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Item Processo de fragmentação e caracterização dos remanescentes de cerrado: análise ecológica da paisagem da bacia do rio dos Peixes (GO)(Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2012-09-24) Carneiro, Gabriel Tenaglia; Cabacinha, Christian Dias; Castro, Selma Simões de; http://lattes.cnpq.br/4460827622247417; Castro, Selma Simões de; Marco Júnior, Paulo de; Miziara, Fausto; Faria, Karla Maria Silva de; Oliveira, Ivanilton José deThe occupation of the Cerrado in central Brazil is characterized by the increasing incorporation of new areas into production system at the expense of deforestation and conversion to agricultural use of their land, with the support of successive policies since the 1930s, but especially of the decade 1970, induced by the Polocentro Cerrado Development Program, when this process was intensified, causing fragmentation and isolation of the remnants of its various vegetation types. This thesis presents the results of the studies of basin Peixe fiver, a member of the upper basin of the Araguaia River, in the state of Goiás between 1970 and 2009, based on an approach in Ecology Landscape, Geography and Botany (Floristic) applied to the theme of fragmentation of vegetation. The overall goal is to identify and to characterize the remnants and their relations with the evolution of land use and soil types in order to provide data for the evaluation of conservation and sustainability. Methodologically, it employs geo technologies, analysis of landscape metrics and floristic composition of representative fragments beyond the analysis of the relation between land use, soil types and spatial distribution of remaining with emphasis on Principal Component Analysis. The results revealed high rates of current deforestation and increasing fragmentation between 1985 and 2009, and risk, threat to biodiversity conservation. Also revealed predominance of the relation between Ultisols and Pastures interpreting it as a result of the intermediaries agricultural potential of these soils for intensive cultivation due to its high fragility associated with the high erodibility, which would burden other forms of much use, and emphasize concentration of the remaining in areas Permanent Preservation (APP) in the pastures, especially Riparian Forest, more continuous and with greater floristic richness. It was concluded that expand in cattle raising in the studied area was strongly influenced by the soil factor, the low potential of cultivation, which could also explain the lower rate of conversion of the Cerrado, caused by the use anthropic when compared to neighboring basins, where better soils and softer dominated reliefs and softer, and finally the remnants fragments are still recoverable due sustainability indicators revealed by their metrics. Keywords:Item O contexto socioambiental da tuberculose pulmonar em Juiz de Fora (MG)(Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2013-12-18) Lima, Maria de Fátima Furtado; Furtado, Paulo César Fonseca; Castro, Selma Simões de; http://lattes.cnpq.br/4460827622247417; Echeverría, Agustina Rosa; Furtado, Paulo César Fonseca; Araújo Filho, João Alves de; Arrais, Tadeu Pereira Alencar; Linardi, Valter RobertoJuiz de Fora (JF) had a high prevalence of tuberculosis (TB) in the set of municipalities in the state of Minas Gerais (MG) and Brazil, whose causes are not known. Get to know them and analyze the relationships involving environmental quality of neighborhoods and areas of the municipality of JF (MG), with a higher incidence of pulmonary TB, the public health policy of Primary Care (AB) in controlling the disease, with focus on the profile of Community Health Agents (ACS) and the carriers of the disease, especially those who discontinue treatment constitute the main scope of this thesis. How socioenvironmental context proceeded to the rescue of knowledge about TB, its introduction in Brazil and the historical evolution of the treatment, the current international situation and the recommendations of international organizations especially the World Health Organization (WHO) for countries with a high burden of disease, such as Brasil. The text that results from research on TB in JF uses theoretical sources from different areas of knowledge, empirical research, document and database of the Ministry of Health, in consultation with the reporting forms / TB research model SINANand statistical analyzes of the type control case, calculating the "odds ratio" as a measure of strength of association between the correlated parameters. The results revealed multifactorial causation. The TB concentrates in the neediest regions in that the Environmental Quality Index (IQA) is low revealed by unhealthy housing, lack of sanitation, low education and income. The profile of these ACS integrated into to the healthcare teams at the level the AB confirms frailties in their knowledge, insufficient number for demand and low involvement in disease control. The sociodemographic and clinical epidemiological profile of TB patients related to treatment dropout reveal prevalence of self-administered treatment to the detriment the supervised treatment as determined the National Programme Tuberculosis Control (PNCT) and the predominance of the more socioeconomically disadvantaged groups. It can be concluded that TB disease is in fact associated with poverty and somewhat neglected by the national public policy. Recommendations are done to resolve the causes found, as the need for awareness among the local health authorities and investment in trainings for family healthcare teams, addition to initiatives in health education for the community in general, mainly as to the benefits arising from the early diagnosis and supervised treatment. At the same time is recommended improve infrastructure conditions in the regions where the IQA is low.Item Impactos sobre a biota e a qualidade de latossolos cultivados com cana-de-açúcar, em Quirinópolis, Goiás(Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2014-03-14) Sant'Ana, Georgia Ribeiro Silveira de; Castro, Selma Simões de; http://lattes.cnpq.br/4460827622247417; Castro, Selma Simões de; Nogueira, Ina de Souza; Vieira, José Daniel Gonçalves; Leandro, Wilson Mozena; Bataus, Luiz ArturThe expansion of the culture of sugar cane in Brazil is being driven towrds the Brazilian Midwest, particularly in the states of Mato Grosso do Sul (MS) and Goiás, since the end of last century. Goiás stands out in this process, but is now among the three states with the largest cultivated area and production. South mesoregion excels, especially micro-Quirinopolis (MRQ), where the process began in 2004, replacing grain areas and pastures. This research aims to analyze the influence of different management practice in the cultivation of cane sugar in the MRQ, using sensitive biological and physico-chemical indicators of water quality and soil, to contribute to sustainable models with parameters that sugarcane expansion. Eight sampling sites were selected in areas occupied by soil type Red Oxisol dystrophyc and distroferric, with previous uses of soybeans, pasture and pasture / soybean, and in parallel, two profiles as a reference, with native vegetation, the type Semidecidual Forest, once dominant. Were also selected two stocks next crop of sugar cane, collections with the Montate and downstream of each channel. Descriptions and Samples of soil and water were carried out in September 2010 and March 2011. Proceeded physical, chemical and biological analysis of soil and water by applying methods of Pedology, Biology and Ecology. It was concluded that different agricultural practices directly influence the dynamics of soil and water, unbalancing the biota, due to change in their physico-chemical and biological attributes that succession soy / sugar use biomarkers showed. The same applies to the water, but these can not yet be regarded as polluted by CONAMA parameters.Item Comportamento morfológico, químico e físico-hídrico dos solos de área cultivada com morango em Alfredo Vasconcelos, MG(Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2014-10-15) Silva, Marcelo Zózimo da; Castro, Selma Simões de; http://lattes.cnpq.br/4460827622247417; Castro, Selma Simões de; Oliveira, José Emílio Zanzirolani de; Paula, José Roberto de; Momoli, Renata Santos; Faria, Karla Maria Silva deOver 80% of the 6,000 inhabitants of Alfredo Vasconcelos, a municipality in the southern state of Minas Gerais, Brazil, is involved in agricultural activities, mainly horticulture, floriculture and fruit culture, which is characterized by strawberry cultivation on top of a relief known as ‘mar de morros’, predominant in the region, with edaphoclimatic conditions adequate to this type of cultivation. Strawberry cultivation ranks second in state production; however, it has been presenting differences in planting and crop performances, slope hydric erosion, fertigated input losses, as well as turbidity, leaching, and downstream fish fauna decrease, according to farm proprietors and preliminary observations. The hypothesis tested is that the use and management of soil may induce changes in its morphological, physical- hydric behavior, as well as in its fertility, leading to decreased production and yield and soil and slope instability. The aim of this work was to evaluate the morphological and physical- hydric behavior of strawberry-cultivated soils in the aforementioned municipality so as to identify the vertical and lateral hydric flux routes and understand the causes of the differences found to provide management alternatives to family farmers. The study was based on the macro- and micro-morphological and analytical characterization of soils through infiltration and resistance to soil penetration assays, along a representative toposequence of the area, constituted of the descendent lateral succession of medium texture soils as Red Yelow Latosol Cambic Latossol and Haplic Gleisol. Four soil profiles were evaluated: P1, on the top; P2, on the upper slope; P3, on the medium slope, cultivated with strawberry; and P4, on the slope base, used as pasture planted with Brachiaria decumbens. The results showed increased clay, soil density and resistance to penetration in the subsurface of the profiles and downstream, concomitantly with a decrease in total porosity and infiltration rate. Such data were corroborated by micro-morphological and micro- morphometric evaluation of the pores with the help of binary image analyses. It was concluded that there is a moderate impediment to the development of the surface radicular system, and more marked on the subsurface, interpreted as weak to moderate compaction, respectively, which would be capable to induce lateral hydric flux routes that cause nutrient loss above the compacted subsurface layer, mainly during rain or fertigation periods above the infiltration rate, what would explain the differences observed in this direction, demanding management adjustments so as not to compromise the agricultural sustainability of this activity.Item Influência do efeito de borda, da perda de habitat e de fatores abióticos na estrutura da comunidade lenhosa em fragmentos de cerrado denso na Alta Bacia do rio Araguaia(Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2016-03-08) Siqueira, Mariana Nascimento; Castro, Selma Simões de; http://lattes.cnpq.br/4460827622247417; Castro, Selma Simões de; http://lattes.cnpq.br/4460827622247417; Marco Junior, Paulo de; Guilherme, Frederico Augusto Guimarães; Faria, Karla Maria Silva de; Momoli, Renata SantosAnthropogenic changes have changed land cover patterns and caused fragmentation of ecosystems. These changes have several consequences for biodiversity, such as habitat loss and isolation, creation of anthropic matrix, and edge effect. Few studies have evaluated the effects of fragmentation in the Cerrado, especially the effects on vegetation structure and abiotic attributes of savanna formations. Here, we sampled 17 fragments of Dense Cerrado in the Upper Rio Araguaia basin, which is a highly fragmented area. Specifically, we compared the more altered Sub-basin of the Rio Claro with the more conserved Sub-basin Rio Garças. Fragments had the fragile Quartzipsamment soils. All fragments were larger than 50 ha and had pasture matrix. Specifically, we asked the following questions: 1) What is the percentage of area lost by fragments in the last 30 years? 2) How area loss influence the woody plant community structure? 3) The species composition similarity decreases with geographical distance between fragments? 4) The edge-interior gradient affects the woody plant community structure? 5) How microclimate and physico-chemical variables vary along an edgeinterior gradient? 6) The community structure of woody plants is influenced by microclimate and physico-chemical characteristics of the soil? We sampled all woody plants with diameter ground higher than 30 cm or equal to 5 cm, in three 20 x 50 m plots along a edge-interior gradient in each fragment. We collected soils between 0 to 20 cm deep in all plots and the matrix. The air and soil temperatures, air humidity, altitude, geographical position, and light intensity were collected along with soil samples. We recorded 8,749 woody plants, belonging to 131 species. Fragment area was significantly reduced between 1985 and 2013, but the historical and current area were not associated with community structure and species diversity. We also did not find a correlation between compositional similarity and geographic distance between fragments. Additionally, 2,877 individuals of 116 species occurred at the edge, 3,038 individuals of 110 species occurred at intermediate environments, and 2,995 individuals of 107 species occurred in the center of fragments. However, species composition and community structure did not differ along the edge-interior gradient. Also, abiotic variables did not differ along the matrix-edge-interior gradient. However, these variables differed between the two sub-basins. The Rio Claro Sub-basin had higher values of Ca/CTC and xiii Ca/K, which are related to nutrient availability in the soil. The spatial distribution of plant species was influenced by altitude, humidity, silt, organic matter, pH, and calcium.Item Aptidão agrícola, mudanças de usos dos solos, conflitos e impactos diretos e indiretos da expansão da cana-de-açúcar na região sudoeste goiano(Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2015-03-30) Trindade, Silas Pereira; Coutinho, Heitor; Castro, Selma Simões de; http://lattes.cnpq.br/4460827622247417During the last 40 years, Cerrado in Goiás crossed to big changes of land use associated with the Green Revolution and the Agriculture Modernization. These modifications were based on grains production, cattle raising, in minor scale, sugar cane production. Goiás Sowth-west Planning Region (RPSG) was a great notability in this scenery that, since 1980 decade, because your elevated agricultural aptness, turned great objective of Agroindustrial complexes, grains and meat and, more recently, of sugar cane. Recently, the sugar cane sector retakes your expansion starting a new phase in 2004, extending from the same anterior surface from east, where more able soils dominated. Since this, a strong and fast expansion has been realized in this route, reaching the RPSG extreme west in 2008. The present thesis objective to recognize the special standard in these two sugar cane expansion phases in RPSG, between 1985 and 2013 and identify your relations with the lands use changes and with the agricultural aptness classes, for presenting the particular spatial standards of sugar cane expansion and having uses conflicts discrepancy indicators. It was used remote sensing and geoprocessing techniques, specially SIG, for the mapping of environmental characteristics, agricultural aptness and uses and soil uses conflicts, in historic succession of representative five years of use changes and sugar cane expansion; they were 1985 and 1995 in the first phase, and 2005, 2010 and 2013 in the second phase. The cartography results were submitted on statistic analyze ANOVA Fatorial and Principal Component Analyses (PCA). The results showed that the recent sugar cane expansion presented two spatial standards: the first, until 2005, in surfaces with more agricultural aptness, before with grains culture; the second, since 2005, in moderately or very fragile soils zones, able for natural pastures or recommended for flora e fauna conservation. It still revealed that sugar cane expansion reprises the agroexporting model, this time including the national market of ethanol consumption, however, in two successive itineraries: the first, that represents the itinerary resulting of spatial selectivity irradiated type, also practiced in Agricultural Frontier expansion (1970-80), looking for more able soils to cultivates with high technology level and taking advantage of structure, specially the logistic. The second, after 2005, that runs away this standard and goes to the extreme west of region, upon less able soils, in general sandy soils, with elevated erodibility, little fertility and cohesion, named fragile soils, with pasture and Cerrado’s reminders. It discusses that this process caused direct and indirect impacts in successions of covering/cane and pasture/cane, respectively, in consequence of deforestation, upon areas with moderated or elevated use discrepancy in respect to agricultural aptness. It concludes that the sugar cane expansion is occurring in RPSG for spatial irradiated selectivity, expanding upon the best lands (1960-80 in the east) and, before, 2005, for diffusion, in dispersed spots on direction to extreme west upon less able lands with fragile soils. In the first, the impacts were directs, by reconversion grains/cane; in the second, it were directs (like the first, added for pasture/cane and remaining/cane) and indirects (grains/pasture, remaining/pasture) also associated to the remaining deforestation. It was noted that the privation/insufficiency of regulatory marks for sugar cane expansion and planning and environmental govern in levels of state and region, favoring pressure upon natural resources and the installation of environmental (un)sustentability sceneries.