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Item Quantificação de machos e fêmeas de Heterodera glycines (Ichinohe, 1952) em cultivares de soja resistentes e suscetíveis(Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2009-11-17) ARAÚJO, Fernando Godinho de; ROCHA, Mara Rúbia da; http://lattes.cnpq.br/4660306671671575Soybean cyst nematode, Heterodera glycines Ichinohe, is one of the major phytopathological problems affecting the soybean, in the major producing countries of this legume. Eradication of H. glycines from contaminated areas is practically impossible. Thus, the soybean growers have to adapt control measures in order to maintain low population levels. The main control measures are crop rotation, soil management and use of resistant cultivars. With the purpose to evaluate the development of H. glycines and male/female ratio on soybean resistant and susceptible cultivars two trials were conducted during the years 2007 and 2008. Susceptible cultivars BRS Aracu, BRSGO Jatai, BRSGO Luziania, BRS Favorita RR, BRS Valiosa RR, BRS Silvania RR and resistant cultivars BRSGO Ipameri e BRSGO Chapadoes were evaluated. Soybean seedlings were transplanted to pots containing naturally infested soil with H. glycines, race 14, and, 10 days later, part of the plants remained in the pots to evaluate the females, while the other part was removed for hydroponic growth to evaluate the males. In the trial of 2008 the plants were divided in three lots, with the last one having the roots stained to count the juveniles and to evaluate survival rate. Resistant cultivars always maintained a small number of females and males, except for cultivar BRSGO Ipameri that had high countings of males. Only cultivars BRS Favorita RR and BRS Silvania RR had the expected sex ratio 1:1. All other susceptible cultivars had greater number of males than females, with ratios varying from 5:1 to 11:1. Survival rate was nil for both resistant cultivars, and varied from 6.75% to 35.00% for the susceptible cultivars. Regarding the number of cysts in 100 cc of soil the only cultivar that differed significantly from the others was the BRSGO Jatai on experiment conducted in 2007. The number of eggs per cyst varied, in both experiments, and the resistance did not influence the averages foundItem Eficiência agronômica de um fertilizante fonte de micronutrientes nas culturas da soja e milho(Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2010-08-03) BARBOSA, Juliano Magalhães; FERNANDES, Eliana Paula; http://lattes.cnpq.br/7324619074753727; LEANDRO, Wilson Mozena; http://lattes.cnpq.br/9052207260053937The present work aimed to value the agronomic efficiency of different doses of a fertilizer fount of micronutrients applied through the soil in soy culture and the residual answer in culture rotation with the corn, by the determination of chemical attributes related with the productivity. The study was performed in field s condition in a Distrofic Red Latosoil in the experimental area of the School of Agronomy and Food Engineering, in Goiânia Goiás. The experiment was performed in the harvests 2007/2008 and 2008/2009 in randomized complete blocks design with five treatments and four repetitions. Fertilizer was used as fountain of micronutrients in the form of powder containing 6,8% of manganese (Mn), 3,9% of zinc (Zn), 2,1% of iron (Fe), 1,2% of copper (Cu) and 1,1% of boron (B), in four doses and as reference the testimony: D 0 0 kg ha-1, D 0,5 33,33 kg ha-1, D 1 66,66 kg ha-1, D 2 133,32 kg ha-1 and D 1C - 66,66 kg ha-1 plus 1,4 t ha-1 of calcium oxide. The fount of micronutrient was applied only in the harvest 2007/2008 associated to the soil preparation, in the harvest of 2008/2009 there was no reapplication and the system of planting was direct, without the soil preparation. The geeting of soil and leaf were carried out in the florescence of the cultures. It can be concluded that the cultures appears to be responsive to the fertilizer by considering the productivity of both the soy and the corn and that the fertilizer doses of 128,63 kg ha-1 and 69,08 kg ha-1 showed to have the best efficiency for the productivity of the soy to the corn, respectively.Item Interação entre herbicidas e cultivares de soja sobre o desenvolvimento populacional de Heterodera glycines em campo(Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2010-11-29) BARBOSA, Kássia Aparecida Garcia; ROCHA, Mara Rúbia da; http://lattes.cnpq.br/4660306671671575This study evaluated the effect of herbicides on the population density of H. glycines in soybean cultivars, (one resistant and three susceptible) in natural infestation conditions. Experiments were done in Campo Alegre de Goiás and Gameleira de Goiás, agricultural year 2006/07, using randomized blocks, with three repetitions. The treatments were arranged in a factorial design 4 x 4 + 1, with four cultivars (BRSGO Ipameri, BRSGO Luziânia, BRSGO Jataí BRS Silvânia RR), four forms of weed control (hand weeding, chlorimuron-ethyl + lactofen, chlorimuron-ethyl and haloxyfop-methyl), and additional treatment represented by the combination of transgenic cultivar BRS Silvânia RR and herbicide glyphosate. In agricultural year 2009/2010, another test was conducted in Gameleira de Goiás, with four repetitions, in a factorial design 2 x 4 + 2, involving two cultivars (BRSGO Chapadões and BRSGO 8360), four forms of weed control (hand weeding, lactofen, chlorimuron-ethyl; haloxifop-r), and two additional treatments represented by the combination of transgenic cultivar BRS Valiosa RR with control manual weed and chemical control via herbicide glyphosate. In the agricultural year 2006/07, in Campo Alegre de Goiás, eighty days after planting, there was less formation of viable cysts in cultivar BRS Silvânia RR associated with the application of clorimuron + lactofen, compared to manual control. In Gameleira de Goias, it was found, forty days after planting, increase in the number of viable cysts using herbicides, compared with manual control, in cultivar susceptible BRSGO Luziânia, BRSGO Ipameri, resistant to H. glycines, the number of viable cysts was lower when applied herbicides clorimuron+lactofen or haloxyfop, compared the application of clorimuron. The herbicides had no effect on the number of females in susceptible and resistant cultivars in the year 2009/10. In cultivar susceptible BRSGO 8360, the herbicide haloxifop led to a smaller number of females, in comparison with clorimuron, 45 days after sowing. The herbicide lactofen, in the cultivar BRSGO Chapadões (resistant) was associated with increase in the number of viable cysts 45 days after sowing. This herbicide affects negatively the biomass of leaves, fresh green beans and dry bean in the cultivars BRSGO Chapadões and BRSGO 8360.Item Efeitos da aplicação de glifosato na química de solos alagados(Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2010-09-10) BELTRÃO, Danielle Silva; FERNANDES, Eliana Paula; http://lattes.cnpq.br/7324619074753727; CAMPOS, Alfredo Borges de; http://lattes.cnpq.br/3249635044992714This study aimed to evaluate the effects of the herbicide glyphosate in the chemistry of the flooded soils in two humid tropical areas included in the Brazilian savanna, observing these effects in the solid fraction and the soil solution. We used soil from an area of lowland irrigated rice cultivation and a preserved area of path, constituting, respectively, a disturbed area under agriculture and a preserved area with natural vegetation. The soils were subjected to varying periods of saturation, and applying different doses of glyphosate. The treatments were: a) Dosage: Dose 0, dose 1 (1.6 mg L-1), Dose 2 (16.0 mg L-1), Dose 3 (1600.0 mg L-1) and b) periods of saturation solutions: 1, 7, 15, 30 and 60 days. The soils were previously saturated with solutions of glyphosate prepared with distilled and deionized water, and only distilled and deionized water to dose 0, for 2 hours. After that time the volume was completed with distilled deionized and deoxygenated water. At the end of each period of saturation of soil redox potential was determined in intact experimental units, as well as the pH of the solutions after separation by centrifugation. Proceeded to freezing at - 20 ° C of the soils and soil solutions for chemical analysis and a fraction of the solutions was wrapped and refrigerated at 4 º C for later, perform the analysis of dissolved organic matter. The freezing and cooling were performed to inhibit the biological activity in the degradation of glyphosate and organic matter according to the literature. Before the analysis of the solutions we proceeded to filter membrane syringe filter to 0.45 mm in PVDF (polyvinylidene fluoride), 33 mm in diameter. Chemical analysis of soil were taken for determination of pH 0.01 M CaCl2, micronutrients (Cu, Fe, Mn and Zn), P, K, available Ca and Mg, Al, H + Al and organic matter. Chemical analysis of the solutions were limited to the determinations of Cu, Fe, Mn, Zn, K, Ca, Mg and Al and was carried out to determine the E4/E6 ratio for the humification of DOM in UV-Vis spectrometer. The different effects of glyphosate were used as the ground, showing the influence of soil characteristics and attributes in the interaction with the herbicide. The solid fraction in the analysis highlighted the effects of doses 2 and 3 in lowland soil and dose 3 in solo path. Glyphosate conferred resistance to the reduction of metals in soil and floodplain had the highest effect on the availability Eh redox sensitive elements as Fe and Mn. In the path the herbicide soil favored the reduction of metals from soil and has provided these elements. In soil solution, for the more concentrated doses, there was decreased solubilization of Fe and Mn and other elements, and affect differently the organic matter in soils, occurring in the path of higher aliphatic DOM, ie, less degradation of biological effect of dose 3. The two three doses of glyphosate and, occasionally, the first dose, influenced the chemistry of the lowland soil. The dose 3 showed more significant effects on the soil of trail. The effects of doses 1 and 2, corresponding to the doses used in the field, are highlighted as important outcomes of this study.Item Uso de nitrogênio no cultivo de arroz irrigado e seus efeitos no solo, na planta e na emissão de óxido nitroso(Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2011-02-15) CARVALHO, Glaucilene Duarte; FAGERIA, Nand Kumar; http://lattes.cnpq.br/1794909905335127; CAMPOS, Alfredo Borges de; http://lattes.cnpq.br/3249635044992714In wetland soils are countless electrochemical changes, among the most influenced by anaerobic conditions is nitrogen. The rice crop also determine changes in the process, either by the nutrient uptake or by changes in the rhizosphere. The nitrogen can guarantee high yields of rice, however, due to the inadequate use of nitrogen can have nitrous oxide, which is a greenhouse gas. In this context, the research aimed to determine the effects of nitrogen fertilizer in flooded lowland soils in soil chemistry and soil solution on the plants and the emission of nitrous oxide. The experiment was conducted in pots at Embrapa Rice and Beans. The treatments consisted of two rice genotypes (BRS Tropical and BRA 051130) and three nitrogen (0, 150 and 300 mg N kg-1 soil). The experimental design was randomized blocks with split plots. The flooding of the vessels took place on the fifteenth day after planting. The collection solution was given 1, 3, 7, 14, 28, 39, 59, 67, 102 days after flooding. The collection system consisted of a perforated plastic pipe and secured in the vessel walls, being closed at the ends. The solution was suctioned through a syringe and then analyzed on Ca, Mg, K, P, Fe, Mn, NO3 -, NH4 +, pH and Eh (directly to the pots). After the experiment was made at the soil sampling vessel, comprising all the other treatments being performed analysis of Ca, Mg, K, P and soil pH. The yield components studied were: plant height, tiller number, panicle number per plant, panicle length, spikelet sterility, dry weight of 1000 grains, shoot dry weight, root dry mass, grain yield, root length, grain harvest index, the contribution of the shoot dry weight total contribution of root dry weight total. The method of collection of nitrous oxide was a closed chamber in PVC material. Collections were undertaken throughout the rice cycle and N2O concentration was measured by reading in a gas chromatograph. The results were subjected to analysis of variance, treatment means compared by Tukey test. The pH, exchangeable Ca, Mg, K and P in soil increased after the implementation of the experiment. The values of Eh in soil solution decreased with time of flooding and consequently the pH increased. The concentration of Ca and Mg in soil solution increased with time of flooding and the K, Mn, NO3 -, NH4 + declined over the period. The rice genotypes showed differences in dry weight of 1000 grains. The dry weight of shoots showed responses to nitrogen fertilization, since the height of the trees showed responses to genotypes and N levels The total emission of N2O showed differences in nitrogen use and for the rice genotypes. We observed that the genotype BRA 051130 showed significantly higher total emission in relation to the treatment without plants.Item Produção de óxido nitroso de solo cultivado com feijoeiro comum irrigado em sistema plantio direto no cerrado(Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2011-02-24) COSTA, Adriana Rodolfo da; MADARI, Beata Emoke; http://lattes.cnpq.br/0302689027695014The loss of nitrogen from the soil-plant system has economic and environmental repercussions, especially when nitrous oxide is emitted to the atmosphere. The aim of this study was to evaluate the emission of nitrous oxide (N2O) in the production system of irrigated commom beans under no-tillage, with brachiaria grass as cover plant (green manure), as affected by the application of different N sources. The experiment was conducted at Embrapa Rice and Beans, in a clayey Haplic Ferralsol. Six areas planted with common beans in no-till system, with sprinkler irrigation, center pivot, were evaluated in the fall/winter period of 2009. In each area (150 m2) a different source on N (treatments) was applied. The total area of the study was 1000 m2. The treatments were: no N (control), urea, ammonium sulfate (A.S.), urea + urease inhibitor (Ur.+Inhi.), urea combined with charcoal (Ur.+Car.), biological fixation nitrogen (B.F.N.), Cerrado (Cer). One hundred kg of N ha-1 was applied in all areas: 20% at sowing together with the seed at the same depth and 80% as top dressing, 25 days after planting. Periods, whose N2O fluxes were more important, were selected for more detailed study, including soil biological variables. The N2O concentration was determined by gas chromatography. Concurrently, soil moisture, temperature, water filled pore space (WFPS), pH and parameters related to the microbial biomass were also measured. The variables that influence soil N2O fluxes during the growing cycle of the bean are: the levels of nitrate in the soil, pH, moisture and WFPS, indicating conditions that favor the denitrification process. The highest emissions of N2O, occur in the following treatments: urea with urease inhibitor, biological nitrogen fixation and urea associated with charcoal, 70%, 36% and 32% higher then that observed in the control, respectively. The emission factors observed in this study are below the lowest levels suggested by IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change). After fertilization at sowing, the variables that control the emission of N2O are basal respiration, microbial biomass carbon (MBC), microbial biomass nitrogen (MBN), total organic carbon (TOC), soil moisture and WFPS. The charcoal combined with urea provides better conditions for microorganisms, increasing MBC and microbial quocient. After topdressing N2O fluxes are lower than at sowing, possibly due to higher N losses through volatilization or increased demand for N by the plant and consequent higher N uptake by plants. The ammonium sulfate source shows the highest N2O fluxes in this period. The variables that control N2O emission in this period are: MBN, pH, moisture and WFPS. During the senescence of the bean plants urea combined with urease inhibitor and biological fixation nitrogen are the treatments that most emitt N2O. The variables that controll the fluxes are soil temperature and TOC.Item Manejo da irrigação do feijoeiro cultivado em plantio direto no sistema integração lavoura-pecuária(Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2009-02-26) CUNHA, Paulo César Ribeiro da; NASCIMENTO, Jorge Luiz do; http://lattes.cnpq.br/1613681986702987The water is becoming a resource more and more scarce, with growing strategic importance in the sections environmental, economical, social and political. The irrigated agriculture is responsible for considerable portion of the agricultural production, however, it is the activity that more it demands water. In the irrigated areas, one of the most important factors is the determination of the water levels for replacement of the losses happened in function of the evapotranspiration, with consequent it gets better of the productive efficiency. Inside of this context he becomes evident the need of administration of the applied water for the irrigation. The objective of this work was to evaluate the acting of three irrigation management methods in beans crop cultivated in direct planting in the system integration farming-cattle; the methods were appraised as for the estimate of the evapotranspiration, levels and irrigation frequency, productivity of grains and their components. It was also evaluated in the periods annual, dry and rainy season, the acting of methods of determination of the coefficient of the class A pan (Kp), and still, the possibility of adoption of a fixed value for such variable. The evaluation was made within the dear evapotranspiração with class A pan using the appraised coefficients and the dear for the standard method Penman-Monteith (FAO 56). The work was driven in the experimental area of Capivara farm, Rice and Beans Research Center in Santo Antônio de Goiás, Goiás State, Brazil. In the evaluation of the irrigation management methods the common bean crop was used (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) cv. BRS Supremo; the appraised methods were tensiometry, class A pan and Penman-Monteith. There were significant differences as for the productivity, number of grains for plant and height of plants in relation to the irrigation management methods, tends the class A pan propitiated the obtaining of larger yield, due to the largest total water, and of the largest irrigation frequencies, the management for tensiometry caused reduction of 40% in the total demand of water of the beans crop, however, with significant reductions in the productivity, tends the class A pan overestimated and of the underestimated tensiometry the total water esteemed by the standard method FAO 56 Penman-Monteith. Independent of Kp, the method of the class A pan overestimated the evapotranspiration obtained with Penman-Monteith. For the climatic conditions in which he took place the work, the best method of determination of Kp, for the estimate of ET0 in the annual period was it of Pereira et al. (1995). For the dry season it was it proposed by Cuenca (1989). In the rainy season all of the methods presented low actings, however, Pereira et al. (1995) method it was shown more efficient. It was observed that the method of the class A pan is not efficient to esteem ET0 in the rainy season. The analyses showed that the adoption of a fixed and constant Kp in 0,70 showed in high acting, mainly in the annual and dry seasons.Item Otimização da detecção de raquitismo da soqueira e escaldadura das folhas em cana-de-açúcar utilizando PCR(Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2012-03-02) DIAS, Vanessa Duarte; DIANESE, Erico de Campos; http://lattes.cnpq.br/2503998782869167; CUNHA, Marcos Gomes da; http://lattes.cnpq.br/2006008625763742The sugarcane production areas are increasing in Brazil due to increased ethanol consumption by flex fuel cars. The planted area is growing, but productivity has been declining in recent years, and factors such as incidence of diseases in the crop may be contributing to this situation. Among the diseases, bacteria such as scald of the leaves and ratoon stunting disease, are of great importance to the crop because they can reduce productivity by up to 30% and the symptoms are not always displayed in the field, thus requiring advanced techniques to detect such bacterial diseases. Among the most used techniques for diagnosis serological tests are quite common, which has as main advantage the capacity of quantitative detection of the presence of bacteria in the culms. However, this detection is only possible if the bacterial title is relatively high. The PCR technique method is more sensitive for detecting low levels of bacteria in stems, but the DNA extractions should be performed in order to purify the DNA to reduce the presence of inhibitory substances in the extract. Thus in this study five different methods of DNA extraction of Xanthomonas albilineans and Leifsonia xyli subsp. xyli were tested and performed in three steps: pure bacteria, bacteria inoculated directly in the extract from five different varieties of sugarcane, and extract from a stem knowingly infected with these bacteria. The results indicate that the amplifications occur more frequently when the products and repeatability of the extractions are diluted by 10-4 in the Leaf Scald. Without this diluition steps, the amplification does not occur, even with the method of DNA extraction considered as a standard. Thus, it is concluded that the detection does not happen if the DNA extraction product is not diluted at least 1000 times, which should prevent the action of inhibitory factors that can hinder the PCR reactions. As for the ratoon stunting disease additional studies are needed to enable its detection by PCR.Item Reação de genótipos de soja e milho ao nematóide das lesões radiculares Pratylenchus brachyurus(Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2010-03-01) FERREIRA, Anderli Divina; ROCHA, Mara Rúbia da; http://lattes.cnpq.br/4660306671671575The soybean crop (Glycine max L. Merr.) is present in practically every Brazilian state occupying an area of 23 million ha. The Central West Region is considered the greatest grain producer. The annual losses due to diseases are estimated around 15% and 20%. Among the main crop diseases in the Cerrados region, the ones caused by nematodes, especially H. glycines and P. brachyurus, are very important. Occurrence of P. brachyurus has been increasing, especially in areas of no till and pastures. The corn crop usually planted in crop rotation with soybean is also susceptible to P. brachyurus, which makes more difficult the nematode management. The use of genetics resistance is one of the most important control strategies due to its compatibility with other practices and for not being environmentally harmful. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the soybean and corn genotypes reaction to the nematode P. brachyurus, aiming the identification of resistance that could be of immediate use for growers in crop rotation system or to identify sources of resistance that could be used in plant breeding programs. The reaction of 50 soybean genotypes and 38 corn genotypes to P. brachyurus was studied under naturally infested field conditions. The experiments were conducted in 2008/09 in a randomized block design with split plot scheme, with evaluations at 30 and 60 days after emergence (DAE). Soybean experiment had eight replications and corn experiment, ten replications. The root samples were collected and taken to the laboratory for nematode extraction. The results were expressed as number of nematodes/ 10 g of roots. The reproduction factor (RF) was calculated considering the evaluation at 30 DAE as the initial population and the evaluation at 60 DAE as the final population. The soybean cultivars were separated into two groups with high and low susceptibility to P. brachyurus. Twelve genotypes presented interaction with the evaluation timing. Ten out of these twelve genotypes had the P. brachyurus population reduced from 45% to 70% at 60 DAE. The cultivars BRSGO Luziania RR, BRS Juliana, M-Soy 7211 RR, M-Soy 8411, TMG 103 RR and Emgopa 316 had 70%, 62%, 61%, 58%, 58% and 57% reduction in the population densities at 60 DAE. The cultivars were also separated into to groups according to the RF. The corn genotypes were separated into three groups. Seventeen corn genotypes had significant interaction with the evaluation timing and only the genotype Agromen 30A06 had the population density reduced (57%) at 60 DAE. All the other 16 genotypes had the nematode population increased between 30 and 60 DAE with increasing variation from 42% to 85%. The genotypes with lowest population density at the final evaluation (60 DAE) were: P 30F80, P30S31, Agromem 30A06, AS1575, DKB 499, GNZ 2500, DKB 350, DG 501 e NK Impacto. The soybean and corn genotypes that presented lower population density and RF along the evaluation period must be preferred for planting in infested areas and can be considered for future investigation for genetic resistance.Item Eficiência do inseticida thiamethoxam aplicado no momento da colheita da cana-de-açúcar para controle de Mahanarva fimbriolata (Stål.,1854) (Hemiptera: Cercopidae) e seus efeitos na produtividade(Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2009-06-29) FERREIRA, Henrique de Jesus; FERNANDES, Paulo Marçal; http://lattes.cnpq.br/9497281141847296The objective of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of the insecticide thiamethoxam in simultaneous application with sugarcane harvest, under mulch, using a mounted sprayer system in the harvester machine and manual application method to control of Mahanarva fimbriolata. The experiments were carried out in the municipal district of Goianésia, Goiás State, in the period from October 2007 to September 2008. Two experiments were carried out set up side by side, in the same area. One experiment was applied using the sugarcane harvester, with a mounted sprayer system set up behind of the harvester, spraying the insecticide over the crop line and covering with mulch right after. The second experiment was applied in the manual method using a backpack sprayer pumped by CO2. The trials were set up in randomized blocks with six replicates. It was tested four rates of thiamethoxam, commercial brand named Actara 250 WG®. The tested rates were: 0 (untreated check), 100, 150 e 200 grams of active ingredient per hectare. The root froghopper infestation in the experiments was evaluated at 35, 75, 127 e 191 days after application. The parameters evaluated at the harvest timing were stalks diameter and yield increase. It was adopted the biometry method to estimate the yield. The M. fimbriolata infestation fluctuated during the evaluated period and the higher infestation level occurred in December and April. It was observed a negative significant correlation between the rates of thiamethoxam and the infestation level of M. fimbriolata to the two application modality. Thiamethoxam provided significative reduction of M. fimbriolata until 191 DAA for all rates, compared to untreated check (dose 0). Regarding the influence of the insecticide in stalks diameter it was observed a significant increment of 10,46% at rate of 100 g of active ingredient per ha when applied in the harvester machine. The treatments did not affect the yield (t ha-1). The application modality of insecticide under mulch, at harvest timing, using a mounted sprayer in the harvester machine showed to be a viable option in the sugarcane crop.Item Adubação potássica via solo e foliar na produção e qualidade da fibra do algodoeiro(Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2006-08-15) FREITAS, Roberto José de; LEANDRO, Wilson Mozena; http://lattes.cnpq.br/9052207260053937Cotton as a crop in Brazil has undergone significant changes in production technology and geographical location in recent years. Cultivation has shifted from traditional producing zones in the southeast of Brazil and the south region of the State of Goiás to the cerrados of the country's central-western region and the western part of Bahia. These technological changes were triggered by the adoption of exotic cultivars (American and Australian), with higher yield potential, better fiber quality, but also greater nutritional requirements. During this process, more demanding cultivars were consequently adopted, concurrently with the occupation of soils of lower natural fertility. During this period, a productivity increase in excess of 100% was verified. The conjunction of these factors has disorganized the fertilization recommendation practices adopted for this crop, since they were no longer adequately supported by the existing calibrations, generated under different soil conditions and at a different technological level. The use of fertilizers was then greatly intensified, in a most disorderly manner. Within this context, potassium was the nutrient whose use increased the most, due to the specific characteristics of this nutrient on the plant's metabolism and to its high degree of absorption by cotton plants. The potassium fertilization of cotton in the cerrados has therefore been performed in the various producing areas with great variation in rates and application modes, from total applications in the soil at pre-planting, to split applications in the soil, to supplementary foliar applications, still without the proper support from current experimental results. In this work, we evaluated the effect of combined soil and foliar applications of potassium on the productivity and quality of ginned cotton, under the cerrado conditions of the State of Goiás, by the installation of two experiments, combining different potassium rates in both application modes, organized in random blocks with split-plots. One assay was installed in Ipameri, with the application of five treatments to the soil (0, 60, 120, 180, and 240 kg ha-1 K2O ha-1) combined with four foliar treatments ( 0; 7.2; 14.4; and 21.6 kg K2O ha-1). Another assay was installed in Santa Helena de Goiás, in which four potassium levels were evaluated in the soil (0, 80, 160, and 240 kg K2O ha-1), combined with foliar rates similar to those used in the Ipameri assay. Significant productivity gains were observed for the soil applications in both assays, and for the foliar applications in the Ipameri assay. No interactions were observed between application modes. Also, no significant potassium fertilization effects were observed on the technological quality of the fiber.Item Teores de metais pesados e de enxofre no solo em áreas de influência de canais e reservatórios de vinhaça de fertirrigação(Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2008-07-21) GONÇALVES, Helenice Moura; BORGES, Jácomo Divino; http://lattes.cnpq.br/6694312790302062This study aimed to evaluate the values of pH and the levels of cadmium, chromium, nickel, lead, copper, iron, manganese, zinc and sulphur in the soil profile, beyond the behavior of those elements with respect to the acidity of soil in tropical climate, in areas of influence of channels and reservoirs of vinasse used in fertigation of sugarcane plants (Saccharum officinarum L.). Adopted as treatment witness the soil under a natural untouched savannah area. The treatments of the first test consisted of vinasse channels with three periods of use: one, three and 20 years, totaling seven treatments (control and three channels, considering the parts internal and external), with four repetitions each. The second test consisted of four vinasse tanks with different periods of use, and found two seasons: three years (R3A and R3B) and 20 years (R20A and R20B) followed, constituting nine treatments (control and four tanks, measuring up the soil of the parties internal and external), with four repetitions each. In witness and on the outside of channels and reservoirs were collected samples of soil at depths of 0-25 cm, 25-50 cm, 50-75 cm and 75- 100 cm. On the inside (bottom) of channels and reservoirs, soil samples were collected at depths of 0-50 cm, 50-100 cm, 100-150 cm and 150-200 cm, in four different points in areas of Red Latosol Distrophic. The experimental design was sub-divided plots. The results from the soil analyses were subjected to analysis of variance and testing F and Tukey (P < 0.05). The use of vinasse channels and temporary reservoirs over the years didn t significantly alter the levels of heavy metals, suggesting that their contents accumulated in the soil are acceptable. However, channels and reservoirs should be covered with waterproofing material to prevent the leaching of these elements and therefore the contamination of the groundwater.Item Efeito de espaçamentos e épocas de plantio sobre caracteres agronômicos de híbridos de milho(Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2003-03-31) GONÇALVES, Sara Lane Sousa; BRASIL, Edward Madureira; http://lattes.cnpq.br/6555744240223597Every year, new corn hybrids and climatic and environmental variations in the different Brazilian regions require from research organizations, private companies, and farmers alternate management practices to improve corn productivity and profitability. As a result of spatial arrangement discussions and related corn growing recommended techniques, special attention has been given to row spacing reduction. As an example, in the Brazilian Central Plateau, about 50% of corn production has been harvested from double cropping after soybeans. In this situation, the same machinery adjustments used for soybeans are used for double cropped corn, reducing the time required between harvesting and sowing operations. Three experiments were conducted to study the effect of row spacing on corn hybrids agronomic characteristics in the Goiania region, Goias State, evaluating five commercial hybrids in four row spacings and three sowing dates. The experimental design was a 5x4 factorial in randomized blocks with four replications. Row spacing did not significantly affect plant height, ear, stalk and corncob diameter, yield, stalk rot and lodging. The hybrids behavior was significantly different in the four row spacings. The higher yields were obtained in the third planting date under irrigation.Item Características agronômicas de cultivares de bananeira, em Goiânia-GO(Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2007-08-31) MARTINEZ, Aurélio Ludovico de Almeida; NASCIMENTO, Jorge Luiz do; http://lattes.cnpq.br/1613681986702987; NAVES, Ronaldo Veloso; http://lattes.cnpq.br/2740049203016314The banana is one of the most important fruit in the human diet being and, important source of income for small producers, mostly responsible for its production. The explored´s cultivars present diseases problems that hinder its steady production to long it time. With intention to evaluate the agronomics characteristics of six cultivars of banana tree under irrigation, in Goiânia-GO, was carried through an assay in the period of August of 2005 the March of 2007, understanding the first cycle of production. The experimental design was randomized block, with six spot. They had been used dumb piece of corm, planted in 3x2 m spacing. It was evaluated the characteristics vegetative cycle, productive cycle, total cycle, leaf number in the bloom and the harvest, height of plant, circumference of pseudsterm, number of hands, number of fruits, length and diameter of the central fruit of second hand, number of fruits of second hand, mass of second hand and mass of hand. The average total cycles had been of 479 days for BRS FHIA 18, 504 days for Caipira , 481 days for the Nanicão IAC 2001, 531 days in Prata Zulu, 502 days in Thap Maeo, 516 days in Tropical. The plants had not presented problems with leves illnesses, despite Yelow-Sigatoka being seen in leves of BRS FHIA 18 and Thap Maeo . Already Tropical and Zulu Silver had had some plants infecteds for Panama-Disease. The average mass of hands kg in BRS FHIA had been of 12,3 18, 18,2 kg in Caipira, 24,8 kg in IAC 2001, 22,8 kg in Zulu Silver, 21,3 kg in Thap Maeo and 19,0 kg in the Tropical one. The gotten results had led the conclusion that all cultivars present good characteristics for agricultural exploration, especially in domestic orchards. The cultivars present good production in first cycle, with exception of BRS FHIA 18. Tropical and Prata Zulu are sensible to the Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense.Item Produção e mercados de frutas, verduras e legumes orgânicos na região de influência econômica de Goiânia-GO(Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2006-08-30) MOREIRA, Claudia Araujo; FERNANDES, Paulo Marçal; http://lattes.cnpq.br/9497281141847296Item Resposta de acessos de arroz (Oryza sativa L.) ao ataque da broca-do-colmo (Diatraea saccharalis Fabr., 1794)(Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2011-02-15) NASCIMENTO, Jacqueline Barbosa; FERNANDES, Paulo Marçal; http://lattes.cnpq.br/9497281141847296Among the biotic stresses, insect pests are considered a major threat to to increasing world rice production and the stem borers are one of the most destructive pests. Due to the behavior of the caterpillar in D. saccharalis in staying inside the stems of rice plants and the difficulty to be controlled by chemicals, the use of cultivars resistant to this pest is in a viable method of controlling this not imposed because of production costs and is environmentally safe. This study had as main objective to observe the response of 34 accessions of rice to the attack of stem borer D. saccharalis, assessing and describing the morphological characteristics of plants associated with resistance to this rice-stem borer and analyze, using microsatellite markers, the genetic diversity of these accessions. The experiment was conducted in greenhouse condition at Embrapa Rice and Beans Research Center using randomized complete block design with four replications. During the assessment of some plants were determined quantitative and qualitative characters of rice accessions related to the attack of larvae of D. saccharalis. The quantitative characters were the number of living larvae/stem, weight of surviving worms, the inner diameter of the stem, stem attacked number and percentage of stems attacked. The qualitative characters were the kind of ligule and pubescence of the leaf. Accesses more favorable survival of larvae IAC 47 and Ti Ho Hung showed that on average 10.37 and 10.25 larvae. Larvae with greater weight (0,0986 g e 0,0862 g) were found in two VT "Canela de Ferro" (CA 780099 and CA 790164). The highest inner diameter of the stem was found in two VT "Canela de Ferro" (CA 790164 and CA 980007) that showed 3.18 mm. The accessions introduced Ti Ho Hung and Chiang an Tsao Pai Ku showed an average in the most damaged stalks (7,04 stems for both cultivars). The percentage of attack between the LCI ranged from 49% to 93% in accesses C 409 and Ti Ho Hung. Among the hits that make up the stratum of the LCB the percentage of attack ranged from 45% to 88% at Bonança and IAC 47. Among the VT "Canela de Ferro", the hits that showed the values smaller and larger numbers of stems were damaged CA 790167 and CA 810055 (95 and 57% respectively). The number of surviving worms showed significant positive correlation with the average weight of larvae and number of stems attacked. The inner diameter of the stem showed a significant positive correlation with the average weight of larvae. In this sense, the larvae were found in the heaviest hits with the largest stem diameter, showing the positive effect of this feature. The qualitative characters that predominated among accessions of rice was pubescence of the leaf type flat and shape of ligule type split. For molecular analysis of rice accessions were used 24 microsatellite markers. The PIC identified by this set of markers ranged from 0.10 (RM 171) to 0.87 (OG 106), averaging 0.63. The number of alleles was between four (RM 171) and 28 (RM 14), totaling 243 alleles with an average of 10.12 alleles/locus and between alleles 92 were private. The marker that detected the highest number of private alleles was RM 14 with thirteen alleles and the accessions with the highest numbers of private alleles were IR 42 and TKM 6. The combined value of PI was 1.005 x10-18 and by correspondence factor analysis (CFA) showed the spatial distribution of genetic variation within the set of accessions analyzed and verified that the LCI IR 42 and TKM 6 were distinguished from other accesses. The other cultivars and lines introduced formed a group with high genetic similarity between them, the same way, the traditional varieties and cultivars in Brazil found themselves closer. The dendrogram produced a cophenetic coefficient r = 0.82 and the average genetic distance of Rogers-W was 0.62 and this value was used as the cutoff point for identifying groups most similar. We observed the formation of five distinct groups. However, despite the presence of these five groups, four accessions remained non-grouped or isolated, which were Primavera, "Canela de Ferro - CA 220268, Su Yai 20 and TKM 6. With the exception of access Ti Ho Hung, the other LCI morphological traits (hairy leaves and stem inner diameter smaller than 2.5 mm) remained similar and grouped into the molecular analysis. Overall, the VT "Canela de Ferro" were similar for response to attack D. saccharalis. Plants of these accessions have smooth leaves and stems with an internal diameter larger than 2.5 mm. Only one access (CA 220268) had an inner diameter of the stem smaller than 2.5 mm and not associated with the group of "Canela de Ferro" in the molecular analysis. The LCB were less attacked the VT "Canela de Ferro". However, the morphological characteristics of plants of some accessions of LCB were similar to those of VT "Canela de Ferro", as in access IAC 47, Caiapó and Confiança showed that inner diameter greater than 2.5 mm stem and leaves with pubescence of the leaf type flat. The present results indicate that the morphological and molecular analysis were able to separate the accessions of rice in different groups. With respect to morphological characteristics, we separated the accessions into groups that responded differently to the attack of stem borer D. saccharalis. Molecular analysis of the access allowed to evaluate high degree of detail the level of genetic variability among accessions, and allows the determination of the genetic relationship between them. The verification of the presence of significant genetic variability among 34 accessions provides evidence that these can be used by the rice breeding programs in Brazil as a way to increase the genetic base of Brazilian accessions of rice, allowing the emergence of new allele combinations and adaptations to specific environments, which can provide, for example, a reduction of vulnerability to insect pests.Item Fenologia, biologia floral e germinação in vitro de Cyrtopodium eugenii Rchb. f. & Warm. (Orchidaceae)(Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2009-02-18) NUNES, Camila de Marillac Costa; SIBOV, Sérgio Tadeu; http://lattes.cnpq.br/4627553641870284Cyrtopodium eugenii Rchb. f. (Orchidaceae) is a specie widely distributed in Brazilian savannah, being the Planalto Central its main center of diversification. C. eugenii is a terrestrial specie, usually found in the Cerrado, growing in sand soil, dry environment and to the half shade. Due the beauty and exotic character of its flowers, C. eugenii present high ornamental and commercial potential. However, no studies were found of its preservation even in vitro protocols for shoots obtainment to be used in flower production. Thus, the present study has as objective to characterize the fenology, morphology and reproductive biology in C. eugenii and to establish protocols for symbiotic and asymbiotic germination in vitro. The plants studied grows at the Biological Reserve Prof. Jose Ângelo Rizzo, a forest remainder of 500 ha of bioma Cerrado, whose predominant vegetation is of the type Cerrado Rupestre, located in the Serra Dourada, city of Mossâmedes-GO. From the months of July of 2007 through August of 2008 monthly visits had been carried out for accompaniment and collects of data of 51 plants, distributed in three populations. For the establishment of the germination protocols in vitro of C. eugenii established the symbiotic culture, pairs the isolated fungic contends the mycorrhizae Epulorhiza sp., obtained from roots of C. eugenii, with the seeds of C. eugenii in medium FA, and the asimbytic culture, where the seeds had been cultivated in culture mediuns that are regularly used for seed orchids germination, being the complete MS medium, the MS medium with reduction to the half of the concentration of macronutrients (½ MS) and the Knudson medium (KC). The analysis of the behavior of C. eugenii allowed to verify that this species present annual budding and at the dry time. At the rainy time, when the temperature raised, plants of C. eugenii start to invest its energy in the production of vegetative parts, such as sprouts of pseudobulbs and leves. The flowers of C. eugenii are disposed of cyclical form in the floral connecting rods, which arrive to reach up to 130 cm of height. This species is self-compatible, even so in natural conditions, the fruit set is low. Not evidenced was presence of efficient pollinators. High frequency of ants during budding of C. eugenii was verified. However, the observations indicated that these insects only act as visitors and they are attracted by the secretion of substance at the time of the budding throughout the floral connecting rod and that have high concentration of soluble solid. The establishment of the symbiotic germination in vitro did not disclose resulted satisfactory because no protocorms formation were obtained. However, satisfactory results had been founded in the asymbiotic germination in vitro, being the ½ MS medium superior to the KC and the complete MS medium for the time, germination of seeds and establishment of new plants of C. eugenii.Item Atributos de solo do bioma cerrado sob diferentes usos e manejo(Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2009-07-27) OLIVEIRA, Carloeme Alves de; CORRECHEL, Vladia; http://lattes.cnpq.br/4781536691286837; KLIEMANN, Huberto José; http://lattes.cnpq.br/6440607205386937This work aimed to assess physical and chemical attributes (texture, porosity, mean particle density, dry bulk density, flocculation degree, aggregation, hydraulic conductivity and penetration resistance, pH-CaCl2, calcium, magnesium, potassium, phosphorus and base saturation) along the transections of two cerrado (savannah) soils. Additionally, efficiency of the forestry remnants on the retention of sediments originated from agricultural activities was observed. The following soils were studied: 1. One site Typic Haplustox Latossolo Vermelho Distrófico (Panamá, Goiás, Brazil), cropped under conventional tillage system; 2. Two sites Typic Haplustept Cambissolo Háplico Eutrófico (Goiatuba and Jandaia, Goiás, Brazil), cropped under no-tillage system and Brachiaria pasture. Riparian forests at downstream of all cropped areas were found. Morphologic description of soil profiles and penetration resistance tests were performed. Deformed and undeformed soil samples at depths of 0-5, 5-10 and 10-20 cm for chemical and physical analyses were collected. For comparison of means Tukey-test at 5% probability was used. Management systems caused the following changes on physical and chemical attributes in comparison to riparian forests: a) Lower penetration resistance under no-tillage system on the Typic Haplustox soil, and a higher one on the Typic Haplustept soils; b) decrease of soil aggregation both under conventional and no-tillage systems, and increase under pasture; c) decrease of soil organic matter and calcium under all cropping systems. Soil morphological descriptions on the riparian forests showed layers of non pedogeneticized materials over the A horizons, likely originated from the upstream areas, from where terraces have been withdrawn. Riparian forests downstream the cropped areas under no-tillage and pasture systems, due to the unsuitable width and anthropic actions, were not able to retain satisfactorily the ran off sediments; under conventional tillage, however, this width was considered to be suitable in conformity to Brazilian environmental lawsItem Atenuação de riscos em sistemas de terraceamento em Goiás(Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2009-06-05) OLIVEIRA, Janaina de Moura; GRIEBELER, Nori Paulo; http://lattes.cnpq.br/2953067359172793The design, implementation and maintenance of terracing does not always follow technical standards, resulting in unnecessary costs or structures failure risks. This study quantified by means of simulations, the increase in the recommended ridge height of level terraces (Hr) promoted by the use of uniformity coefficients (Cd), relating them to the ridge height promoted by change in return period (TR). These were conducted using the software Terrace 3.0, which were determined Hr to 10 locations in the state of Goias, Brazil. For this purpose was considered a standard condition, changing between systems of conventional tillage and no till and varying the TR and Cd. Also been raised, through interviews with agronomists, the aspects were that used in the design and implementation of this soil conservation practice. We evaluated also the uniformity of level terraces in five areas, in which readings were the height of ridge using an engineer level. In points of highest and lowest reading of each terrace were raised sections of accumulation. The simulations were obtained Hr average of 40.8 cm for conventional tillage and 47.7 cm for no-tillage system. On average, an increase of 0.1 in Cd value, was equal to the change in 5 years or more in the TR. Major differences were generate with use of Cd. Hr generate by Cd 1.7 was equivalent to a 113.39 years to TR value for conventional tillage and 112.12 years for no till. The average increase in Hr for each increment of 5 years in the TR or 0.1 on the Cd was, in all cases, less than two centimeters. According to the interviews, in general, agronomists contract another professional to design and employ the project. Interviewed professionals don t realize terracing projects and not consider technical criteria for the design and deployment of the system. On field measurements don t was observed uniformity in any of the terraces studied, and in some cases, the height read at one point was below the bottom of the channel in another position in the same terrace. The unevenness in the ridge section between the highest and lowest ranged from 18 cm to 60.5 cm. Real accumulation section ranged from 0.0 m2 to 1.4 m2. Based on the results, it is concluded that: needs to be included in the design of terracing systems the use of Cd or increased TR values. The system design doesn t consider technical criteria, resulting in inefficiency and, the terraces deployed present deficiencies that compromise their performance.Item Parâmetros de resistência do solo para dimensionamento de sistemas de drenagem em estradas não pavimentadas(Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2008-02-21) OLIVEIRA, João Fonseca de; GRIEBELER, Nori Paulo; http://lattes.cnpq.br/2953067359172793This work was developed mainly aiming the determination of the erodibility and the critical shear stress in non-paved roads, focusing on the reduction of the eminent risks of occurring erosion in these roads, based upon a drainage system dimensioning using local resistance values. In order to achieve these values a yield simulator was built, which model consists of an improved version of the equipment proposed by Griebeler (2005), utilized in superficial yield testing directly at the drainage channel of the road and in collecting the eroded material. The simulator was installed in soils of roads of Goiânia (E1), Baliza (E2), Doverlândia (E3) and Morrinhos (E4, E5 e E6) , all of which are in the state of Goiás. The tests were performed with three repetitions for each passage of the vicinal roads. For each test were utilized five channels with different crescent volumetric flow rates, in a way to simulate the ascending curve of a yielding hydrogram, where each channel was collected in a proper recipient, for later determination of the amount of eroded material (debris). Samples were also collected from non-deformed soil, utilizing an Uhland sampler, aiming to determine the density of the soil. Furthermore, the declivity of the road and samples for characterizing the granulometric curves and determining the Atterberg limits were also measured and collected. The results found showed erodibility (g.cm-2.min- 1.Pa-1) and critical shear stress values respectively of 0.0036 and 2.00 for E1; 0.0099 and 2.06 for E2; 0.0582 and 3.93 for E3; 0.0073 and 3.78 for E4; 0.0075 and 4.87 for E5; and, 0.0054 and 3.74 for E6. These values appear highly elevated for the condition of roads, indicating high erosion risk, a fact that can be observed from the conservation state in which they can be found. The soils of the roads were classified as Sandy loam (E1), Sandy (E2), Clay loam (E3), Sandy clay (E4), Sandy loam (E5) and Sandy clay loam (E6). The classification of the soils of the roads, with little clay material, which works as a cementer, helps explain the elevated values obtained for the erodibility and critical shear stress. The soil density values (g.cm-3) observed were, respectively for roads E1 to E6, 1.58; 1.64; 1.53; 1.41; 1.63 and 1.60. Through the simulation performed using the Roads Griebeler (2005) software and utilizing the values observed in the field, the fact that road E1 obtained the greatest space management, mainly due to its lower erodibility. However, for the remaining roads, the software pointed out the need to build drains nearby, further indicating the need to make alterations in their drainage channels as well as their consisting material, so that their erodibility would be reduced. The composition of the material can be made through the mixture of a greater quantity of cementing material, such as clayey soil, to the material of the road, enhancing the soil s resistance to the erosive process. The model has proven to be highly sensitive to the alterations in the erodibility of the soil and in the declivity of the road.