latitudinal richness distribution seen nowadays, predominantly influenced by tropical niche conservatism and high dispersal rates toward the tropics.