Programa de Pós-graduação em Ecologia e Evolução

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Uma abordagem quantitativa para a seleção de espécies para a restauração ecológica baseada em diversidade funcional
(Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2018-03-16) Tsujii, Paula Kiyomi; Carlucci, Marcos Bergmann; http://lattes.cnpq.br/1141743724585455; Carlucci, Marcos Bergamann; Loyola, Rafael Dias; Vieira, Daniel Luís Mascia
O autor não apresentou resumo em outra língua.
Algas perifíticas: uma abordagem taxonômica e funcional em riachos inseridos em paisagens modificadas de cerrado
(Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2021-08-31) Oliveira, Pedro Henrique Francisco de; Nabout, João Carlos; Nabout, João Carlos; Bortolini, Jascieli Carla; Ferragut, Carla
Considering the hierarchical conformation and connectivity present in dendritic drainages, the hydrological structuring of these systems may favor approaches to studies associated with patterns in aquatic metacommunities. Thus, investigating patterns in metacommunities using aquatic microorganisms as a study tool may favor approaches to studies associated with patterns of dispersion or species limitation, such as mass effects and species sorting. In addition, it is understandable to think that different functional traits present in species that make up these metacommunities may be modulated by environmental components (fundamental niche/realized niche) or spatial factors within an environmental gradient. In the present study, the first chapter “Effect of local, regional (land use) and spatial (organism dispersion) environmental variables on the structure of the periphytic algal community in Cerrado streams”, we seek to assess the relative importance of local environmental components (limnological), regional (land use) and spatial (dispersion capacity) variables for the periphytic community in Cerrado streams along the Piracanjuba River sub-basin. For the second chapter “Functional composition of periphytic algae in Cerrado streams inserted in modified landscapes”, we investigated how the functional traits present in species that make up the periphytic community respond to the variation of the regional (landscape) and local environmental component limnological variables) in streams inserted in modified Cerrado landscapes. We found 127 species, with a predominance of the Bacillariophyceae class in all streams and the average of remaining vegetation for the extension of the Piracanjuba River sub-basin was 40%. The periphytic community showed greater species replacement along the hydrographic network and relative importance only of the spatial component, since the functional attributes observed for this community were different along two gradients, nutrient availability, and percentage of natural remaining vegetation, respectively.
Amazon forest dieback: assessing vulnerabilities and threats
(Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2016-05-16) Nobrega, Caroline Correa; Brando, Paulo Monteiro; Marco Junior, Paulo De; http://lattes.cnpq.br/2767494720646648; Ferreira Junior, Laerte Guimarães; Alencar, Ane Auxiliadora Costa; Nabout, João Carlos; Loyola, Rafael Dias; Marco Júnior, Paulo De
In recent years, it is increasing evidences about Amazon vunerability due to land use and climate changes. Because of a positive feedback system, in which impacts intensify other impacts, some models project to the end of the century a replacement of the Amazon forest by savanna formations or semi-arid (forest dieback). Several evidence has indicated a high vulnerability of the Amazon to global climate change and local environmental impacts triggered by human activities (eg conversion to agricultural areas, construction of roads and burns). However, they are still deeply unknown the general mechanisms and standards about how these impacts affect the forest. In this thesis, I developed works that aim contribute to discussions of the subject. In each chapter, I will consider a threat that is contributing to the degradation of the Amazon. Each of the three threats discussed in the following chapters are often cited as important drivers of forest dieback. In the first chapter I evaluated the impact of forest fires at different levels of diversity of trees in a forest area next to the Amazon-Cerrado transition. Our results suggest that communities of trees in burned areas are losing more phylogenetic and functional diversity per unit of species than in unburned areas. My results indicate the existence of selection of species based on phylogenetic and functional characteristics, representing a major force of change and impoverishment (functional and phylogenetically) of these communities. In the second chapter, using high resolution images (LiDAR and hyperspectral), I evaluated the impact of a intense drought in forest areas near Madre de Dios, Peru. Thus, my results support the idea that changes in regional climate may change the structure and function of the forest. In the third chapter, I evaluated how the construction of roads in the Brazilian Amazon has contributed to deforestation in an important group of protected areas of the Amazon: the Indigenous Lands. Based on the analysis of observed impacts, I propose the establishment of buffer zones (buffers) around these reserves to reduce the negative impacts of road construction planned to be built.
Análise da comunidade de peixes e da teia trófica de um trecho do rio corrente - go
(Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2006-07-18) ALOÍSIO, Gustavo Ribeiro; ANGELINI, Ronaldo; http://lattes.cnpq.br/6739463859587165
In this work, fishes of Corrente river, affluent of Paranaíba River (Paraná basin, Brazil), were studied. Five surveys in the period of June of 2003 had been carried out until June of 2005. The sampling was executed in 8 points distributed in the stream, riverbed and lagoon. In each point had been used a set of gillnets with different mesh size (between 12 and 60mm opposite knots). The nets were inspected in the morning and the end of the day. The results had shown that 8 species were captured and the most abundant specie is Astyanax altiparanae; Shannon-Wienner index demonstrated diversity low; Morisita index indicated that there are high similarity between river, stream and lagoons; all species reproduce in the rainy season with exception of the Brycon nattereri; it is demonstrated the existence of piscivores species, herbivores, insectivores and detritus feeders.
Aninhamento de assembleias de aves em arquipélagos oceânicos
(Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2021-08-26) Caetano, Vinne Magalhães; Melo, Adriano Sanches; http://lattes.cnpq.br/4602365265261727; Melo, Adriano Sanches; Maestri, Renan; Almeida Neto, Mário
The species richness of an island can be driven by the quality, complexity and heterogeneity of the habitat, as well as the dispersal ability of the species. Island size and altitude can be used as surrogate variables for habitat attributes, and island isolation can be used to represent the dispersal ability of species. Communities on a gradient of isolation or environmental complexity can form a taxonomically and/or morphologically nested distribution pattern. I tested the morphological nesting of bird assemblages from islands of eight oceanic archipelagos for size, altitude, and isolation of their islands. I performed this test by weighting the nesting by the magnitude of the difference between the tested variable and without this weighting. I found that morphological nesting was predominantly relevant to size and altitude, while isolation was not able to explain nesting in any archipelago. Unweighted analyzes had more positive results for nesting than those weighted by difference in altitude, size or isolation. The nesting observed was more due to richness shared between communities than due to the tree topology of morphological similarity between species. This means that if a community shares similarity in attributes with other communities, this similarity in attributes comes from the species shared between these communities and not from different species with similar attributes. Isolation was not able to explain the nesting, however, it is possible that there are isolation measures with greater biological relevance.
Aninhamento em comunidades: padrões e processos subjacentes
(Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2014-05-23) Gomes, Carolina Ramos Caiado; Melo, Adriano Sanches; http://buscatextual.cnpq.br/buscatextual/visualizacv.do?id=K4705605T7; Melo, Adriano Sanches; Barros, Tadeu de Siqueira; Bini, Luis Mauricio
Nestedness is a particular pattern of species distribution in metacommunities in which a group of species found in poorer sites is a subset of the group of species found in richer sites. In the beta diversity partition context, nestedness is considered one of beta diversity components, jointly with species turnover. However, it is clear now that this term has been used in a wrong way instead of beta diversity due to richness differences. In specific cases that such richness differences reflect an ordered gain or loss of species between sites, then the nested pattern emerges. In the present work I used the beta diversity partition approach, focusing on the richness differences component, combined with a specific metric of nestedness, the NODF, to explore situations in which the richness differences between sites occur in a nested way considering different systems and scales of study. In the first chapter I use aquatic macroinvertebrates communities to show the importance of spatial position of patches of the same microhabitat in generating nestedness in riffles. I found that patches and riffle sites located in the beginning of the riffles are poorer then patches and riffle sites at the end of the same riffles, and that initial sites are nested in final sites in a same riffle. In the second chapter I use birds and mammals communities in the New World to assess how nestedness varies in latitudinal and longitudinal gradients. Nestedness emerged in several regions in both gradients, and it is always related to richness differences in such gradients combined with directional processes that cause an ordered loss or gain of species.
Anuros do Cerrado em um mundo em mudança: fatores de vulnerabilidade
(Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2011-02-11) PACÍFICO, Eduardo dos Santos; BASTOS, Rogério Pereira; http://lattes.cnpq.br/6015137404238990; MARCO JÚNIOR, Paulo de; http://lattes.cnpq.br/2767494720646648
Endemic species have higher risk of extinction and are the focus of conservation efforts because they are confined to specific areas. Evidently, extinction vulnerability variation among endemic species should be mainly explained by their range distribution. Because they have specific eco-physiological traits, anurans are particularly sensitive to global climate change (GCC). Thus, the goals of this study are to present a new anuran endemic species list of Cerrado, to discuss issues related to endemism and to determine if the current potential distribution is able to predict the species extinction vulnerability in GCC. We analyze anuran species that were considered endemic in previous studies plus recently described species. We used two modeling procedures (Maxent and Mahalanobis distance method), three climate models (CCCma, CSIRO and HadCM3) and two carbon emissions scenarios (A2 and B2). Analyses were performed separately for each set of conditions (method, model and scenario) and then we analyzed the emergent pattern. There are 33 Cerrado endemic anuran species, belonging to ten families, representing 20.4% of Cerrado s anurans and 3.8% of Brazilian anurans. Most species have few occurrence points (mean ± standard deviation: 4.9 ± 4.6). Twelve endemic species have all their occurence points near to the boundaries of Cerrado and twelve have all their occurence points in the center of the biome. Small changes in biome boundaries alter the number of endemic species. Therefore, the endemism concept is strongly linked to the biome definition, the sampling effort, the correct species identification and the existing information released. Using the biome limits defined by the Brazilian government, Cerrado endemic anurans with small range distribution have less overlap between the current and the future distributions than Cerrado endemic anurans with large range distribution, indicating that species with small range have a higher risk of extinction. Nevertheless, Cerrado endemic anurans with small range distribution have more proportional gain of suitable area in the future than Cerrado endemic anurans with large range distribution. Consequently, there will be adequate area for all species. However, only species that could move to suitable places will persist. Hence, species persistence, mainly for species with small range size, depends largely on the connectivity of suitable habitat and dispersal rates that allow the colonization of new areas.
Aplicações do monitoramento acústico automático de anuros: inventário de espécies, comparações metodológicas e estudo da detectabilidade das espécies
(Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2020-02-27) Melo, Isabella Rodrigues de; Lima, Luciana Signorelli Faria; http://lattes.cnpq.br/4503432546817338; Bastos, Rogério Pereira; http://lattes.cnpq.br/6015137404238990; Bastos, Rogério Pereira; Maciel, Natan Medeiros; Sugai, Larissa Sayuri Moreira
The increasing decline in anuran amphibiam populations and the high sensitivity of the group require adequate population monitoring and, studies of natural history and behavior. Bioacoustics can be used for these purposes, because anurans use vocalization as their main form of communication. Using bioacoustics, two types of methodology can be performed: 1) actives searches, where the researcher detect and identify species visually and by aurally in the field, and 2) passive monitoring, where the researcher identifies species vocalizations in acoustic recordings registered by automatic recorders. Passive acoustic monitoring is increasingly being used and is a great strategy for phenology studies. Thus, using passive acoustic monitoring, this work has three main objectives: 1) to complement the anuran species inventory of the Emas National Park; 2) compare the efficiency of active searches and passive acoustic monitoring; 3) to investigate the effect of daily, seasonal variation, methodology and environmental variables on the detection of anuran vocalization activity. For this, during the 2018-2019 breeding season (September-April), we installed seven automated recorders in humid field environments set to recorded vocalizations for two minutes on every hour of the day. At each of the seven points we installed automated recorders, we performed six active searches throughout the breeding season. From the active searches, we found 12 species while by recording analysis we recorded 21 species of anurans, where six of them had not been registered before in the park. Regarding the comparison between methodologies, we found that both techniques (active searching and passive monitoring) are efficient and complementary, since they often detect different species and thus contribute differently to the total richness. We found that species vocalizations are influenced by day period, reproductive season period, precipitation, humidity, temperature and methodology (active search or passive monitoring), depending on the reproductive season period. Thus, we conclude that passive acoustic monitoring is an efficient technique that can assist us in anuran studies.
Áreas adequadas para a anta-brasileira (Tapirus terrestris, Linnaeus 1758) na Mata-Atlântica: integrando fatores em diferentes escalas espaciais
(Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2020-02-28) Machado Filho, Cristiano Henrique Gonçalves; Marco Júnior, Paulo De; http://lattes.cnpq.br/2767494720646648; Marco Júnior, Paulo De; http://lattes.cnpq.br/2767494720646648; Oliveira, Arthur Ângelo Bispo de; Silva, Alessandra Bertassoni da
In broad spatial scales, the distribution of the abiotic conditions is commonly used to predict the species’ distributions and environmental suitability. However, variables on smaller scales are important to this predicts as well. Anthropic changes on landscape-scale, like habitat removal and fragmentation, bring meaningful results to species population and can be overlooked in coarse-scale analysis. Here, we aim to integrate the effects of the processes which occur in both broad and fine spatial scale, with the effect of climatic variables and the effect of the variables on the landscape scale level, respectively. To achieve this goal, we focused on the Atlantic-forest region and used the lowland-tapir as a model to adjust relationships between a proxy of the abundance of this species and the habitat amount in 31 landscapes distributed on the biome. In the second step, we used Ecological Niche Models to estimate the environmental suitability in the Atlantic-forest. Finally, we included the values of suitability as a predictor in Generalizes Linear Models to estimate a proxy of abundance in response to the effects of habitat amount and environmental suitability to generate the distribution of this proxy along the biome. Our modeling approach indicated a positive effect of habitat amount on the local abundance of lowland-tapir, in contrast to climate which did not have an effect. These results show us a better predictive power when we include the effect of landscape-scale to estimate environmental suitability. The scale in which the lowland-tapir perceive the elements of the landscape in the Atlantic-forest was nine kilometers in this study. However, this scale can change as a function of the fragmentation level. Thus, we reinforce the importance of inclusion of the smaller scales and processes which occur on the landscape scale when modeling environmental suitability. Finally, our results indicate that environmental changes until the radius of nine kilometers on landscapes where the lowland-tapir occur can affect the persistence of this species. This distance is empirical support to the development of conservation actions in suitable areas to lowland-tapir in the Atlantic-forest.
Áreas de intensa agropecuária podem apresentar comunidades de anuros representativas?
(Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2011-08-29) Ramos, Jade; Nomura, Fausto; http://lattes.cnpq.br/9506582657045983; Bastos, Rogério Pereira; http://lattes.cnpq.br/6015137404238990
The attributes that make amphibians good environmental indicators are permeable skin, shell-less eggs and life cycle with two phases in most of the species, one terrestrial (adult) and other aquatic (tadpoles). Moreover, they are important components of many ecological communities, either by eating a multitude of insects or serving as prey for other animals. Currently many species have suffered population declines or have become extinct. The hypotheses tested were: (a) water bodies in the southwest region of Goiás do not show species richness similar to other regions of the Cerrado biome; (b) the structural integrity (measured by environmental integrity index) of the water body interferes with richness and abundance of the anuran species found; (c) water bodies located in preserved areas show higher species richness, abundance of individuals and β diversity than anthropized water bodies (located in pasture, soy and sugar-cane fields). Field observations were conducted between 2009 and 2010 in six municipalities in southwest Goiás: Aporé, Jataí, Mineiros, Portelândia, Rio Verde and Serranópolis. Forty-three water bodies were sampled, being ten of them found in sugar cane crops, twelve in pasture, twelve in soybean crops and nine in areas of natural vegetation. We recorded 34 species of frogs. Considering all water bodies sampled in southwest Goiás, both collector’s curves made with the occurrences of tadpoles and adults tended to stabilize. The richness estimated for adults was 39.89 ± 5.06 and 35.82 ± 7.62 for tadpoles. The most abundant species in adult stage were Dendropsophus cruzi, D. minutus and Hypsiboas albopunctatus, respectively, while in larval stage the most abundant were Hypsiboas albopunctatus, Physalaemus cuvieri and Scinax fuscovarius. Overall, for both adults and tadpoles, we found no correlations between richness and abundance of species and environmental integrity index for any of the four types of water bodies. The only exception was when species abundance (adult phase) was related to the environmental integrity index of all water bodies. The species composition (adult and larval stage) did not differ among the types of water bodies. All hypotheses tested were rejected. Although the southwest Goiás is impacted by agriculture, the anuran species richness is similar to other areas of Cerrado.
Áreas prioritárias para restauração no estado de Goiás
(Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2020-07-03) Silva, Thalline Rodrigues da; Loyola, Rafael Dias; http://lattes.cnpq.br/7649189080736923; Loyola, Rafael Dias; Diniz Filho, José Alexandre Felizola; Brum, Fernanda Thiesen
In parallel with strategies and actions focused on the conservation of biodiversity, scientists, decisionmakers, and different sectors of our society have been developing on strategies focused on the restoration of degraded areas. This is a particularly important issue for Brazil as signatory to the Paris Agreement, in which the Brazilian government is committed to restoring 12 million hectares of degraded areas by 2030. Such restoration will be regionalized, and the states of Brazil will need to indicate their priorities, strategies and tools to accomplish such task. Here, we identified priority areas for restoration in the state of Goiás in order to build scenarios in which the retention of soil carbon stock is maximized, as well as the representation of plant species, while seeking the lowest cost of opportunity to perform this restoration on rural landowners. We ran prioritizations following the principles of systematic conservation planning. We also considered the environmental debt within rural properties and, based on that, we evaluated all types of agricultural culture found on the properties to generate opportunity costs associated with restoration. After analyzing 166,635 rural properties across the state, we found a total debt of approximately 1,682,804.1330 hectares within properties’ Legal Reserve. We also observed that most rural properties that should be restored have an opportunity cost below R$5,000. In all prioritization scenarios, areas to the east and northeast of the state of Goiás were considered as priority. Our best restoration scenario captured ~35% of the state's entire carbon stock, nearly 70% (on average) of the distribution of endangered plant species included in the study and a reduction in opportunity cost of more than 70%. Systematic planning for restoration, as proposed here, if carried out in an organized and accountable way, can maximize the connectivity of protected areas within rural properties, bringing greater protection of species and guarantee of the provision of ecosystem services.
Atributos funcionais não estão correlacionados com sincronia em uma comunidade fitoplanctônica
(Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2020-02-28) Silva, Matheus Nunes da; Bini, Luis Mauricio; http://lattes.cnpq.br/0931860042124079; Carneiro, Fernanda Melo; Bortolini, Jascieli Carla; Bini, Luis Mauricio
Species abundance in a local community can be correlated over time. Similarly, the abundance of different local populations of a given species can vary synchronously. The study of these patterns, known as interspecific synchrony and population synchrony, respectively, may indicate the relative importance of interspecific interactions, environmental filters (at different spatial scales) and dispersal processes on the temporal dynamics of populations and communities. In addition, studies have sought to test whether the levels of synchrony (interspecific and population) are related to functional traits. For example, functionally similar species should have correlated dynamics under the effect of a strong environmental filter. As another example, a specialist species should have higher levels of population synchrony than a generalist species. Thus, in the first chapter of this dissertation, we used data on phytoplankton functional traits to test whether the level of interspecific synchrony between pairs of species is dependent on the functional dissimilarity between them. In addition, we tested whether the increase in functional diversity would influence community synchrony, which in turn, could affect community stability. In the second chapter, we tested whether specialist taxa would have greater spatial synchrony than generalists. For both chapters, we used a dataset on phytoplankton community in the Cana Brava Reservoir (Goiás State, Brazil). Our hypotheses were not supported by the results. However, in the first chapter, we found a predominance of positive correlations between species abundances, a result that indicates the importance of environmental filters. In the second chapter, the low values of population synchrony suggest that regional environmental factors were not strong enough to control population dynamics. In general, we suggest that future studies should test a similar set of traits to test the generality of correlates of synchrony.
Avaliação da importância de vertebrados e invertebrados carniceiros na dinâmica local e global de remoção de carcaças de vertebrados
(Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2022-08-16) Rocha, Joedison dos Santos; Carvalheiro, Luisa Mafalda Gigante Rodrigues; http://lattes.cnpq.br/2611280969164348; Almeida Neto, Mário; http://lattes.cnpq.br/1000297113793647; Almeida Neto, Mário; Nabout, João Carlos; Lopes, Welinton Ribamar; Bini, Luis Mauricio; Carlucci, Marcos Bergmann
Vertebrate carcasses compose the pool of dead organic matter in the ecosystems, highlighting as a food resource for a plethora of living organisms, from microorganisms to large vertebrates. A decomposition island is established when a vertebrate dies, altering the nutrient inputs and diversity of microorganisms in the soil, as well as the composition of plant communities. Scavenger animals (invertebrates and vertebrates) are responsible for recycling nutrients from carcasses, thus preventing dead animals from accumulating in natural environments. Therefore, scavengers act both in the large-scale distribution of nutrients and in sanitation and ecosystem health. Despite this, there are several gaps regarding how these scavenger groups affect the dynamics of carcass removal and their effects on ecosystem functioning. Even basic information such as which species are involved in the removal process is scarce in the literature. The present thesis aimed to elucidate the local and global importance of vertebrate and invertebrate scavengers for: a) removal efficiency; b) nutrient cycling; and c) disease control in vertebrate carcasses, as well as d) interactions between both groups. First, an experiment using caged and uncaged carcasses (n=16) was conducted in a well-conserved Cerrado area to test the effect of loss of vertebrate actions on removal time and nutrient inputs to the soil. After 10 days, all carcasses were removed by vultures and invertebrates, without difference between treatments, suggesting that invertebrates can compensate for the absence of vertebrates. Also, the experiment showed that potassium and magnesium inputs increase in the soil around carcasses when vertebrates are absent. Besides the typical scavenger species (necrophagous flies and vultures), carcasses were largely visited by opportunistic or facultative species (e.g. wasps, butterflies, and mammals). From two global systematic reviews, we observed that the complementary activity of vertebrates and invertebrates ensures high removal efficiency compared to carcasses removed experimentally in the absence of vertebrates. Furthermore, vertebrate communities that are highly efficient in removing carcasses are typically composed of few species (<10 spp.) and higher proportion of birds. This result highlighted the functionally unique contribution provided by vultures and crows across the world. Finally, based on a model relating scavenger vertebrates to cases of zoonoses, a higher prevalence of anthrax was associated with a high diversity of facultative scavengers (e.g. eagles and mammalian carnivores), but not with the richness of vultures. Thus, the study demonstrated that vertebrate diversity represents an important factor in carcass removal efficiency. However, invertebrates can outperform vertebrate functions in certain contexts, as observed in the Cerrado. The actions of both groups affect the rates of nutrient inputs from carcasses to the soil, while partially affecting the spread of zoonoses around the world.
Avaliação de estratégias espaciais para otimizar a conservação de redes de habitat
(Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2019-03-29) Diniz, Milena Fiuza; Oliveira, Arthur Ângelo Bispo de; http://lattes.cnpq.br/1100433822757573; Marco Júnior, Paulo de; http://lattes.cnpq.br/2767494720646648; Marco Júnior, Paulo de; Rangel, Thiago Fernando Lopes Valle de Britto; Diniz Filho, José Alexandre Felizola; Ribeiro, Milton Cezar; Silva, Daniel De Paiva
Habitat loss and fragmentation have become ubiquitous factors throughout natural landscapes around the world, and are among the major threats to biodiversity. In regions intensely modified by human activity, management of isolated areas may be insufficient to achieve conservation objectives. Therefore, a more efficient solution can be achieved by designing habitat networks, where protected areas and the connections among them act cooperatively and synergistically to ensure the species' regional persistence. Designing a habitat network requires a series of methodological steps, all of which can be developed through different approaches. The main objective of this thesis was to fill important gaps related to the selection of surrogate species and methodological strategies to optimize the projection of habitat networks. In Chapter 1, we reviewed the structure and applications of the major connectivity models, highlighting their assumptions and limitations in representing animal dispersal. We noted that the models have their own foundations and frameworks, and therefore we are assuming important differences on the dispersal ecology of species when choosing a particular approach. In Chapter 2, we evaluated the spatial congruence between habitat networks derived from the combination of different connectivity models and prioritization algorithms. We showed that the choice of methodological strategies for the projection of habitat networks can be decisive for the target species representation. Therefore, we suggested that the analytical tools should be selected according to the conservation objectives, rather than arbitrarily by assuming equivalence between the different methods. In Chapter 3, we investigated whether the potential of species as umbrellas for connectivity conservation can be influenced by the landscape composition and configuration. We showed that the ability of species to represent important areas for connectivity of others is a property determined by the species characteristics, as well as by the spatial pattern of habitat in the landscapes. In Chapter 4, we constructed networks of habitat quality and connectivity using different surrogate strategies based on one and multiple species and evaluated the efficiency of these structures in representing the target species' spatial requirements. We found that determining conservation priorities from the demands of a single umbrella species can have a very variable efficiency in covering the needs of co-occurring species. We also showed that selecting a small set of surrogates based on the species pool diversity may be the best strategy to provide efficient conservation solutions. We hope that the results of this thesis can be used to guide the future selection of surrogate species as well as the decisions related to the most appropriate methodological strategies for designing habitat networks capable of ensuring multispecies conservation.
Avaliação de métodos para estimativas de dissimilaridade em gradientes ecológicos com alta diversidade beta
(Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2018-04-18) Hoffmann, Júlio Cury; Melo, Adriano Sanches; http://lattes.cnpq.br/4602365265261727; Pereira, Rodrigo Augusto Santinelo; Diniz-Filho, José Alexandre Felizola
There are several problems on the analysis of biological communities with sparse data, resulting from gradients with high beta diversity. I used four strategies to solve this problem (Beals smoothing, Swan, Shortest Path and Extended Dissimilarity). I randomly removed from 1% to 50% of the individuals in empirical and simulated matrices. I then performed PCoA and nMDS ordinations and used Procrustes correlation of the original two dimensional ordination with the ordination obtained using the degraded matrices. For the simulated data set, I also correlated the ordenation in two dimensions with the coordinates of the samples in the two-dimensional simulated gradients. Finally, I analyzed how robustness to degradation, quantified as Procrustean correlation, was related to the matrix properties. Different from the expected, in the comparison of the degraded and original ordinations, the uncorrected data with a traditional dissimilarity index (Bray-Curtis) produced higher fit than the four methods evaluated. In relation to the coordinates of the simulated two-dimensional gradients, the evaluated methods were slightly better than the raw data. Overall, the simulated data were more robust to the degradation than the empirical ones and the data of abundance were more robust than matrices of presence and absence. Matrices with small proportion of zeros were more robust to degradation. I conclude that the correction methods evaluated distorted the pattern on the original data. Also, data with low beta diversity (few zeros) are robust to degradation and sufficient to reconstruct the original gradient.
Avaliação de modelos de distribuição de espécies e sua aplicação na conservação da onça-pintada (Panthera onca)
(Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2010-11-19) TÔRRES, Natália Mundim; MARCO JÚNIOR, Paulo de; http://lattes.cnpq.br/2767494720646648; DINIZ FILHO, José Alexandre Felizola; http://lattes.cnpq.br/0706396442417351
Recently, Species Distribution Modelling (SDM) has been widely used as base for several types of analyses, including evaluations of climate changing impact on species distribution and conservation strategies settlement. This methodology enables the prediction of potential geographic distribution based on species ecological requirements, extrapolating data from known occurrences to unknown areas. There is a wide variety of methods which presents different capabilities to synthesize the significant relationships between species data and the environmental variables used as preditors. These variations are consequences of a series of factors that influence model s performance, such as species characteristics, the kind and quantity of data available, and the scale of the analyses. In this study we adopted the jaguar as a model to evaluate eleven SDM. It was evaluated the spatial autocorrelation effects between presence records on model s performance, and the relationship between environmental suitability obtained through these methods and jaguar population density. The obtained results were used as a basis for the evaluation of jaguar conservation topics, including analyses of how global climate changing and land use predictions will affect its distribution and evaluation of protected areas system in maintaining suitable areas for species occurrence in the future. It was demonstrated that depending on the model applied, the species data amount can be more influential than the spatial autocorrelation between presence points, and that the expected positive relationship between model-based suitability estimate and jaguar density was found only for four SDM, but always with a low coefficient of determination showing a weak data fitness. The analyses also showed that suitability values inside protected areas are greater than expected by null model, and this difference tend to increase with the global climate change scenario evaluated, demonstrating that it is not expected that environmental suitable areas for jaguars will shift out from the existing protected areas. Considering future predictions, the main conclusion is that some regions which must go through an environmental suitability increase for jaguar occurrence in the future will be converted from natural vegetation to agricultural land, indicating that the opportunities for jaguar s effective conservation actions are daily becoming more restricted, in such a way that the calling for a proactive conservation approach is urgent.
Avaliação de potenciais estratégias de conservação para onça-pintada na Mata Atlântica
(Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2015-03-10) Diniz, Milena Fiuza; Oliveira, Arthur Ângelo Bispo de; http://lattes.cnpq.br/1100433822757573; Silva, Daniel de Brito Candido da; http://lattes.cnpq.br/5139765780779893; Grelle, Carlos Eduardo de Viveiros; Gregorini, Marina Zanini; Silva, Daniel de Brito Candido da; Oliveira, Arthur Ângelo Bispo de
It is expected that networks of protected areas (NPAs) play a key role in conservation of several carnivores species, as jaguar, since habitat fragmentation and population isolation are strong threats. Therefore, the identification and establishment of connector structures, such as corridors and stepping-stones, are essential to ensure the population persistence of these species. Here, we used graph approach and the habitat availability metrics to design NPAs for jaguars in Atlantic Forest and ranking protected areas and other forest fragments according to their importance for landscape connectivity. Our results indicate that the protected jaguar areas (PJAs) are important to functional connectivity, mainly the state parks located in the Serra do Mar. The potential stepping-stone network, formed by 564 fragments with higher levels of importance for connectivity, increased the number of connections in landscape and reduced the amount of isolated PJAs. Only 15 fragments of this network, located in the south of the Atlantic Forest, contributed with 88% of interpatch connectivity, being considered as potential sites for jaguars reintroduction. Most of these connector areas are under the less restrictive protection of sustainable use protected areas. The approach used here has simple data requirements and provides a valuable initial guide to planning NPAs, can be applied to many other species.
Avaliação de resultados em pesquisa e políticas públicas para conservação no Brasil
(Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2019-02-08) Vieira, Raísa Romênia Silva; Pressey, Robert Leslie; http://lattes.cnpq.br/6015310120161586; Loyola, Rafael Dias; http://lattes.cnpq.br/7649189080736923; Diniz Filho, José Alexandre Felizola; Valdujo, Paula Hanna; Machado, Ricardo Bomfim; Ribeiro, Katia Torres
The number of programs aimed at biodiversity and ecosystem conservation has grown in Brazil and in the world. Besides local policies, international agreements were also established to protect the world biological diversity. Despite this progress, most conservation initiatives were made based on opinions and usual methods instead of evidences of effectiveness. Not only conservation policies must be based on appropriate criteria, but they should also be planned to produce outcomes whose success can be assessed. In this thesis we aimed to evaluate the efficiency of conservation initiatives in preserving biodiversity, focusing on Brazil. In the first chapter we reviewed the literature on habitat loss and degradation to measure the gap between conservation theory and practice. We find that despite the growing number of scientific publications, there is still a gap between knowing and doing that can lead to ineffective conservation programs. We suggest that researchers and practitioners come together to bridge this gap. In the second chapter we show that the protected areas system has strong biases and that is not representative for about half of the existing habitats in Brazil. This scenario is the result of protection aimed at minimizing costs and conflicts with extractive uses instead of strategic and systematic planning. We discussed the reasons that led to this scenario and the paths to be followed. In the third chapter we estimate the probable losses and gains of biodiversity and ecosystem services if the new Brazilian Forest Code is properly enforced. We also discuss the challenges associated with law enforcement and present conservation opportunities.
Avaliação do estado de conservação das aves brasileiras e da eficiência dos esforços conservacionistas através das listas vermelhas de espécies ameaçadas
(Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2014-03-26) Spindola, João Paulo da Silva; Silva, Daniel de Brito Candido da; http://lattes.cnpq.br/5139765780779893; Silva, Daniel de Brito Candido da; Oprea, Monik; Bianchi, Carlos Abs da Cruz
The Planet is going through a Biodiversity crisis, the current extinction rates may be up to 1000 times greater than the natural background rates. Because of this, international policies were signed, with the purpose to mitigate the loss of biodiversity. The Red List Index (RLI) is among the adopted indicators to evaluate the performance of conservation actions put into action by countries. The RLI is calculated using information of changes in the red lists categories to a set of species. This tool has been largely applied both at regional, and the global levels in order to make a systematic biodiversity monitoring. Here, we applied the RLI to native Brazilian birds in the time interval of 1988-2012. We have explored the trends in the RLI between different biomes, taxonomic orders and threats. Furthermore, we evaluated the National Actions Plans (PAN, in Portuguese) in order to assess their effectiveness through the RLI. We found out that despite conservation actions, the overall trend is an increased extinction risk. Between the biomes, the Amazon presents the greater decline in bird conservation status. The factor that caused the greatest increase in threat is the impact of road construction. The PAN uses an approach of reactive conservation, focusing on species already threatened. In the absence of conservation efforts the RLI to endemic species would have declined an additional of 12.95%.
Avaliação do risco de extinção e priorização espacial para conservação de aves no Brasil
(Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2014-03-19) Sousa, Nathália Machado e; Loyola, Rafael Dias; http://lattes.cnpq.br/7649189080736923; Loyola, Rafael Dias; Lorini, Maria Lúcia; Marini, Miguel Ângelo; Oliveira, Arthur Ângelo Bispo de; Silva, Daniel de Brito Cândido da
Mais especificamente, o primeiro capítulo tem como foco a avaliação do risco de extinção das espécies de aves brasileiras (exceto marinhas) e representatividade nas Unidades de Conservação. Assim, o objetivo foi de (1) avaliar como as variáveis atuam definindo o risco de extinção das espécies, (2) avaliar se e como o risco de extinção está geograficamente estruturado e (3) avaliar a representatividade das espécies nas Unidades de Conservação (em presença de espécies e proporção de sua distribuição geográfica). Para responder tais perguntas, nos modelamos o risco de extinção de 1557 espécies de aves usando Árvore de Classificação e avaliamos a contribuição de cada variável para a determinação do risco de extinção, avaliando também a representação e proporção da distribuição geográfica nas Unidades de Conservação brasileira. A conversão de habitat foi a variável mais importante, seguida pelo tamanho da distribuição geográfica. O Cerrado abriga alta proporção de espécies ameaçadas e, de modo geral, a representatividade das aves é baixa nas Unidades de Conservação. No segundo capítulo também focamos na avaliação do risco de extinção e representatividade nas Unidades de Conservação, porém para espécies de aves marinhas. Nosssos objetivos foram de (1) avaliar como as variáveis atuam definindo o risco de extinção das aves marinhas, (2) definir quais variáveis são mais importantes na determinação do risco de extinção das espécies, (3) avaliar como o risco de extinção está geograficamente estruturado e (4) avaliar a efetividade das Unidades de Conservação Marinhas em representar espécies com alto e baixo risco de extinção. Para responder tais perguntas, nós modelamos o risco de extinção de 54 espécies de aves marinhas usando Árvore de Classificação e avaliamos a contribuição de cada variável para a determinação do risco de extinção. O tamanho da distribuição geográfica reprodutiva e a captura acidental por navios de pesca foram as variáveis mais importantes. Além disso, demonstramos que as Unidades de Conservação marinhas não são efetivas para proteger as aves marinhas, representando menos de 10% das distribuições no território brasileiro. Para complementar a avaliação do risco de extinção das aves e sua representatividade nas Unidades de Conservação, no terceiro capítulo focamos na avaliação da eficiência, em termos de custo-benefício, de diferentes estratégias de seleção de áreas prioritárias no Brasil. Assim, nosso objetivo foi de avaliar se (1) a estratégia de definição de áreas prioritárias é mais eficiente se aplicada em escala nacional, de biomas ou Estadual, (2) existe um balanço entre eficiência e vantagens para a biodiversidade quando comparamos as diferentes escalas, e (3) qual a melhor estratégia de conservação quando o custo e benefícios são igualmente pesados. A estratégia aplicada em escala nacional foi aquela com maior eficiência e com mais vantagens, em termo de conservação da biodiversidade de aves no Brasil.

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