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Item Arcabouço gravimétrico brasileiro e o meio ambiente: possibilidades e perspectivas(Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2018-04-30) Castro Júnior, Carlos Alberto Corrêa e; Magna Júnior, João Paulo; http://lattes.cnpq.br/2244138684381538; Ferreira, Nilson Clementino; http://lattes.cnpq.br/6466969611652630; Ferreira, Nilson Clementino; Formiga, Klebber Teodomiro Martins; Matos, Ana Cristina Oliveira Cancoro de; Blitzkow, Denizar; Guimarães, Gabriel do NascimentoGeodesy, one of the strands that compose the Geosciences, deals with the study of Earth’s gravity shape, dimensions and field, besides providing the reference infrastructure for social and economic development throughout the planet In Brazil, the geodetic infrastructure has been developed over time through the implementation of high precision planialtimetric and gravimetric networks. In recent years, Geodesy has relied on satellite technologies to provide fast, precise and accurate positioning that allows considering the movements and deformations of global lithospheric plates. This thesis refers to the synergy between the national geodetic infrastructure and some current environmental issues. Thus, besides exploring Geodesy minutiae, the first objective was to evaluate the hypothesis that, in the most developed regions of Brazil, the gravimetric network acts as a consolidated infrastructure for the implementation of other Engineering infrastructures; on the other hand, in regions that are less developed and difficult to access, gravimetric networks evolve as infrastructure demands arise. The evaluation of this hypothesis involved the analysis of Brazilian gravimetric network distribution and its spatial and statistical relation to the Human Development Index and the population distribution. The results confirmed that in Brazil there is an correlation between spatial coverage of the gravimetric network and the Human Development Index. In the North region there is a deficiency in gravimetric network coverage, explained by precarious socioeconomic development, access difficulties, and large tracts of protected land. The obtained results also demonstrated that the national geoidal model resultant from gravimetric network MAPGEO2015 serves 89.72% of Brazilian population. Another evaluated hypothesis is that due to the large proportion of Brazilian hydrographic regions and to the number of installed active stations of SIRGAS network in part of the national territory, the association between SIRGAS stations altimetric data and the amount of water stored underground, detected by GRACE satellite system, occurs precariously. The evaluation of this hypothesis involved the correlation between altitude variation data from SIRGAS active stations and GRACE satellite system data. The results confirmed that in some of Brazilian hydrographic regions a statistical correlation was found between the altimetric variation of SIRGAS network and GRACE data. The results suggest that densification of active stations network can provide a hydrological monitoring system of fundamental importance in extreme climatic events, such as those that produce water supply crises or floods. In this work, a new geoidal model for state of Goiás, MODGEO-GO, was also proposed, based on new in loco surveys that led to a densification of Goiás gravimetric network. MODGEO-GO can assist more effectively planning and implementing major infrastructure works necessary for Goiás development. Finally, the global interpolation model with local effect, called Thin Plate Spline, was evaluated with MAPGEO2105 data. The results showed great potential of this interpolator, which can be adopted in future modeling of geoidal surfaces in Brazil.Item Avaliação ambiental das bacias de captação de água no estado de Goiás(Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2022-12-27) Dantas, Tiago Miranda; Ribeiro, Hugo José; http://lattes.cnpq.br/9999213878472864; Ferreira, Nilson Clementino; http://lattes.cnpq.br/6466969611652630; Ferreira, Nilson Clementino; Formiga, Klebber Teodomiro Martins; Arruda, Poliana NascimentoConsidering the assumption of limited natural resources, it is clear that preservation initiatives are essential for maintaining a balanced socio-environmental system. The change in land use over the past decades in the Cerrado biome shows an occupation focused on activities predominantly of agriculture and cattle ranching, with public and fiscal incentives, which guaranteed access to producers and large companies to new technologies and methods to make the biome, a world reference in the production of commodities. The expansion of the agricultural frontiers from the second half of the 20th century on, made the Goiás state a reference in agribusiness, which leveraged the regional economy. However, these occupation processes have directly affected many environmentally fragile areas, which can directly impact the natural resource base for all production processes, water. The Goiás state has 192 hydrographic basins for public supply in which their collection points are managed by SANEAGO, the sanitation company, which in recent years has been reporting recurrences of emergency situations in the water supply of municipalities in periods of drought, which directly affects the populations of the municipalities supplied. Thus, this study aimed to identify the change in land use and occupation in the water catchment areas of the state, correlating data on precipitation and factors that identify areas of environmental fragility. The results obtained showed that in the water supply watersheds of the Goiás municipalities there has been no change in rainfall intensities. However, the catchments located in the central-southern portion of the state of Goiás have their native vegetation cover impacted due to the occupation processes, which occurred without planning, enabling the increase of erosive processes, affecting the production of sediments, besides the water recharge. It is important that the Goiás state develops specific policies aimed at the sustainable use of water catchment areas, seeking the preservation of native vegetation in environmentally fragile areas of these watersheds, thus ensuring the water security of the municipalities.Item Avaliação do risco à perda da qualidade ambiental do aquífero freático na região metropolitana de Goiânia(Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2017-02-20) Nogueira, Sérgio Henrique de Moura; Ferreira, Nilson Clementino; http://lattes.cnpq.br/6466969611652630; Ferreira, Nilson Clementino; Bayer, Maximiliano; Ferreira Júnior, Laerte GuimarãesAmong the impacts caused in nature by human society, urbanization is considered one of the most aggressive, and in many cases may be irreversible. In the last decades, the majority of the global population has been living in urbanized areas, generating megacities and metropolitan areas with high demographic density, where several activities have intensified and can threat the environment as a whole, including aquifers. The loss of the environmental quality of groundwater is a common problem in Brazilian urban centers. Studies that approaches the spatialisation of impacts from exposure to pollutant loads of different natures, are important instruments for directing actions aimed at the conservation of water resources in these large urban centers. In this study, a map of water table's depth was elaborated from the processing of multiple variables. Then, an environmental vulnerability assessment was elaborated, and from the categorization of the land use, it was possible to obtain a classification map of the general risk of loss of the environmental quality of the groundwater of the metropolitan region of Goiânia. The resulting map shows the places where the risks are high and very high, coinciding with the urbanized areas, explained by the intensity of activities that threaten the natural resource. In the non-urbanized areas there are places of moderate risk, explained by the establishment of agricultural and livestock activities where the water table is near the surface.Item A ocupação de áreas savânicas no Brasil e Moçambique(Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2020-07-15) Oliveira, Wellington Nunes de; Ferreira, Nilson Clementino; http://lattes.cnpq.br/6466969611652630; Ferreira, Nilson Clementino; Miziara, Fausto; Formiga, Klebber Teodomiro Martins; Ribeiro, Noely Vicente; Kopp, Katia AlcioneThe agricultural areas formation due to the growing demand for food and its pressure on ecosystems is a worldwide issue. Among these ecosystems, the savannah regions deserve special attention due to the accelerated degradation process that occurred in the last decades. In this context, through the use of geoprocessing tools, this thesis sought to perform a multitemporal analysis of the occupation of savanna environments in Brazil and Africa, considering the technological limits of orbital sensors, and also to estimate scenarios for the occupation of savanna areas in Mozambique. In Brazil, the Cerrado biome has a very consolidated occupation by agriculture, occupying about half of its geographical extension. On the African continent, there is another savanna area, also known as Miombo, which, although quite fragmented, is still less anthropized compared to the Cerrado, but with increases in the occurrences of deforestation and / or pyrogenic events. Through the mapping of land use and occupation it was possible to verify that the African Miombo has 77.86% of its native vegetation preserved, while the Cerrado has 53.48%. Specifically in Mozambique, one of the objects of study of this research, the coverage of remnants of native vegetation presented an average value of 62.25% of its preserved area. As for pyrogenic events, although the Cerrado and Miombo are ecosystems that have some phytophysiognomies adapted to fire, their use for the conversion of virgin areas for planting, and to stimulate the regrowth of pastures is quite harmful, causing several damages to biodiversity. In the analyzed period, the scars of fires represented approximately 92,500 km2 and 721,900 km2, respectively, for Cerrado and Miombo. For the estimation of land use and occupation scenarios in Mozambique, the potential distribution model was used, through Maxent (Maximum Entropy), which presented a predictive scenario for the year 2022 of 51.26% of preserved native vegetation. Whether through multitemporal analysis or the projection of scenarios, it is possible to note the acceleration of the conversion of native vegetation cover into agricultural crops and pastures in the savannas. In this way, this study collaborates with the generation of a database to better represent the conservation panorama, as well as the degree of anthropization suffered by these savannas.Item Influência da expansão agrícola sobre a perda de solo no estado de Goiás(Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2020-12-11) Pena, Diogo Silva; Ferreira, Nilson Clementino; http://lattes.cnpq.br/6466969611652630; Ferreira, Nilson Clementino; Miziara, Fausto; Correchel, Vladia; Griebeler, Nori Paulo; Almeida, Rherison Tyrone SilvaThe growing establishment of agricultural activities based on the current intensive production models has accentuated several environmental problems, and an understanding of the dynamics of the occupation of the cerrado in relation to vegetation cover and its relationship with environmental impacts is fundamental to understand these problems. This study seeks to contribute to the knowledge regarding the dynamics of soil losses in the state of Goiás by verifying from mapping how this occupation occurred, in addition to analyzing the consequences of this occupation in relation to erosion processes, seeking to understand whether the rate of Soil loss has increased, and what type of occupation has generated more soil loss according to the soil loss prediction model known as the Universal Soil Loss Equation (USLE). Thus, the objective of this thesis is to evaluate the consequences of the occupation of the state of Goiás on soil losses between the years 1985 and 2017. It was observed that there was a great expansion of agricultural activities in the State of Goiás, causing significant changes in land use and occupation throughout the territory of Goiás, which according to EUPS caused an increase in soil erosion rates between the years analyzed. The average soil loss across the state of Goiás was 17.95 Mg/ha, with the highest value being observed in 2008 (22.59 Mg / ha), and the lowest value observed in 1990 (12.07 Mg/ha).Item O uso da água em Goiás, potencialidade, demanda para irrigação por pivôs centrais e perspectivas(Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2017-03-29) Pereira Júnior, Lindolfo Caetano; Miziara, Fausto; http://lattes.cnpq.br/3275079358565458; Ferreira, Nilson Clementino; http://lattes.cnpq.br/6466969611652630; Ferreira, Nilson Clementino; http://lattes.cnpq.br/6466969611652630; Formiga, Klebber Teodomiro Martins; Ferreira, Manuel EduardoIn this paper, an analysis of expansion of central pivots irrigation in the estate of Goiás from 1984 to 2015 was performed, with the objective of identifying the conditioning factors of this occupation process and its relation with the water compromise in the study area. For this, images obtained by Landsat satellite sensors and Government data were used to map these facilities. In order to define the water compromise, we also mapped the existing equipment in the Distrito Federal. In addition, was used as reference the Medium Long Term Flow (QMLT), generating a scenario of maximum hydrological potential. As final phase, was performed the analysis of the commitment in catchment basins for public supply, having as a reference the max water right capacity. The state had 3,489 facilities covering an irrigated area of 242,128 hectares in 2015. There was a clear pattern of distribution of irrigation pivots within the state, 60% of existing equipment are located on flat relief terrain with latosols and as close as 10 kilometers of a paved highway. This technique is consolidated in Goiás and tends to expand in the coming years, being a gradual and continuous expansion that facilitates long-term water resource management action. The mapped equipment is located in mid-priced land areas, more distant from the major urban centers, however with the required infrastructure for the production distribution. The area of study (Goiás and Distrito Federal) presented an average water availability in the order of 17 l.s-1 (km²)-1 with a maximum around 32 l.s-1 (km²)-1 and a minimum around 9 l.s-1 (km²)-1 . This availability is distributed in a heterogeneous manner, with the largest flows being in the south of the state of Goiás. The annual surface hydrological potential in the study area is of the order of 178 km³.year-1 . For the state of Goiás, this potential is around 175 km³.year-1 and for the Distrito Federal is approximately 2.5 km³.year-1. The hydrographic region that presented the highest potential volume was the Corumbá, Verissimo and São Marcos rivers, with an offer of the order of 26 km³.-1, a volume that represents about 15% of the total. The average volume required for irrigation by central pivots was 4,800 m³.year-1 .ha-1 , ranging from about 3,800 m³.year-1 ha-1 in the south to around 8,000 m³.year-1.ha -1 in the northeast of Goiás; Resulting in a demand of 1.23 km³-year, with reference to the year 2015. About 68,857 (85%) of the segments analyzed do not present any interference generated by this irrigation sector. This technique also does not present itself as a factor of pressure on the pumping for human supply (using the methodology adopted for granting in Goiás) since only one hydrographic basin presented demand superior to QMLT.Item Identificação de áreas prioritárias para recuperação e conservação ambiental em uma bacia hidrográfica do bioma Cerrado(Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2023-06-29) Soares, Samara Silva; Ferreira, Nilson Clementino; http://lattes.cnpq.br/6466969611652630; Ferreira, Nilson Clementino; Faria, Karla Maria Silva de; Formiga, Klebber Teodomiro Martins; Mathias, Lindon Fonseca; Vergara, Roberta Mara OliveiraThe watershed of the Meia Ponte River is one of the most important hydrographic basins for the state of Goiás and has a high level of anthropization influenced by the process of expansion of the agricultural frontier, which can result in increased erosive processes of soils by water and increase of areas of high environmental vulnerability that lack recovery and conservation. Thus, the objective of this work was to define the priority areas for socio-environmental recovery and conservation and to evaluate the existing mechanisms for environmental preservation considering the process of occupation of UPGRH Meia Ponte in the last 30 years. For this, soil loss influenced by temporal changes in land use and cover (LULC) was estimated from data from the Mapbiomas Project, Collection 3.0, for the years 1987, 1997, 2007 and 2017 and using the Universal Soil Loss Equation (USLE). The priority areas for recovery and conservation were defined based on the potential for underground water recharge, the environmental vulnerability and the social vulnerability of the basin using the multicriteria analysis methodology (AHP) integrated with the tools of Geographic Information Systems – GIS. The expansion of agricultural areas occurred in 14% of the pasture areas. This conversion occurred in areas of lower slopes, from 0° to 5°, (flat and gently undulating reliefs) and soils considered more suitable for mechanized agriculture, such as Oxisols. The uses remained unchanged in 66% of the basin, there was 7% of reforestation and 9% of deforestation corroborating the expressive anthropization of the basin. The increase in the rate of soil loss from 1987 to 2017 was observed, due to the increase in arable areas promoted by the agricultural policiesmas implemented at the time. The tolerable rates of soil loss were exceeded for agriculture and pasture under all studied conditions. Agricultural areas also have the highest priority areas for recovery. The results are useful for land use planners and managers to make appropriate decisions in establishing environmental preservation policies. The economic development of the municipalities has a significant but weak correlation with the accounting of priority areas for conservation. However, the mechanisms of payment for environmental services (PES) and environmental compensation are viable for the restoration of these areas.