Mestrado em Ecologia e Evolução (ICB)
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Item Estimativa do valor de não-uso dos recursos naturais da planície de inundação do Rio Araguaia(Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2010-03-25) ANGELO, Priscila Garcia; CARVALHO, Adriana Rosa; http://lattes.cnpq.br/1951710128353552Economic valuation through willingness to pay method has the assumption that tourists personal features, preferences and opinions concerning to the environment affect their willingness to pay by conservation of the area visited. The aim of this study were estimate the non-use value of Araguaia River through willingness to pay method and obtain its total economic-ecologic value, testing the hypothesis that tourist willingness to pay is influenced by personal features, preferences and opinions. From two hundred and one tourists interviewed the majority were married men, with mean age of 35 years (s.d. = +10), high instruction degree and monthly income of R$1.500,00 (s.d. = +424,26). The environmental service valuated was Araguaia River´s scenic beauty to which majority of tourists do not have substitutes (51%) despite the use of mainly the river, the beach and fishes. However tourists are not aware of existence, function and localization of Araguaia River floodplain (72%) despite majority recognize about Fishban (63%) influenced by recreational fishing activity (r = 0,98) and comprehension of fishes use as resource (r = 0,98). The note attributed to environment by interviewed (p = 0,02) determined that majority (79%) pay US$4.3/month (R$10,00/month) to hypothetic foundation for Araguaia River existence (54%) and for future generations pleasure (22%). However the interviewed expressed protest bids mainly for economic reasons (35%) and due to conservation programs disbelieve (25%). The non-use value estimated was US$27,2 millions/year (R$62.9 millions/year) and the total economic-ecologic value was US$7,5 billions/year (R$17.3 billions/year). The theoretical present value at a discounting rate of 5.4%/year to the next five years was US$9,6 millions (R$22.2 millions) and represent the loss in economic-ecologic benefits associated to the risk of variation in economy and in the quality of resource available due to inadequate use. Therefore the integrity of Araguaia River has high economic value associated to non use value and negative environmental impacts from its degradation could generate economic loss which could be reflected in the total ecological economic value as well as in the importance attributed by the users.Item Efeito de distúrbio causado pelo despejo de efluente orgânico sobre a comunidade de insetos aquáticos(Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2011-04-28) ARAÚJO, Cecília Santiago do Carmo; CARVALHO, Adriana Rosa; http://lattes.cnpq.br/1951710128353552Among several environmental impacts caused by human activities, the release of domestic and industrial effluents has been major disturbances that cause degradation of water quality in natural systems by altering their physical, chemical and biological features. For this reason, the aim of this work was to evaluate the effect of discharging organic waste from five Sewage Treatment Plants (STP) on abundance, richness and composition of aquatic insect fauna present in streams receiving sewage, in addition to test the hypotheses that i) disturbance caused by the discharge of effluents from STP alters the abundance of some groups of aquatic insects in the site downstream when compared to the upstream of site and ii) the taxonomic composition of the downstream impact of STPs is modified by the presence of resistant taxa.Thus, the sampling of aquatic insects and measures of some limnological variable was carried out during the drought of 2010, with the Surber sampler, 100m upstream and 100m downstream from the effluent discharge. Chironomidae and EPT larvaes (Ephemeroptera, Plecoptera and Trichoptera) were identified to genus. To test the hypothesis, a paired t test was performed with logarithmic data of total abundance, a paired t test with the richness of taxa identified at family and genus level. To evaluate the composition of the taxa sampled in two parts in relation to environmental variables were carried out two CCA separately, one with the taxa of Chironomids and one with the EPT. The results showed that abundances recorded downstream (μ = 4523.8 ± 2578.9) was higher than that recorded upstream (μ = 863.4 ± 508.4) on all STP. The results of paired t test using values of total abundance of taxa showed significant differences between upstream and downstream (paired t test: t = 4.21, d.f. = 4, p = 0.01), indicating the elimination of sensitive taxa and the increase abundance of dominant taxa, favored by the physical and chemical changes of water, such as Chironomus, resistant to high concentrations of organic debris. Both genera richness (paired t test: t = 0.791, d.f. = 4, p = 0.473) as the families (paired t test: t = 1.537, df = 4, p = 0.199) were not different in two sites, showing that this indicator is not the most appropriate in cases in which there is replacement of taxa.The ordinations produced by the CCAs were complementary, confirming the replacement of taxa between upstream and downstream, where larvaes like Farrodes, Tricorythodes, Alisotrichia and Mortoniella were favored by more oxygenated water. Thus, it was evident that the organic sewage discharge by STP modified the community structure of aquatic insects found in streams increasing the abundance, altering the dominance order and causing replacement of taxa between upstream and downstreamItem Padrões de diversidade de insetos galhadores no Cerrado: a importância da comunidade de plantas(Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2011-02-16) ARAÚJO, Walter Santos de; SANTOS, Claudia Scareli; http://lattes.cnpq.br/3000305136161931; GUILHERME, Frederico Augusto Guimaraes; http://lattes.cnpq.br/6514433986706275The idea that host plants influence the richness of galling is widespread and has several approaches in literature. Many of these approaches take into account the hosts richness, the density of vegetation, plant species composition and architecture of plants, as factors that influence the diversity patterns of gall-inducing insects. In this study we investigated the importance of structure, richness and community composition of plants to the distribution of galling. Inventories on the diversity of gall morphotypes and host plants were conducted in various areas of the Brazilian Cerrado, in the states of Distrito Federal, Goiás, Minas Gerais and Tocantins. Altogether we sampled 1882 plants belonging to 131 species and 43 plant families, among which 64 species (48.8%) and 31 families (72.1%) had galling. We recorded 112 species of galling that occurred mainly in Vochysiaceae (with 19 species), followed by Fabaceae and Malpighiaceae (with 13 and 12 species respectively). Were recorded five genera and 13 species of plants, considered as a super-host of galling. These taxa housed together 45 morphotypes of gall, which represents 40% of the total diversity sampled. The genus Qualea (Vochysiaceae) alone sheltered 18 morphotypes of gall. No specific level Qualea parviflora was the species with the greatest richness of gall (eight types). At the structural level, the vegetal cover hypothesis was the best predictor of the richness of galling, explaining 45%. We also find results which show that factors such as the density and architecture of plants positively influenced the diversity of galling. The richness of plant species and plant community composition were also important for the distribution of galling. For example, where the super-host taxa were present occurred two times more galls than where they were absent. Our results indicate that both the structure and the richness and composition of the flora influenced the diversity of galling. Thus, the results provide an expanding knowledge of the diversity of gallinducing insects, under the botanical point of view.Item Estrutura e riqueza de hepáticas (Marchantiophyta) epifíticas em áreas fragmentadas de Cerrado com borda natural e antrópica(Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2010-06-08) ASSAD, Lailah Luvizoto; GUILHERME, Frederico Augusto Guimaraes; http://lattes.cnpq.br/6514433986706275The damage caused by the proliferation of edge in forest cover, referred to as edge effects are extensive, may occur over large spatial scales influencing species composition, structure and ecological processes in boundaries of ecosystems. However, studies have shown highly variable response patterns of the taxonomic group studied in relation to the landscape. In this context, bryophytes are an ideal group for assessing the impacts of habitat fragmentation because of their sensitivity to changes in microclimate resulting from the loss and degradation of habitats. This study aimed to assess how the communities from epiphytes liverworts (Marchantiophyta) respond to forest edges originated of anthropogenic fragmentation and the natural edges in the grassland-forest transitions in the Cerrado. The study areas are located in the Parque Estadual da Serra de Caldas Novas and in surroundings, including Caldas Novas and Rio Quente cities, state of Goiás. We sampled three habitat types: (1) forest valleys on the slopes of the mountain with abrupt transitions to rocky fields, (2) edge (0 to 10 m) and (3) interior (100 to 110 m) of semideciduous forest fragments surrounded by a matrix of grass. These were the three treatments considered in the analysis, designated for: BN (natural edge), BA (anthropogenic edge) and IF (interior of the fragment). Four plots (10´10m) were randomly delimited along transects (10´200m) for each treatment in each area. For the sampling in the plots, were selected all trees with perimeter at breast height (PAP) ≥ 20 cm and with minimum coverage of bryophytes of 300cm2. For the quantitative survey of liverworts the interception line method was utilized. Between vegetation parameters, the number of individual trees had positive relationship with richness and abundance in liverworts, whereas basal area had positive relationship with coverage demonstrating the importance of these parameters in liverworts community struture. The richness of liverworts was higher in natural and anthropogenic edges in relation to the interior of the fragments demonstrating that the type of edges do not seem to influence the richness of the liverworts and this increased richness at the edges may be related with the intermediate disturbance hypothesis. Coverage of liverworts was higher in BN than BA, while the BN had distinct floristic composition of BA and IF, that may reflect the environmental peculiarities (moisture, temperature and solar radiation). The evaluation of edge effects on life forms and preference of habits shows some important trends to understand the responses of the liverworts, mainly due to increased frequency of pendant life-forms with low tolerance to desiccation and higher frequency of epiphytes shadow in natural edges. This indicates that the use of functional groups in monitoring the effects of fragmentation can provide a large generalization for the evaluation of responses the liverworts.Item Evidências experimentais para a associação entre o nível de relação filogenética e a intensidade de competição entre espécies de gramíneas exóticas e nativa(Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2009-06-05) AZEVEDO, Rodrigo Carvalho de; PORTES, Tómas de Aquino; Tómas de Aquino Portes; BINI, Luis Mauricio; http://lattes.cnpq.br/0931860042124079Biological invasions has been a major threat to whole biomes around the world, affecting communities and ecossistems with consequences to the trophic web. At the same time it is a huge biogeographical experiment that allows the formulation of hypotheses about the rules for communitie assembly. This study tested the hypothesis that the level of phylogenetic relationship is positively correlated with the magnitude of competitive interactions, being stronger for closer species. We used two exotic African species (Panicum maximum and Andropogon gayanus) and a native of South America (Paspalum atratum-focal species) in a partial additive design for the mix of native-exotic, with an increase in density of the exotic. The results showed greater competitive effect on the focal species when in the presence of P. maximum (closer to the focal), suggesting that predictions can be made on potential invasive species based on the Darwin s Naturalization Hypothesys.Item Padrões de distribuição de mamíferos de médio e grande porte em paisagens fragmentadas(Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2012-04-03) BERNARDO, Paulo Vitor dos Santos; OLIVEIRA, Arthur ângelo Bispo de; http://lattes.cnpq.br/1100433822757573; MELO, Fabiano Rodrigues de; http://lattes.cnpq.br/6863533704023271Habitat fragmentation is defined as the breaking of a continuous habitat in patches or fragments. This process leads to environmental changes capable of affecting communities in different ways, causing species composition changes. Beta diversity measures can show the variation between the composition of different communities, where two ecological patterns can be found: turnover and nestedness. In turnover the variation in community structure is a consequence of species replacement, while in the nestedness poor communities are nested in richer communities. Here I tested: (I) how habitat fragmentation affects the presence of large e medium sized mammals in different functional groups; (II) if the variation in beta diversity in fragmented landscapes is caused by turnover or nestedness, and (III) if the variation observed was due to habitat fragmentation. I used 19 Semidecidous Forest patches in the Brazilian Cerrado, from the State of Goiás. Landscape metrics from 2.5 km around the patches were obtained from classifications and measurements. For the analyses, I made four sets based in diet, size, diet amplitude and all previous three together. I calculated the beta diversity with Sorensen indices, turnover with Simpson indices and nestedness with Nestedness indices. The natural area size influenced the group B3- felines and the core area percentage, the groups A1-carnivores, larges and B3-felines. The core area percentages were the most important character in fragmented landscapes for mammal communities. The felines were the most sensible group. This group was affected by natural area availability and by the core area percentage. The beta diversity pattern in the fragmented landscapes was turnover, but it was not related to environmental variation or spatial distances between the landscapes. Both nestedness and beta diversity were affected by spatial distance, but beta diversity was also affected by environmental variation linked to landscape connectivity. The changes in different landscapes cause different responses in species and allow the creation of a fragmentation gradient, driving the turnover phenomenon. The carnivores were the species most sensible to habitat fragmentation, mainly because they need large home ranges. Thus, an understanding of how diversity reacts to habitat fragmentation may provide support to the implementation of conservation areas and research upgrading which focus specific species groups. Managed areas with large core areas and good connectivity should bring desirable results for large and medium sized mammals conservation status. This affirmative is true, especially for larger mammals and carnivores.Item Priorização espacial para conservação de Carnívoros (Mammalia) no Brasil(Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2012-03-02) BRAGA, Rosana Talita; DINIZ FILHO, José Alexandre Felizola; http://lattes.cnpq.br/0706396442417351; TERRIBILE, Levi Carina; http://lattes.cnpq.br/0833667862532867Changes of natural landscape caused by antropic activities are currently the main threats for biodiversity. Thus, the identification of priority areas has become a challenge for conservation biology. The scarcity of financial resources for conservation involves studies for emergency actions, considering important biological aspects, and different components of diversity in order to better allocate the available resources. Furthermore, the costs incorporation of potentially priority areas can display a favorable balance for minimize possible conflicts of interest. Hence, our objectives in this study were to identify priority areas for Carnivore species conservation in Brazil, considering social-economic variables as cost measure for conservation. We also investigate how the taxonomical, functional and phylogenetic diversities of the Carnivore are distributed in the Brazilian territory, in order to identify the set of regions that best represent this three diversity measures. In both cases, we investigate the efficiency of currently established conservation units (CUs), examining whether the current distribution in space of these is better than if they were randomly distributed in Brazil. Our results showed that regions of interest for conservation of species are also important in the social-economical development. Thus, other regions that were not at first priority will be considered important in order to minimize conflicts of conservation. We also found that taxonomic diversity was not the better predictor of functional and phylogenetic diversity. It is necessary the combination of a set of areas to represent these three diversity measures. The UC s are not efficient for all species to represent phylogenetic diversity. In the latter case even the UC s were distributed randomly in Brazilian territory, representing the largest indices of phylogenetic diversity. Thus, it is necessary the addition of new protected areas that complement the previous one. We concluded that it is important to include socio-economic analysis in prioritization, and that studies considering different measures of diversity are important since the species richness may not well represent the other measures of diversity. In conservation plans that incorporate such analysis, the results are more satisfactory for the long-term species protection.Item A utilização da paisagem fragmentada por mamíferos de médio e grande porte e sua relação com a massa corporal na região do entorno de Aruanã, Goiás(Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2009-02-25) CALAÇA, Analice Maria; MARCO JÚNIOR, Paulo de; http://lattes.cnpq.br/2767494720646648; MELO, Fabiano Rodrigues de; http://lattes.cnpq.br/6863533704023271The species are behaving differently to the process of fragmentation and this behavior will depend on the relationship between behavioral, morphological and ecological traits with the physical attributes of the landscape. The body size is a major ecological factors and some links are made between the size and dispersal ability, capacity for perception of the environment and likelihood of occurrence. In this way, the objective was evaluate as is the distribution of mammals in fragmented landscape of Aruanã, Goiás, Brazil testing the following hypotheses: 1) Fragments larger and less isolated have high species richness, 2) species of greater body mass are less affected by fragmentation due to greater dispersal ability; 3) species of greater body mass are distributed more homogeneous in the landscape. We recorded 19 species of mammals, the area but not isolation, was a significant predictor to explain variation in species richness of mammals with larger areas being richer than smaller areas. Large species like jaguar and puma, red brocket deer and gray brocket deer, collared peccary, ocelot and agouti were sensitive to the effect of the area and therefore the effect of fragmentation, which is not confirmed the second hypothesis. However, these species were not restricted only to larger areas, being found also in small fragments used as a temporary source of resources. The puma was the only species that showed significant incidence-isolation relationships. There was no pattern of a homogeneous distribution for these species, but for the tapir, with higher body mass recorded, the results were exactly the opposite of what was observed. The minimum area estimated that 50% or more of the populations of sensitive species occurs in fragmented landscape was 520 hectares. These results reinforce the importance of maintaining forest fragments, almost all belonging to private lands in the conservation of species.Item Suficiência taxonômica, resolução numérica e grupos substitutos: uma análise para a comunidade fitoplanctônica de ambiente lótico(Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2007-12-11) CARNEIRO, Fernanda Melo; BINI, Luis Mauricio; http://lattes.cnpq.br/0931860042124079Classification systems are necessary to organize the huge complexity of biological systems. Frequently, these systems are useful to studies focusing on environmental monitoring, conservation plans and biodiversity assessments. Studies on phytoplankton ecology are, in general, conducted with the identification of organisms up to the species level. This is a costly, laborious and complex task that demands experienced biologists. However, for some purposes, higher taxonomic levels may be enough, mainly when main trends are identified by either data at low or higher resolution (taxonomic and numeric). In this study, it was evaluated if the temporal trajectories described by a lotic phytoplankton community, which were first summarized by an ordination technique, were dependent or not on the taxonomic/numerical resolution used to represent the data. The phytoplankton classification system in functional groups was also contrasted against simple taxonomic classifications in order to verify if they really offer distinct patterns of ordination. Procrustean analyses indicated that patterns of ordination generated by incidence data of genus were significantly concordant with the patterns generated by density of species. Temporal trajectories of scores derived from functional groups significantly matched those derived from analyses based on the quantitative data (density or biovolume) of genus or family. Thus, at least for the system investigated here, the complexities associated with this classification criterion may be unwarranted. In general, the results indicated that some simplifications were justifiable, mainly when one takes into account the need of uninterrupted biomonitoring programs over large spatial scales in a continental-sized country, with increasing environmental problems, and with a paucity of scientistsItem Padrões de riqueza e diversidade de peixes de riacho e a relação local-regional, bacia Tocantins-Araguaia, região Centro-Oeste(Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2011-04-18) CARNEIRO, Luciano Lajovic; TEJERINA-GARRO, Francisco Leonardo; http://lattes.cnpq.br/6719234350740061This research aims to assess the fish biodiversity of the streams of the Tocantins and Araguaia basin and test the relative influence of local and regional processes in determining local species richness by examining the relationship between local species richness and regional species richness. For this purpose were sampled 18 streams in the basin of the Araguaia River and 16 streams in the basin of the Tocantins River in the state of Goiás using trawls. For analysis of richness observed was used and linear regression to assess the relationship of local and regional richness. The average value of diversity index of Shannon-Wiener were similar (p> 0.098) to the streams of the Tocantins (H`= 1.784) and Araguaia (H` = 2.254), uniformity also showed similar values (p> 0.962), but the average richness values were different (p = 0.039) for the basin of Tocantins S = 7.12 and S = 11.38 for Araguaia basin. Species richness of the Araguaia streams was strongly related to regional richness (r² = 0.826, p <0.0001) indicating a linear relationship and suggesting that local assemblies are unsaturated. For Tocantins streams was obtained a weak relationship (r²= 0.251, p = 0.047) and it was not possible to infer the shape of the relationship, several factors may be involved in the result. The diversity index was not an efficient descriptor of biodiversity, the test of the relationship between local and regional richness is a good predictor of ecological processes that influence species richness, has the disadvantage of the need to obtain a large amount of data.Item Efeitos de borda sobre comunidades de musgos (Bryophyta) epifíticos em área de Cerrado no Brasil Central(Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2009-02-24) CARVALHO, Maria Adriana Santos; GUILHERME, Frederico Augusto Guimaraes; http://lattes.cnpq.br/6514433986706275Microclimatic changes enhanced by the proliferation of edges in fragmented landscapes, known as "edge effects" may result on shifts in species composition, structure of communities and ecological processes. Despite the dramatic increase in edge areas caused by anthropogenic habitat fragmentation, the edges and their areas of influence is a relevant structural feature also in the natural landscape. This is evident in the Cerrado biome, which is suffering an accelerated degradation and habitat loss and is composed of mosaics of vegetation types which are common boundaries or ecotones. The bryophytes are an ideal group for assess the edge effects because are vulnerable to microclimatic changes promoted by their physiological conditions, making them particularly useful as indicators of the adverse fragmentation effects. Thus, this study aimed to assess how the communities of epiphytes mosses (Bryophyta) respond to forest edges originated of anthropogenic fragmentation and the natural edges in the grassland-forest transitions in the Cerrado. The study areas are located in the Parque Estadual da Serra de Caldas Novas and its surroundings, including municipalities of Caldas Novas and Rio Quente, state of Goiás. Sampling was done in three habitat types: (1) gallery forests on the slopes of the mountain with abrupt transitions to rock outcrops fields, (2) edge (0 to 10 m) and (3) interior (100 to 110 m) of seasonal forest fragments surrounded by a matrix of grazing. These were the three treatments considered in the analysis, described by the abbreviations: BN (natural edge), BA (anthropogenic edge) and IF (interior of the fragment). For each treatment four replicates were selected. Four plots (10´10m) were randomly delimited along transects (10´200m) for each treatment in each area. For the sampling of mosses in the plots, were selected all trees with perimeter at breast height (PBH) ≥ 20 cm and with minimum bryophytes coverage of 300cm2. For the quantitative survey of mosses was employed the interception line method. The comparison of Jackknife richness estimates (33.56 to IF, 30.56 to BA and 25.63 to BN) showed that there were differences between IF and BN. The coverage of mosses was significantly higher in BN than in BA (F2,45 = 5.34, p = 0.008). The analysis of similarities (ANOSIM) showed that the community of mosses was more distinct in BN, and the composition of species in this environment was significantly dissimilar to BA in IF (R = 0.198, p < 0001). Two factors may explain the fact that the edge effect on species richness and coverage of epiphytic mosses has not been shown in this study: (1) The homogeneity of the vegetation structure observed between edge and interior and (2) the fact that the study had considered only the mosses, 8 whereas many studies confirm a higher sensitivity to disturbance of the liverworts. Clearer effects were observed between BA and BN, both in coverage and in species composition, which is probably due to differences in spatial and temporal development of these edges, or topographic features of the gallery forests, particularly the fact of being located in depressions with creeks, which probably provides more moisture in these environments. The chi-square test showed significant differences in the frequency of occurrence of life forms in the different treatments, except for the tuft form. The greatest value of chi-square occurred to the flabelliform life form, which predominated in BN, collaborating with the evidence already presented of microclimatic conditions more favorable to mosses in BN, since the flabelliform habit are intolerant to desiccation. This indicates that the use of functional groups of bryophytes, such as life forms can generate more generalization and get clearer answers than species richness in the evaluation of the edge effects.Item Componentes geográfico, ecológicos e evolutivos do nicho das espécies de carnívoros (Carnivora: Mammalia) do Novo Mundo(Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2009-06-22) CRUZ, Mary Joyce Ribeiro da; DINIZ FILHO, José Alexandre Felizola; http://lattes.cnpq.br/0706396442417351The questions around species niche have sought to unveil why a species is where it is and it is not where it is not, so it is well known that a lot of factors can be determinant in this discussion. Thus, in this study we examined the relationship between niche and geographical distance, life history and phylogenetic components to the New World carnivores. The data used in our analyses were obtained from datasets available online and from literature sources. We used Mantel s test to evaluate the correlation among the data matrices in NTSys software. Significant correlations were found between niche and geographical distance (r =-0,4068 e P <0,0001) and between life history and geographical distance (r = -0,1136 e P= 0,0024). These results suggest that species that are spatially close are more similar in terms of niche and life history. We also observed that, among others factors, interespecific interactions has an important effect in structuring ecological communities. New tests are still necessary in future to generate new information about carnivore s niche and their components.Item Ecologia reprodutiva de Cardiopetalum calophyllum (Annonaceae) em fragmentos de Cerrado do Brasil Central(Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2010-03-31) ELIAS, Marcos Antonio da Silva; FRANCESCHINELLI, Edivani Villaron; http://lattes.cnpq.br/8863732932277904Habitat fragmentation is one of the main causes of environmental degradation and a great threat to world biodiversity. Fragmentation can disrupt pollination processes, affecting directly or indirectly pollinators and plants. In Brazil, the Cerrado Biome has lost most part of its vegetation cover in the last four decades, becoming a highly fragmented landscape with many small fragments, several medium-size and a few continuous areas of vegetation. Those remnants have high biological diversity with high level of endemism, but very little is known about the reproductive success of their species. Cardiopetalum calophyllum Schletdl. (Annonaceae) occurs in the Cerrado of Central Brazil, has dicogamy and is pollinated by small beetle called Lobiopa insularis. The reproductive success of C. calophyllum and the abundance of its pollinator were analyzed in fragment of different size from July 2009 to January 2010. The reproductive success was estimated using fruit and seed set rates. Flowers in anthesis were collected to quantify the pollinator abundance inside them. A positive correlation between reproductive success of C. calophyllum and the fragment size was found. However, no correlation was found between pollinator abundance and fragment size. The small fragments are more isolated than the larger ones. This can decrease the pollinator dispersion and gene flow among fragments, increasing inbreeding within population of small fragments. The abundance of Lobiopa insularis seems to be more related to its generalist habits than to the fragment size. In our study, the effect of fragment size and reproductive success of C. calophyllum was stronger in fragments smaller than 10 ha. However, fragment smaller than 20 ha also showed decrease in their productive success.Item Prioridades espaciais para a conservação de mamíferos do Cerrado em um mundo em mudança(Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2012-03-28) FALEIRO, Frederico Augusto Martins Valtuille; LOYOLA, Rafael Dias; http://lattes.cnpq.br/7649189080736923The human actions has triggered many threats to biodiversity like land-use and climate changes, overexploitation, pollution, and introduction of invasive species, which can affect organisms both at local and global scale. The science of spatial conservation prioritization emerged as a quantitative approach to support the spatial decisions in face of these threats, while minimizing the socioeconomic and political conflicts. Here we developed spatial solutions to the conservation of non-flying mammals from Brazilian Cerrado considering the socioeconomic costs and the opportunities of environmental governance (first objective). Further, we generated solutions to face the land-use and climate change taking into account the dispersal abilities of species and uncertainties in the species distribution modeling (SDM) process (second objective). We considered the current network of reserves of the Cerrado in both objectives. We built SDMs for 154 species combining model projections weighted by their statistical fit to produce consensus maps of species distribution grouped in three distinct types of models (envelope, statistical and machine-learning models), for both current future scenarios of climate (used only in the last aim). For the first goal, we used the current predicted distribution to run spatial prioritization analyses indicating the best sites for the conservation investment considering human population density, land cost, anthropogenic land use, level of environmental governance, and the distribution of species in trade-off analyses. For the second goal, we used both current and future predicted distribution to run optimization procedures and propose priority sites for conservation, while minimizing species climate-forced dispersal distance , the mean uncertainty associated to the SDM process, and taking into account the future changes in the landscape (by our land use model). SDMs indicated that species-rich sites converge to regions with high population density, high land cost, high anthropogenic land use, and with diverse levels of environmental governance. There was a significant change in spatial priorities when socioeconomic and political dimensions were included in analyses: top priority sites moved towards the north. This spatial change reduced by 68% the potential conservation conflicts with human population, by 72% the likely conflicts arising from land cost and by 68% anthropogenic land use. It also increased by 51% the beneficial effect of environmental governance. Including land-use changes and the modeling uncertainty in the conservation planning process changed significantly the spatial distribution of priority sites in the region. While the inclusion of land-use models altered the spatial location of priority sites at the regional scale, the effects of climate change tended to take place at the local scale. Note that, our solutions already include possible dispersal corridors linking current and future priority sites for mammal conservation, as well as a formal risk analysis based on planning uncertainties. Our results allowed dealing with both complex nature of conflicts among socioeconomic and political dimensions, and the dynamic problem imposed mainly by land-use and climate change. Thus, our analyses figure as a methodological prospect supporting the decision-make process and the consequent translation of conservation planning outcomes into conservations actionsItem Influência da transformação da cobertura vegetal na comunidade de carabidae (coleoptera) em dossel de florestas de terra firme da amazônia equatoriana(Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2010-03-30) GORDON, Yessenia Paulina Rosero; MARCO JÚNIOR, Paulo de; http://lattes.cnpq.br/2767494720646648Los bosques de tierra firme de la Amazonía ecuatoriana están sujetos a drámaticas alteraciones, debido principalmente a las actividades de extracción de madera en la región. Se considera a la familia de escarabajos Carabidae como un potencial grupo de organismos que podrían indicar las transformaciones de estos hábitats. Este estudio fue realizado en bosques No-alterados, Medianamente-alterados e Alterados, distribuidos entre 19 localidades de bosques amazónicos de tierra firme del Ecuador, con muestreos de carábidos de dosel colectados a través de la metodología de fumigación. Para testar si hubo influencia de la transformación de los bosques sobre las comunidades de Carabidae de dosel, se estimó la riqueza de especies en cada tipo de bosque y se analizó la bondad de ajuste al modelo log-normal de distribución de abundancia entre especies. Además, se utilizó la metodología IndVal para detectar especies indicadoras en cada tipo de bosque. Las comunidades estudiadas presentaron bajas abundancias para casi todas las especies, con pocas especies que pueden ser consideradas dominantes. La riqueza de especies en bosques con mediano grado de perturbación fue mayor que en los otros tipos de bosque, lo que respalda la hipótesis del disturbio intermedio. La distribución de las abundancias de Carabidae no se ajustó al modelo log-normal en bosques primarios, lo que es contrario a la expectativa teórica. En bosques Medianamente-alterados y Alterados fueron encontrados taxa indicadores que servirían como detectores potenciales de cambios ambientales. Asi, en este estudio, los patrones de diversidad de las comunidades de Carabidae de dosel cambian ante las modificaciones de sus hábitats lo que se observa en las innumerables formas de respuesta de estas comunidades. Los patrones observados no sustentan la hipótesis de que la competición interespecífica tenga un rol importante en la organización de esa comunidad y sugieren que la dinámica de dispersión puede ser un factor importante para la respuesta de esa comunidad a las alteraciones.Item Orchidaceae do Parque Estadual da Serra de Caldas Novas, Goiás, Brasil(Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2009-03-31) HALL, Climbiê Ferreira; KLEIN, Vera Lúcia Gomes; http://lattes.cnpq.br/6477452328378345(Orchidaceae of the State Park of Serra de Caldas Novas, Goiás State, Brazil). This study conducted a survey of the Orchidaceae species occurring at State Park of Serra de Caldas Novas (PESCAN) and a study of the floral biology and reproductive biology of Cyrtopodium eugenii Rchb. f. & Warm. and the effect of floral herbivory on reproductive success of this specie that occurs in the rocky fields of PESCAN. The Orchidaceae family consists of 850 genera, with about 20000 species, and has cosmopolitan distribution, but its greatest concentration is in the tropical region. In Brazil, 200 genera are found, with more than 2500 species, and then, it is considered the third country in the world in diversity of orchids, only inferior to Ecuador and Colombia. In the Cerrado Biome, the family is represented by 666 species, from these, 12 species and 7 genera were found in PESCAN. The most common habit among the species that occur in PESCAN is the terrestrial and the predominant flowering season is the rainy season. Only one specie flowers in the dry season, C. eugenii, a common specie in PESCAN, which flowers from May to September. Cyrtopodium eugenii flowers are pale-yellow with brown spots, but the lip is bright-yellow. The only species found as a pollinator of C. eugenii was Centris (Trachina) fuscata Lepeletier,1841 (Anthophoridae, Centridini). Although C. eugenii offers no floral rewards to pollinators, its lip seems to mimic flowers of Tetrapterys ramiflora A. Juss., a yellow-flowered oil producer Malpighiaceae. Thereby, C. eugenii deceives the pollinator. As in other species without reward, C. eugenii receives few visits from their pollinator, and consequently has a low fruit production rate. Cyrtopodium eugenii is self-compatible, but no fruit was generated by spontaneous self-pollination as well as agamospermy. Preliminary field observations revealed that inflorescences and flowers of C. eugenii experience continuous florivory. The natural florivory quantification shows that 55.20% of the flowers weren t eaten,while in 15.45% sexual structures were eaten (florivory direct effect). More flowers had the lip damaged (20.50%) than the other petals and sepals (18.92%). A manipulative experiment showed a significant decrease in C. eugenii reproductive success (male and female), only if the florivory occurred in the lip (florivory indirect effects). This result indicates that the lip is the most important flower part to attract the pollinator and to C. eugenii reproduction, because even with a high level of herbivory in the other petals and sepals, the reproductive success didn t decay significantly.Item Fertilidade de Byrsonima pachyphylla A. Juss. em uma paisagem fragmentada do Cerrado(Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2010-03-11) MELO, Marina da Silva; FRANCESCHINELLI, Edivani Villaron; http://lattes.cnpq.br/8863732932277904Physical aspects of the environment and intrinsic characteristics of the plant species determine its vital activities, such as reproduction. The goal of my work was to verify whether canopy coverage, plant size and density of B. pachyphylla influence their fertility. I calculated the density of B. pachyphylla within circles of 20 m radius around 30 individuals. I counted all flowers and fruits of every plant and measured their height and diameter at 30 cm from the base (DAB30). I quantified the canopy coverage taking photos of the canopy around the sampled plants and estimated the amount of light using the average of the covered area of photographs. I did linear regressions between fertility and density, canopy coverage and size of plant. I did not find any relationship between population density (r2 = 0.0090, p = 0.6188), neither canopy coverage (r2 = 0.0089, p = 0.6204), neither plant size (height: r2 = 0.0013, p = 0.8512 and DAB30: r2 = 0.0309, p = 0.3530) with the fertility of B. pachyphylla. These results demonstrate that fertility of B. pachyphylla is determined by other factors not investigated. The population density does not influence the attractiveness of pollinators, which seems to be more determined by the phenological behavior of plant. The light was an abundant resource for B. pachyphylla and do not limit the reproduction. The plant size is the result of the interaction of several factors and does not necessarily promote greater reproductive capacity.Item Estrutura e interações tróficas em três lagoas marginais no Pantanal Sul(Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2010-03-25) MORAIS, Ronny José de; ANGELINI, Ronaldo; http://lattes.cnpq.br/6739463859587165In this study trophic interactions and flows of energy/matter of three lagoons in the Pantanal (MS) submitted to the annual flood pulse - Baia da Onça, Braço Morto Acima and Braço Morto Abaixo - were analyzed with models of mass balance constructed using the Ecopath software. Thus, the objectives were: (i) to describe the mechanisms that control the dynamics of trophic webs, (ii) to identify the major groups that act as keystone, (iii) to identify information gaps for these environments, (iv) to quantify the ecotrophic community and assess the degree of development of the ecosystem. In addition to several fish compartments in other groups were inserted to compose the models, such as phytoplankton, macrophytes, zooplankton, aquatic insects, terrestrial insects, birds, reptiles and mammals. The data from fish compartments were collected in 1988-1990 and the other compartments were taken from literature. To identify the groups that act as keystone an index that is based on the trophic impact matrix of each model was used. The results indicate that in the three models, biomass and number of species concentrated between trophic levels 2 and 3, suggesting that within these levels there is greater stability, allowing the coexistence of species. In the three models, the most effective contribution of the energy flow is observed from the detritus compartment to the trophic level II, highlighting the role of detritivores in the systems. The trophic impact matrix obtained for the three models confirms the participation of detritus and some compartments found in lower trophic levels (aquatic insects and zooplankton) over most of the groups in the models, suggesting a bottom up control system. However, the presence of top predators and their strong relationships with other groups suggest the presence of top-down effect. This is verified by analysis of the index of keystone, which in the three models is greater for detritus, Hoplias malabaricus, Serrasalmus spp, birds and mammals. So, there are in the three lagoons a matched control (bottom-up and top-down) with the acting of primary producers and higher trophic levels. The analysis of some ecosystem attributes, such as PP/R, Ascendency, Overhead and Ratio Schödinger show that the three systems are mature and have high resilience. This study is considered an initial step in the synthesis of ecological interactions about the Pantanal lagoons (MS) for that there are no studies with this approach to this ecosystem.Item COMUNIDADE DE ALGAS EPIFÍTICAS (COM ÊNFASE EM DIATOMÁCEAS) EM 23 VEREDAS DO ESTADO DE GOIÁS SOB DIFERENTES IMPACTOS AMBIENTAIS(Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2010-05-16) OLIVEIRA, Bárbara Dunck; NOGUEIRA, Ina de Souza; http://lattes.cnpq.br/3877834258990173(Epiphytic algae community of (with emphasis on diatoms) of Palm swamps of Goias State). The present study is the first to evaluating epiphytic algae community structure of in the subsystem Palm swamps in the Cerrado. The general hypotheses of this study were: impacted Palm swamps are under greater influence of allochthonous material, causing changes in limnological characteristics, as the record of increased nutrient levels and turbidity; the structure of ephiphytic algae community is influenced by environmental characteristics, and impacted Palm swamps have diatom as dominant group of epiphyton due to the adaptive cytomorphological characteristics. The overall objective was to analyze the spatial variation of limnological (physical, chemical and biological) and climatological characteristics of 23 Palm swamps in the Goias State under different environmental impacts and to evaluate epiphytic algae community structure of in relation to environmental characteristics of Palm swamps. This dissertation was structured in a general introduction and two chapters in the form of articles: (Article 1) Spatial variation of limnological and climatic characteristics of Palm swamps under different environmental impacts in the Goias State; (Article 2) Relationship between the structure epiphytic algal community (with emphasis on diatoms) and Palm swamps under different environmental impacts in the Goias State. Sampling was conducted in August and September 2008, in the cities of Caldas Novas, Catalan, Cidade de Goiás, Goiânia, Ipameri, Morrinhos and Piracanjuba. Environmental data of Palm swamps were analyzed: morphometric, climatological and limnological characteristics (pH, water temperature, conductivity and turbidity), nutrients (total nitrogen, total phosphorus and silica), chlorophyll-a and the attributes of epiphytic algae community structure (composition, richness, density, biovolume, diversity and evenness). The abiotic data were collected simultaneously to the biotic data. Epiphytic material was obtained from grasses (Poaceae). Environments showed great variation in the values of electric conductivity, turbidity, total nitrogen and epiphytic biomass, low pH and total phosphorus, and high concentrations of silica. Palm swamps groups under different environmental impacts were discriminated mainly by pH and turbidity. Among the environments preserved only 50% showed oligotrophic characteristics for total nitrogen content, a situation caused by contamination by agricultural activities and urban impacts. It was noted that the acidic water was related to the dystrophic soils of these environments, which showed the pH as an important variable in structuring communities. Greater richness, diversity, density and biovolume of epiphytic algae were recorded in Palm swamps impacted. Zignemafíceas were the most representative in species richness followed by diatoms. Palm swamps impacted had greater density and biovolume of epifiton. Eunotia bilunaris (Ehrenberg) Mills was predominant in the Palm swamps with the highest density of epiphytic algae. Tapinothrix bornetii Sauvageau had higher biovolume in the community. Two taxa (Gomphonema sp.2 and Oedogonium sp.4) were indicator species to impacted by agriculture Palm swamps. This study reported great features for development of several taxa of Bacillariophyceae, manly to Eunotia Ehrenberg. The epiphytic community of Palm swamps showed less expressive than Veredas impacted, probably related to characteristics such as low light, given the preservation of vegetation cover of arboreal and low concentrations of nutrients.Item Estrutura espacial da assembleia de cupins (Isoptera) em uma área de cerrado sensu stricto do Parque Estadual da Serra de Caldas Novas, Goiás(Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2009-01-30) OLIVEIRA, Danilo Elias de; BRANDÃO, Divino; http://lattes.cnpq.br/1614480825290154One of the major community ecology's objectives is to understand the factors that determine the spatial distribution of populations of different species belonging to an assembly. Works that investigate these causal factors on the termite fauna are rare, and to the Cerrado region, non-existent. This work aims to 1) describe the spatial structure of the termite assembly in a cerrado sensu stricto area, 2) verify whether there is spatial autocorrelation in the composition of termites and 3) whether the species are distributed on a checkerboard, and if so, what cause this distribution. On the plateau of Parque Estadual da Serra de Caldas Novas (PESCAN), I sampled the termites on 123 10m2 plots with distances to each other varying from 5 m to 3.5 km. This plots were divided into two sets, One of those arranged into 3 transects of 28 plots each and the other arranged into 13 triads distant 1 km to the next. I Identified the species and grouped them into food guilds. I made a Mantel s autocorrelogram with 10 distance classes to assess the changes in the similarity of the composition in function of space. I compared the C-score index, using the entire assembly and each guild alone, with a null distribution (with 5000 randomizations) to check whether there is a checkerboard distribution in the assembly and what its cause. I found 579 colonies of 57 species of termites, most of which was humivorous. There was no significant spatial autocorrelation in any distance class concerning the species composition because the values of r of Mantel for all distance classes were close to zero and not significant. The C-score was significant for the assembly as a whole (C-score = 52.01, p = 0.006), but was not significant for any of the guilds. The cerrado of PESCAN is one of the areas with the highest species diversity already registered for the Cerrado biome and possibly this is because of the well preserved condition of the park and the sampling effort employed. The absence of spatial autocorrelation indicates that the species of termites are distributed in space regardless of the distribution of others. This is the first study that shows that the assembly of termites is distributed on a checkerboard and that this is due to historical events of dispersal and colonization. In the area I studied, probably the dispersion of the allates during flight events makes the establishment of future colonies in a field forming a "scrambled" and not superimposed distribution known as checkerboard distribution. These results contradict the recurrent idea that intra and interspecific competition is the causal factor of the colonies spatial distribution of termites.