Doutorado em Genética e Melhoramento de Plantas (EA)
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Item Distribuição da variabilidade genética e fluxo de pólen em subpopulações de Annona crassiflora Mart. (Annonaceae)(Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2015-12-21) Almeida Júnior , Edivaldo Barbosa de; Soares , Thannya Nascimento; http://lattes.cnpq.br/5590256762396056; Soares, Thannya Nascimento; Chaves , Lázaro José; Borba , Tereza Cristina de Oliveira; Collevatti , Rosane GarciaThe Annona crassiflora Mart. species (Annonaceae) is a fruit plant native from Cerrado, widely distributed throughout the biome. The goal here was evaluate the spatial distribution of genetic variability in natural subpopulations of the species, geographically, and relate the genetic diversity levels with climatic and landscape profile, furthermore the pollen dispersal within a subpopulation. We used here six pair of microsatellite primers. To evaluate thedistribution of genetic variability we sampled 25 natural subpopulations, 30.6 plants per subpopulation, on average. We estimate the genetic diversity (He), allelic richness (Ar), fixation index (f), genetic structure, using coancestry coefficient (θ) and inbreeding coefficient of overall population (F). The spatial pattern the genetic variability was evaluated by Mantel test, Moran's I index and linear regression of genetic parameter with two spatial dimensions (latitude and longitude). We correlate He, Ar and f with climate suitability and the percentage of Cerrado vegetation around subpopulations. Furthermore we evaluated the pollen dispersal by paternity analysis, using 572 plants, including 460 seeds, 20 mother plants and 92 pollen donors candidate, within a natural subpopulation. The outcrossing rates were also evaluated in maternal families using the mixed mating model. The outcrossing rates indicate mating system with prevalence of allogamy. The assignment of paternity indicated that gene flow mainly occurs in short distances, until 360 meters, in the subpopulation evaluated. The 25 subpopulations have moderate genetic diversity levels and strong genetic structure. We found inbreeding due to the subdivision, but not in mating within subpopulations. The demes belongs to two consistent groups with genetic discontinuity between the northwest and southeast subpopulations distribution. The genetic diversity and allelic richness showed strong relationship with longitude, suggesting a range expansion in the southeastern direction. We noted that spatial distribution of genetic diversity and allelic richness are related to suitability at the last glacial maximum, by an indirect effect of geographical distances, whereas no relationship was observed regarding present suitability. The percentage of cover natural vegetation, in turn not explain the spatial distribution of genetic diversity, allelic richness and inbreeding coefficient.Item Escurecimento de grãos em feijão: parâmetros genéticos e fenotípicos, associação com tempo de cocção, seleção assistida por marcadores e obtenção de linhagens elite(Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2015-03-31) Alvares, Renata Cristina; Melo, Patrícia Guimarães Santos; http://lattes.cnpq.br/1508679345970114; Melo, Patrícia Guimarães Santos; Bruzi, Adriano Teodoro; Silva Filho, João Luís da; Souza, Thiago Lívio Pessoa Oliveira de; Ganga, Rita Maria DevósThe breeding of common bean cultivars with Carioca grain, slow grain darken-ing, upright plant architecture, and high yield has become a growing challenge. Slow grain darkening will increase the storage time, providing flexibility for producers for the time of sale, and consequently increasing profitability. Studies have demonstrated the existence of genetic variability for this trait, allowing the selection of lines with slow grain darkening. The objectives of this study were i) to estimate genetic and phenotypic parameters of lines of four segregating common bean populations; ii) select those with slow grain darkening, upright plant architecture and high yield; iii) seek an association between slow darkening and cooking time of grains after storage; iv) evaluate two induction methods of grain dark-ening and v) validate the markers Pvsd-1158 and PVM02TC116, associated with grain darkening. The tested lines were derived from four segregating populations resulting from crosses between the cultivar BRSMG Madrepérola with slow grain darkening and the par-ents BRS Estilo, BRS Cometa, BRS Notável, and CNFC 10429. Three trials were installed with 220 lines (55 per population), and 5 parents in a 5x15 triple lattice design, with plots of two 3-m rows, at three locations. The experiments were conducted in the winter grow-ing season 2012, one in Santo Antônio de Goiás and two in Brasilia. The traits grain yield, plant architecture, grain darkening, 100-grain weight, and cooking time were evaluated. The variance components and genetic and phenotypic parameters were estimated, and the phenotypic, genetic and environmental correlation coefficients between grain darkening and cooking time, 90 and 180 days after harvest. Induction methods of accelerated and slow darkening were compared. From the markers Pvsd- 1158 and PVM02TC116, identi-fied as previously linked to the gene that controls grain darkening, the frequency of recom-bination and selection efficiency of the markers was estimated for each population and environment and in the mean of the environments. For slow grain darkening, the estimates of heritability, genetic variance and expected gain with selection were high, indicating good chances of successful selection. For yield, plant architecture and commercial grain size, the estimates of heritability and genetic variance were high, but indicated no high gains with simultaneous selection. Lines with slow grain darkening were obtained from the four populations; the highest number of lines that combined slow darkening with upright plant architecture, high yield, and commercial grain size were derived from the crosses BRSMG Madrepérola x BRS Estilo and BRSMG Madrepérola x BRS Cometa. No im-portant genetic correlation between grain darkening and cooking time was identified, there-fore, light-colored grains do not indicate a short cooking time. The induction methods of slow and accelerated darkening, provide similar information in the discrimination of lines with slow and regular darkening. The estimates of the recombination frequency for marker Pvsd-1158 were always low, indicating the close linkage of this marker to the gene that controls slow darkening, and were stable in the different environments and populations. Marker PVM02TC116 however was not polymorphic in three of the four populations. The recombination frequency of this marker in the polymorphic population was high, showing that it is unsuitable for marker-assisted selection for grain darkening.Item Estrutura genética e sistema de cruzamento em Eugenia dysenterica DC. (Mvrtaceae)(Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2014-03-28) Barbosa, Ana Clara de Oliveira Ferraz; Collevatti, Rosane Garcia; Telles, Mariana Pires de Campos; http://lattes.cnpq.br/4648436798023532; Telles, Mariana Pires de Campos; Martins, Karina; Figueiredo, Lúcio Flávio de Alencar; Chaves, Lázaro José; Coelho, Alexandre Siqueira GuedesThe genetic structure of a species corresponds to the amount of genetic variability and its distribution within and among local populations and individuals. The patterns of variability among individuals in a local population are highly dependent of mating system. The goal of this study was to evaluate the mating system, the diversity and genetic structure in populations of E. dysenterica in local and regional scale. The assessment of the mating system and the analysis of genetic structure at the local scale were performed in a population of Mimoso – GO and for the analysis of genetic structure at the regional scale were analyzed 23 natural populations of E. dysenterica derived from six Brazilian states (Goiás, Minas Gerais, Bahia, Mato Grosso, Tocantins and Piauí). For all studies seven polymorphic microsatellite loci were used. Considering the 20 families analyzed, the multilocus outcrossing rates (tm = 0.918) and single locus (ts = 0.797) were high and significant. From a total of 399 seeds evaluated, it was possible to determine the pollen donor to 218 seeds (55%) with confidence level of 90%, 174 seeds (44%) with confidence level of 95% and 65 seeds (16%) with confidence level of 99%. In 15 families evaluated were possible to verify the occurrence of multiple paternity, with the number of pollen donor per fruit ranged from one to three. The results presented show that the species E. dysenterica presents mixed mating system and that there is multiple paternity in this species. The intrapopulational spatial genetic structure was positive (R2 = 0.01646, p < 0.001), which was expected since species generally have spatial restriction to disperse. The spatial genetic structure was significant (Sp = 0.0143) and genetic neighborhood (Nb) was equal to 69.93 km. On average, about 30 individuals were analyzed by subpopulation for all loci. The average number of alleles per locus was equal to 9, the genetic diversity was high (0.725) and the observed frequency of heterozygotes (Ho) was 0.610. Were found 18 private alleles in 10 subpopulations. The results for the fixation index ((f) in the subpopulations ranged between -0.058 and 0.338, with an overall value of 0.162, indicating excess of homozygotes in relation to the expected under HWE. The genetic differentiation between subpopulations can be considered relatively high (FST = 0.161). The Mantel test indicates that the genetic divergence of 24 subpopulations evaluated is structured in geographic space (r = 0.427, p < 0.001), suggesting that the model of isolation by distance or stepping-stone are adequate to explain the spatial pattern of genetic divergence among subpopulations of E. dysenterica evaluated.Item Implicações da interação de genótipos com ambientes na recomendação de cultivares de feijoeiro comum: validação de regras e importância de fatores ambientais(Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2019-11-14) Barros, Matheus Souza de; Melo, Leonardo Cunha; http://lattes.cnpq.br/9132553601896172; Melo, Patrícia Guimarães Santos; http://lattes.cnpq.br/1508679345970114; Melo, Leonardo Cunha; Mello Filho, Odilon Lemos de; Pereira, Helton Santos; Silva Filho, João Luís da; Abreu, Ângela de Fátima BarbosaThe genotypes by environments interaction (GxA) can be defined as the differential phenotypic response of genotypes in different environments. This phenomenon is the main complicating factor in recommending broadly adapted cultivars in common bean and others crops. The value of cultivation and use (VCU) tests are required for registration of new cultivars. These tests are intended to generate agronomic information about the performance of candidate lines for new cultivars in the various cultivation environments. The rules for conducting VCU tests were very restrictive as they require many tests to register the new cultivar. This step in the development process of new cultivars is the most costly for common bean breeding programs for logistical and operational reasons. Because of this, the standard rule has been relaxed since 2010 and was considers the regionalization of Brazil in edaphoclimatic regions. Thus, ten environments are currently accepted for regions I (South) and II (Central), and six environments for Region III (Northeast). Of which three environments are required per sowing season for the season in which the cultivar is to be indicated. The sowing seasons are for region I “waters” (águas) and “drought” (seca); and for region II "waters" and "winter" (inverno). The tests must be conducted for two years. Thus, this work aims to: validate the number of environments (VCU assays) currently accepted for registration of new cultivars, through computer simulations with real data, and; to evaluate environmental factors to determine their relevance to the phenotypic variation of candidate lines. Grain yield data were used for the study. Data were obtained from 406 VCU trials during 17 years of the common bean breeding program of Embrapa Rice and Beans. During this period 101 candidate lines and 19 commercial cultivars were evaluated as control. The trials were distributed among the three edaphoclimatic regions that contribute most for of the common common bean grain production. For the simulation study an algorithm was built to randomly sample the environments in various combinations. The combinations represent several scenarios, which vary in the number of environments. 288646 simulations were performed and the five best classified genotypes were compared, by coincidence, with the five classified in the complete joint analysis. This analysis uses all available environments in each VCU cycle (two years). Nonlinear modeling was used to adjust estimates to the asymptotic curve to obtain the adjusted averages of coincidence. The curve equation was derived to obtain the instantaneous rate of change. For the criterion of determining the minimum number of environments, the mean value theorem was used to estimate the average rate of change (∆dM) between scenarios, where the x value for the average rate represents the minimum number of environments. For the study of environmental factors two approaches were used: the modeling by mixed models to estimate the variance components and; the classical approach to analysis of variance with decomposition of GxA interaction. In addition to these analyzes, the GxA interaction was decomposed into the simple and complex parts. The results of the simulation study indicated high average coincidence between genotypes even in scenarios with few environments. The elevation of the coincidence was progressive until the scenario with eight environments in regions I and II, which represents the point of ∆dM. However, the number of currently accepted environments (ten) for these regions was more appropriate. For region III, the ∆dM occurred 6.25 indicating that the minimum number of environments for this region is capable of detecting the genotypes most adapted to this region. For sowing seasons, three environments resulted in estimates of over 60% of average coincidence, except for the winter season (53.4%). Thus, it is concluded that the number of environments currently accepted for registration of new cultivars is capable of indicating the superior genotypes. The mixed model evaluation of the environmental factors analysis by region indicated that the GxLxExA interaction is the component of variance that contributes most to the total variance, followed by the effect of locations for regions I and II. In region III the effect of sites was the most important of the components. The analysis of variance of the factors and their partial decompositions indicated that in region I that the isolated effects of times and places together with the GxL interaction were more relevant. In region II, GxE interaction was the most significant componet involving genotypes. The isolated environmental components varied in importance between cycles in the region II. The local effect and GxL interaction are the most expressive components in region III. The decomposition of the interaction was predominantly complex in all studied cycles for all regions. It is concluded, therefore, that in region II the environmental factors sowing seasons, years and location were the ones that participated with most of the total variation. GxE was the most significant among the interactions of environmental factors involving genotypes in region II. In region III the main sources of variation for the isolated effects were location and years, in that order. The variance components indicated that the interaction of genotypes with the environmental components were more important for regions I and II, and for region III the location effect was more relevant. The location effect is the isolated variance component that most contributes to the total variation in all regions. The type of complex interaction was predominant among the combined assays in all regions.Item Diversificação e radiação recente de Stryphnodendron adstringens (Leguminosae) no cerrado: consequências genéticas frente às mudanças climáticas(Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2019-09-27) Braga, Ramilla dos Santos; Telles, Mariana Pires de Campos; http://lattes.cnpq.br/4648436798023532; Telles, Mariana Pires de Campos; Jardim, Tatianne Piza Ferrari Abreu; Chaves, Lázaro José; Lima, Jacqueline de Souza; Pinto, Rafael BarbosaThe species Stryphnodendron adstringens (barbatimão) is considered a valuable genetic resource of the Brazilian Cerrado, mainly due to its medicinal properties. It has been exploited in an extractive manner in its natural habitat, requiring studies of conservation and management plans. Species of this genus had recent diversification in the Cerrado, becoming interesting models for evaluating intraspecific genetic patterns in the biome. In this context, the objective of this work was to evaluate the phylogeographic patterns of S. adstringens, in order to infer about the hypotheses of diversification of their lineages in time and space. Beyond to measure the impact of future climate changes on the geographic distribution of the genetic variation of this species. For this, the DNA polymorphism of chloroplastid (psbA-trnH and trnL-F) and nuclear (ETS) regions was quantified in individuals from 17 localities in the Cerrado. Haplotype and nucleotide diversity levels were evaluated to verify the population genetic differentiation. Coalescence analyses were performed to estimate historical demographic parameters and to identify divergence time among populations of S. adstringens. The environmental suitability of S. adstringens in the past, present and historical refuge was used to identify spatial patterns on population genetic diversity. Current and future genetic clusters were simulated from climatic scenarios. Low genetic diversity was found for cpDNA and ETS and the geographical distribution of haplotypes reflects an incomplete lineage sort. There are discordant patterns of interpopulation genetic differentiation between regions of the genome, with greater effect for cpDNA. Historical demographic equilibrium was evidenced for S. adstringens, contrary by ENM, indicating retraction of range. Most recent common ancestor was dated to 1.7 Ma ago, dividing into two main clades with most of the diversification events dating to the Middle Pleistocene. The spatial structure is stronger for ETS, suggesting the existence of isolation by distance and environmental isolation due to temperature variations. Populations closer to the edge of the historic refuge have greater genetic diversity that can be associated with multiple historical refuges and ecological transition from forest to savanna environments. Genetic clusters modeled under current and future climatic conditions, indicate losses and homogenization of genetic variation for the species. The data corroborate the recent population diversification of S. adstringens in the Cerrado, reinforcing the phylogenetic pattern in species of this genus. Beyond, low levels of genetic diversity, reflecting the effects of glacial and interglacial periods in the Pleistocene, suggesting multiple refuges formation. The impact of climate change and the disorderly exploitation of the natural populations of this genetic resource indicate the need for management and conservation plans of the species.Item Pré-melhoramento genético, floração in vitro e criopreservação de orquídeas nativas do cerrado(Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2014-11-27) Carneiro, Luciano Lajovic; Faria, Ricardo Tadeu de; Sibov, Sérgio Tadeu; http://lattes.cnpq.br/4627553641870284; Sibov, Sérgio Tadeu; Carvalho, Virgínia Silva; Galdiano Junior, Renato Fernandes; Ferreira, Wagner de Melo; Santos, Izulmé Rita ImaculadaThe vast majority of orchids species are pollinated by insects, mainly bees, butterflies and moths. The orchid family is generally considered allogamic, but information about the type of reproduction are unknown for most species. Little information exist about orchids of Cerrado, which hinders plant breeding of these species and postpones their use in developing new varieties for the ornamental market. Recent methods of plant biotechnology can assist both plant breeding and conservation of these species, such as induction of early in vitro flowering as important technique particularly for species with a long cycle, and cryopreservation as a tool for the conservation of genetic variability. This study aims to contribute to the improvement and conservation of orchids with distribution in the Brazilian Cerrado. Selfcompatibility was evaluated for seven species: Cohniella cepula, Cyrtopodium eugenii, C. saintlegerianum, Epidendrum densiflorum, Epidendrum nocturnum, Epidendrum secundum e Lockhartia goyazensis. Only three were autocompatible: Epidendrum nocturnum, Epidendrum secundum and Lockhartia goyazensis. Interspecific compatibility was assessed for Cyrtopodium and Epidendrum genera, using reciprocal crosses. Just E. nocturnum and C. eugenii produced viable seeds. For early in vitro floral induction 20 different treatments were used through nutritional changes and use of cytokinin (BAP) in modified MS medium. Only C. cepula showed positive responses to treatment with formation of 46% floral stems. The effect of BAP was evident in the results. Cryopreservation was tested by vitrification of seeds of seven species of orchids, obtained from outcrossing. The responses to cryopreservation were partially different for each species. Most seeds tested showed any significant differences between freezing in liquid nitrogen without cryoprotectants and control without freezing. The freezing without cryoprotectant was successful to maintaining seed viability for all species, C. cepula 63%, C. eugenii 59%, C. sainttlegerianum 70%, E. densiflorum 42%, E. nocturnum 31%, E. secundum 69% and L. goyazensis 52%. Only E .nocturnum and C. cepula showed a significant reduction in viability when submitted to freezing in liquid nitrogen. The results presented here are useful for the development of breeding programs for orchids and conservation of these species.Item Variação genética quantitativa e estrutura populacional de Hymenaea stigonocarpa (Mart. Ex Hayne) no cerrado(Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2016-05-30) Castro, Rodrigo Soares de; Telles, Mariana Pires de Campos; http://lattes.cnpq.br/4648436798023532; Diniz Filho, José Alexandre Felizola; http://lattes.cnpq.br/0706396442417351; Chaves, Lázaro José; http://lattes.cnpq.br/9990967290797379; Chaves, Lázaro José; http://lattes.cnpq.br/9990967290797379; Novaes, Evandro; Rodrigues, Flávia Melo; Moura, Nara Fernandes; Soares, Thannya NascimentoThis study aimed to analyze the quantitative genetic variation within and between natural subpopulations of Hymenaea stigonocarpa (Mart. Ex Hayne), fruit tree from the Cerrado region. Six mother trees were sampled in each of the 25 subpopulations from the states of Goiás, Mato Grosso, Mato Grosso do Sul, Minas Gerais and Bahia, covering a large area of the Cerrado biome. In each tree they were collected twenty fruits, which served for evaluation of biometric data of fruits and seeds. Twenty seeds of each mother tree were sown in a nursery, with five seeds per plot in four randomized blocks, constituting a test of provenances and progenies of half sibs. Analysis of variance were performed using the hierarchical model for the characters of initial development. With the produced seedlings it was planted a germplasm collection in vivo in Escola de Agronomia of Universidade Federal de Goias.The major phenotypic variation coefficients in fruits and seeds were found in the characters number of seed (47,87%) weight of the pulp (47.74%) and fruit weight (44.06%). The analysis of variance of the physical characteristics of the fruits and seeds revealed the existence of significant variation for all characters in all levels analyzed: among subpopulations, between mother trees within subpopulations and between fruit within mother tree. Of the ten characters analyzed in six the greatest variation was found between fruit within mother tree. Significant variability was found between subpopulations and between progenies within subpopulations for most quantitative traits studied, showing a great genetic variability of the sampled material, which is important for sustainability of the species and future breeding program. The heritability estimates of traits were also high, indicating success in the selection of desirable traits in a breeding program for the species. The comparative analysis between the estimated value of the QST and FST index showed no significant difference for eight of ten characters analyzed, demonstrating that there is no evidence of the action of natural selection in the differentiation between the studied subpopulations and that the differentiation found can be explained by the action of genetic drift combined with gene flow restriction between subpopulations. The value of correlation coefficient between phenotypic and geographical matrix was 0.164 (p <0.05) by Mantel test, indicating a weak correlation between the phenotypic subpopulations means and the distances between them.Item Seleção de genótipos e mapeamento de QTLs para resistência à murcha de fusário em feijão carioca(Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2021-10-07) Cavalheiro, Sâmela Beutinger; Pereira, Helton Santos; http://lattes.cnpq.br/0729719587905292; Pereira, Helton Santos; Torga, Paula Pereira; Ishikawa, Francine Hiromi; Vianello, Rosana Pereira; Brondani, CláudioFusarium wilt, caused by the soil fungus Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. phaseoli, is a disease of great importance in the bean crop (Phaseolus vulgaris L.). Chemical control is not efficient and the use of resistant cultivars, within an integrated management strategy, is the most efficient way to control this disease. However, there is little information about the genetic control of the Fusarium wilt reaction and few carioca bean cultivars with satisfactory resistance level. Thus, three studies were carried out, with the objectives of: identifying parents and segregating populations of carioca beans with resistance to Fusarium wilt and other important characters; estimate genetic and phenotypic parameters and select carioca bean lines with resistance to fusarium wilt, high yield and mass of 100 grains and good visual appearance of grains; to study genetic control and identify molecular markers linked to QTLs that control the reaction to Fusarium wilt in the carioca bean cultivar BRS Notável. All evaluations were carried out in Santo Antônio de Goiás-GO, in the winter crop (sowing in May), in an area with high pathogen infestation, with central pivot irrigation. In the first study, 21 populations obtained from crosses in a complete diallel scheme between seven parents with grain carioca and some degree of resistance to Fusarium wilt were evaluated, together with two controls. Populations were evaluated in the F3, F4 and F5 generations, in 2012, 2013 and 2014, in a randomized block design, with three replications. The reaction to Fusarium wilt was evaluated using a grading scale, in addition to yield and mass of 100 grains. There were significant differences between populations for all traits evaluated. Additive and non-additive effects were important for Fusarium wilt reaction, yield and 100 grain mass. Cultivar BRS Notável was the most promising parent to participate in new crosses, presenting estimates of general combining ability (gi) different from zero, favoring the increase in resistance to fusarium wilt (-0.51), yield (87.90) and mass of 100 grains (0.23). The populations BRS Notável / CNFC 15872, BRS Ametista / BRS Notável, BRS Notável / BRSMG Talismã and BRS Ametista / BRSMG Talismã were the most promising for obtaining lines. In the second study, 114 lines obtained from BRS Notável / BRS Ametista and BRS Notável / CNFC 15872 populations, selected for their high resistance to Fusarium wilt, yield and mass of 100 grains, were evaluated. The 114 lines and seven controls were evaluated in experiments in triple lattice design 11 x 11, in the years 2015 and 2016, for reaction to Fusarium wilt and visual grain analysis, both using a grading scale, in addition to yield and 100 grain mass. Analysis of variance and genetic and phenotypic parameters were estimated. Genetic variability was detected among lines for the four characters. The high estimates of heritability, above 63%, and of expected gain with direct selection indicated the possibility of obtaining genetic gains for each character alone (23.0% for fusarium wilt reaction, 12.3% for yield, 9.6% for mass of 100 grains and 10.5% for visual appearance of grains). The simultaneous selection of 24 lines (21%) for the four characters showed gains of 12.9% for reaction to Fusarium wilt, 5.6% for yield, 3.4% for mass of 100 grains and 6.1% for visual aspect of grain. Three lines stood out (CNFC 19126, CNFC 19205 and CNFC 19131), being superior to BRS Notável for all characters. In the third study, the genotyping of SNPs and SilicoDArT markers was carried out using the DArTseq technology in the F2 generation of a mapping population obtained from the cross between the cultivars of Mesoamerican origin BRS Notável (resistant), of carioca grain, and BRS Supremo (susceptible), with black grains. Seventy-three progenies were evaluated for reaction to Fusarium wilt, by means of a grading scale, in the years/generations 2018/F2:4 and 2019/F2:5, together with the parents and five controls, in a block design at the random, with three repetitions. Analysis of variance and genetic and phenotypic parameters were estimated. A genetic map with 463 markers was obtained, with a total length of 1598.6 cM and average distance between markers of 3.5 cM. The analysis of phenotypic data showed variability between progenies and possibility of success with selection, with high estimates of genetic variance, heritability (90.6%) and expected gain with selection (28.5%), based on the joint analysis. Three QTLs were identified explaining between 25.1 and 50.4% of the phenotypic variation, all on chromosome 7, one in each of the evaluated years/generations (FOP7.2NS/ 2018 and FOP7.3NS/ 2019) and another based on in the joint analysis (FOP7.1NS). These three QTLs intersected between their intervals, with high stability in different years/generations. Therefore, the inheritance of the reaction in cultivar BRS Notável is quantitative, with the presence of some genes with greater effect. The additive effect for QTL FOP7.1NS was -1.24, indicating increased resistance in the presence of the BRS Notável parent allele. The SNP marker “SNP_Chr07_28294499_M12143”, present in all QTLs, explained 44.8% of the variation based on the pooled analysis. This marker is indicated to obtain probes for further validation.Item Modelos de predição genômica multi-ambiental em milho tropical: produtividade de grãos e staygreen(Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2023-04-28) Crispim Filho, Ailton José; Coelho, Alexandre Siqueira Guedes; http://lattes.cnpq.br/0840926305216925; Resende, Marcela Pedroso Mendes; http://lattes.cnpq.br/2080097211870591; Resende, Marcela Pedroso Mendes; Môro, Gustavo Vitti; Souza Júnior, Cláudio Lopes de; Costa Neto, Germano Martins Ferreira; Toledo, Fernando Henrique Ribeiro BarrozoStaygreen and grain yield are agronomic traits of interest to be evaluated in modern maize breeding programs. A modern approach to improving these traits can be genomic selection, whose efficiency depends, among other factors, on the proper choice of the prediction model to be used, the effects that will be accounted for in this model and the resources and time required for the prediction process of the phenotypes. In this work, three parametric models and a non-parametric model were used in the multi-environment genomic prediction of single maize hybrids for staygreen and grain yield, considering additive effects, exclusively, and together with dominance effects. The phenotypic data refer to the evaluation of 152 single maize hybrids, from the crossing of 42 inbred lines, evaluated in 13 environments for grain yield and 8 environments for staygreen. The lines were genotyped with 13,826 SNPs (Single Nucleotide Polymorphism) markers using the GBS (Genotyping by Sequencing) method, and their genotypic combinations were used to generate the genotypes of the hybrids. Adjusted means for each genotype at each location were used to train the genomic prediction models. The predictive ability was measured using Pearson's mean correlation, obtained using the ten-fold system. The models' predictive abilities ranged from 0.23 to 0.83 for grain yield and 0.44 to 0.72 for staygreen. The inclusion of dominance effects in all parametric models increased the predictive abilities for both traits, and for grain yield the average increase was 25%. This confirms that the inclusion of non-additive effects in the prediction model allows better exploration of heterosis and greater precision in genomic selection. The models did not differ between attributes linked to predictive ability. Due to the lower computational demand of GBLUP, it is the most suitable to predict the phenotypic performance of these characters in this data set. Prediction with the additive-dominant GBLUP model indicates the possibility of selecting better combinations of inbred lines than those already performed, which potentially increase grain and staygreen productivity by selecting the best 15 hybrids per prediction for each character separately.Item Melhoramento genético para altos teores de ferro e zinco em feijoeiro-comum(Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2017-03-30) Di Prado, Poliana Regina Carloni; Melo, Leonardo Cunha; http://buscatextual.cnpq.br/buscatextual/visualizacv.do?id=K4763166D1; Melo, Patrícia Guimarães Santos; http://buscatextual.cnpq.br/buscatextual/visualizacv.do?id=K4763166E8; Pereira, Helton Santos; http://buscatextual.cnpq.br/buscatextual/visualizacv.do?id=K4766267Z4; Pereira, Helton Santos; Melo, Patrícia Guimarães Santos; Souza, Thiago Lívio Pessoa Oliveira; Rodrigues, Fabrício; Silva Filho, João Luiz daThe iron and zinc deficiency reaches millions of people worldwide, generating public health problems. One of the most viable alternatives to minimize this issue is the biofortification and the common bean stands out as a crop with wide potential to be biofortified. The objectives of this work were: i) to verify the importance of genetic (G), environmental (E) and G x E interaction effects for iron content (FeC) and zinc content (ZnC) in common bean grains and to identify the cultivars/lines that associate high potential for FeC, ZnC, protein content (PtC), yield and weight of 100 grains (W100); ii) to verify if exists genetic relation between these traits; iii) to obtain, evaluate and select promising common bean segregating populations for high FeC and ZnC, yield and W100; iv) to estimate parental general (GCA) and specific (SCA) combining ability for FeC and ZnC, aiming the understanding of genetic control and the selection of parental lines; v) to estimate genetic parameters and to select lines for FeC, ZnC, yield and W100; vi) to validate microsatellites molecular markers (SSR), previously identified as linked to QTLs for FeC and ZnC in common bean, in breeding populations, with high mean. On the first study, to verify the importance of G x E interaction, 34 genotypes were evaluated at 19 environments, assessing the FeC, ZnC, PtC, yield and W100. Combined analyses of variance, adaptability and stability analyses by Nunes graphical method were performed, in addition to the estimation of genetic correlations between the traits. There were significant differences between genotypes for all traits. The environment and interaction effects were significant, and the environment represented the most of total variation, 63% (FeC) and 65% (ZnC), followed by G x E interaction effect, 18% (FeC) and 15% (ZnC). The cultivar BRS Sublime, with carioca grains type, combined high FeC, ZnC, PtC, yield and grains with commercial size, in addition to wide adaptability and stability. The genetic correlations between FeC x ZnC, FeC x PtC and ZnC x PtC were significant and positive, indicating, likely, the occurrence of pleiotropy or that some genes that control these traits are linked. It is concluded that, due to the great environmental effect influencing FeC and ZnC the evaluation trials of these traits should be performed in multiple environments. On the second study, 15 segregating populations were obtained and evaluated from crosses on complete diallel design between six parental lines selected for high FeC and ZnC. The populations were assessed at Santo Antônio de Goiás-GO, on winter/2012 (F2), winter/2013 (F3) and rainy/2013 (F4) seasons, and at Brasília-DF, on rainy/2013 (F4) season. The traits evaluated were FeC and ZnC, yield and W100. Significant differences were detected between the populations for all traits. Based on the combine analysis, for FeC additive effects were more important and the line G 2358 stood out by its high GCA (5.63). For ZnC, both additive and non additive effects were important, however no parental line showed significant GCA. The populations selected simultaneously for all four traits, based on combined analysis, were Porto Real x G 2358, BRSMG Majestoso x G 2358, BRS Requinte x BRSMG Majestoso, Porto Real x BRS Requinte and Porto Real x BRSMG Majestoso. The population BRS Requinte x G 2358 is indicated for extraction of lines with high FeC and ZnC. It is concluded that the parental G 2358 has great potential and must be used in new crosses to increase FeC in common bean grains. The population BRS Requinte x G 2358, that presented excellent performance for FeC and ZnC, and the population BRS Requinte x Porto Real, selected simultaneously for all traits, must follow on the breeding program for lines extraction. On the third step of this work, 116 lines of these two populations and five controls were assessed, in a triple lattice experimental design 11x11, at three environments and FeC, ZnC, yield and W100 were evaluated. Analyses of variance and the estimation of genetic parameters were performed. It was also performed the genotyping of the parental lines and lines of these populations with 20 SSR previously identified as linked to FeC and ZnC QTLs and, later, it was performed the single marker mapping analysis. Differences were identified between the lines at all environments for all traits. The estimates of heritability and expected gain from selection indicated the possibility of obtaining genetic gains for each trait individually. On simultaneous selection of lines for the four traits, based on combined analysis, the expected gains from selection of the best 24 lines were 4.7% for FeC, 2.8% for ZnC, 3.9% for yield and 0.9% for W100. Only the marker BM 154 was polymorphic and only on population BRS Requinte x Porto Real. The single marker mapping analysis showed association only between BM 154 and FeC, at one environment, explaining 14.5% of the phenotypic variation. It is concluded that there is possibility on selecting lines that combine desired phenotypes for the four traits of interest and that, likely, the QTLs linked to the tested markers are already fixed and that there is the presence of QTLs x environments interaction.Item Potencial genético de linhagens elite de feijoeiro-comum para fixação biológica de nitrogênio(Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2017-04-07) Dias, Polianna Alves Silva; Pereira, Helton Santos; http://lattes.cnpq.br/0729719587905292; Ferreira, Enderson Petrônio de Brito; http://lattes.cnpq.br/6292879655540619; Melo, Patrícia Guimarães Santos; http://lattes.cnpq.br/1508679345970114; Melo, Patrícia Guimarães Santos; Pereira, Helton Santos; Melo, Leonardo Cunha; Resende, Marcela Pedroso Mendes; Reis Júnior, Fábio Bueno dosIn species rich in protein, like common bean, the nitrogen is considered as the most limiting nutrient in the development of the crop. One way to acquire the N by common bean is through biological nitrogen fixation (BNF). Despite its importance, there are no studies aiming the selection of common bean genotypes under rhizobia inoculation in multiple environments. Thus, the objectives of this studies were: to study the effect of interaction (GxF) of common bean elite lines with nitrogen fertilization and/or rhizobia inoculation; to select lines with high grain yield adaptability and stability and high agronomic performance when inoculated with rhizobia; to assess the variability of the elite lines for the nodulation traits; and to identify lines with superior nodulation traits under BNF cultivation. They were evaluated 19 carioca genotypes and 15 of the black group, in trials conducted separately by grain group. At first, experiments for the evaluation of agronomic traits were conducted at the states of Goiás, Paraná, Mato Grosso and at Distrito Federal, in three sowing seasons (rainy, winter and dry), in 2011 and 2012. Two trials were installed at each environment (location/sowing season/year), one with mineral nitrogen fertilization (80 kg N ha-1) and another with the inoculation of the seeds with Rhizobium tropici and R. freirei strains. The grain yield, sieve yield, 100 grains weight, plant architecture, lodging tolerance and the reaction to anthracnose and angular leaf spot were evaluated. Then, the lines were evaluated during rainy/2013 and winter/2014 seasons, at Santo Antônio de Goiás/GO, under rhizobia inoculation and nitrogen fertilization, in which they were assessed the nodule number, nodule dry and specific weight, nodules activity and shoot dry weight. The relative nodulation index was used on the selection of lines for the nodulation traits. Individual and combined analyses of variance were performed and they were estimated the Spearman correlations and the coincidence index on the selection of the best 30% lines with inoculation and with N fertilization. Grain yield adaptability and stability analyses were performed by the Nunes graphical method. Even though the interaction GxF was significant for some traits in both grain groups, it did not influence on the selection of the best genotypes. The lines of both groups are more productive when fertilized with mineral N, however, the carioca lines lodge less under BNF. The carioca line CNFC 15086 and the cultivars of black group BRS FP403 and BRS Esteio are indicated for cultivation under both N sources. The lines of both grain groups show higher performance for nodulation traits when inoculated. The genotypes BRS Sublime, CNFC 15010 and CNFC 15003 of the carioca group, and BRS Campeiro and CNFP 15177 of the black group are selected for the nodulation traits.Item Divergência genética e predição de valores genotípicos em soja(Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2014-05-07) Godoi, Cláudio Roberto Cardoso de; Duarte, João Batista; http://lattes.cnpq.br/4117228759548186; Duarte, João Batista; Silva Filho, João Luis da; Toledo, José Francisco Ferraz de; Chaves, Lázaro José; Coelho, Alexandre Siqueira GuedesSoybean breeding programs practice selection of high genetic value genotypes with two main objectives: a) to use them as parents in the hybridization process (first stage of the program), and b) to indicate them as new cultivars (final stage of the program). In this context, a first study used microsatellite markers (SSR) to assess the genetic diversity of soybean germplasm adapted to the Brazilian conditions. The experimental material consisted of 192 accessions, which included both introductions and Brazilian germplasm. The genetic divergence was assessed by descriptive analysis and the Rogers-W genetic distance. A total of 222 alleles were identified in the 37 genotyped loci, with an average of six alleles and a range of 2 to 14 alleles per locus. The genotypes were clustered according to the origin of the germplasm, and resulted in two groups: one group formed by introductions and other by Brazilian genotypes. Eighty five percent of the genetic distances estimates were above 0.70, suggesting that the assessed germplasm has good potential for hybridization in soybean breeding programs. It was concluded that the SSR markers are useful to identify divergent genotypic groups, as well as genotypic combinations with high genetic variability. It also became clear that the use of introduced germplasm ensures the incorporation of alleles necessary to increase the genetic base of soybeans and, consequently, the variability needed for the selective process. In a second study, the mixed model approach was used to assess some strategies of estimation and prediction of genotypic values for grain yield in the soybean regional yield trials. A total of 111 genotypes classified into three maturity groups were sown in up to 23 experiments in Central Brazil. The experiments were carried out in randomized complete block designs, with three replications. The biometrical analyses followed the fixed model and mixed model approaches, in the latter case assuming the genotypic effects as random. In the mixed model approach, analyses were made with or without information from the relationship estimates obtained either by genealogy or SSR markers, arranged in a genotypic covariance matrix (G). Also, in a context of spatial analysis, different structures were used in the residual covariance matrix (R) for each mixed model adjusted. The following conclusions were obtained: i) the fixed model analysis is adequate to estimate genotypic values in soybean trials with balanced data and orthogonal design; ii) under such conditions and intermediate to low heritability, the inclusion of relationship information associated to G matrix, although does not ensure the best fit models, improves the precision in predicting genotypic values; iii) the use of spatial structures associated to R matrix, in presence of the residual autocorrelation, improves the goodness of model fit to the data; and, iv) the choice of model for the analysis does not change the ranking of the genotypes in high heritability situations and, therefore, does not impact significantly on the selection of superior genotypes.Item Variabilidade genética e conservação de Stryphnodendron adstringens (leguminosae)(Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2020-03-23) Gonçalves, Ariany Rosa; Telles, Mariana Pires de Campos; http://lattes.cnpq.br/4648436798023532; Telles, Mariana Pires de Campos; Chaves, Lázaro José; Soares, Thannya Nascimento; Pinto, Rafael Barbosa; Franceschinelli, Edivani VillaronBarbatimão (Stryphnodendron adstringens) is a Cerrado’s native tree that has multiple uses, especially medicinal. In view of its ethnobotanical and socioeconomic importance, it is pertinent that this genetic resource be characterized, in order to outline more effective strategies for its use and conservation. In this context, this work had the general objective of evaluating the magnitude and distribution of genetic variability among subpopulations of S. adstringens, aiming at the conservation of the species. The presence of genetic clusters and levels of genetic differentiation and gene flow were evaluated in order to test the hypothesis of isolation by distance (IBD). In addition, the influence of climatic components on the distribution of the genetic variability of barbatimão in future scenarios was tested. For this, nine microsatellite loci were genotyped with 605 individuals from 19 local populations in the Cerrado. Based on the results, it was found that barbatimão has a moderate genetic diversity ( e = 0.594) and a high genetic structure among the subpopulations ( ST = 0.165; p < 0.01), with low levels of inbreeding in most of the subpopulations ( IS = 0.029, p > 0.05). Clonality was detected in ten subpopulations, most frequently in the TERGO subpopulation, characterizing the mixed reproductive system of the species. It was found that geographic distance has a significant influence on the genetic differentiation of subpopulations, as in a model of isolation by distance (rm = 0.569, p < 0.01). Temperature, precipitation and altitude are components that influence the distribution of genetic variability, and consequent structuring, in S. adstringens (R²aju = 0.081, p <0.001). In addition, the simulations warned of changes in the composition of genetic groups in the face of climate change in the future. A genetic discontinuity was identified in the Araguaia River region, possibly isolating CHGMT from other subpopulations, which was corroborated by Bayesian analyses. Low gene flow rates were detected, with a reduction in the connection between subpopulations in the recent context, which were not able to neutralize the effects of genetic drift. There was evidence of a recent bottleneck in four subpopulations, which showed lower levels of genetic diversity. Based on the degree of irreplaceable, six priority subpopulations were indicated for the conservation in situ of barbatimão, or for the collection of seeds as a way to complement the ex situ conservation of S. adstringens genetic resources and guarantee the long-term genetic variability of the species.Item Método para fenotipagem de raiz e mapeamento associativo para tolerância à deficiência hídrica em arroz(Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2017-03-27) Guimarães, Paulo Henrique Ramos; Castro, Adriano Pereira de; http://lattes.cnpq.br/5171386609626615; Melo, Patrícia Guimarães Santos; http://lattes.cnpq.br/1508679345970114; Raissac, Marcel de; Borba, Tereza Cristina de Oliveira; Colombari Filho, José Manoel; Brito, Giovani Greigh de; Melo, Patrícia Guimarães SantosClimate change and its influence on agriculture have been a recurring theme at world leaders' meetings. Expected climate change to be accompanied by increases in temperature, periods of water restriction and changes in the biological cycle of pests and diseases. Perhaps there will be changes in agricultural geography, regions suitable for growing of the crops may become unfit. The rice (Oryza sativa L.) which is considered to be an important food source, but is sensitive to water restriction conditions, may be drastically affected by such changes. In this way, the aims of this study were: (i) evaluated the root system of the accessions of the upland rice; (ii) identify SNPs markers and associate then with the morphologic traits to early vigour in rice under water restriction. We evaluated a panel of rice diversity. In the first trial we evaluated 217 accessions on a phenotyping platform (Integrated System for Induced Drought Treatment - SITIS). This trial was conducted in 2014, under well water conditions, we evaluated the tiller number and different characteristics of root system (root length, root volume and Indices derived from the root length system) in two layers (0-20 cm and 20-40 cm). These traits were evaluated through non-invasive root scanner images. We observed that there was variability to root length and root volume besides there was accessions with well root system distribution in the two layers evaluated. Using the variables:𝐿𝑇1𝑃1 , α𝐿1, Δ𝐿𝑃1, Δ𝐿𝑃2, 𝐿𝑇1𝑃2 _𝑅𝐺 and NBT was possible to discriminate the accessions as well recover and describe the root system architecture. The second trial was conducted with a subset with 140 accessions (selected in previous years). This trial was conducted in the 2015 and 2016 in field conditions under two water conditions (well water and water restriction). The traits evaluated were: leaf number (NBL), tiller number (NBT), plant height (PH), length of blade (LLL), blade width (LLW) and shoot dry weight (SDW). These evaluations were done 30 and 45 days after sowing (DAS). At 30 DAS the plants were submitted to water restriction for 15 days. There was significant differences for the all traits evaluated. There was significant reduction in shoot dry weight (43%), plant height and blade width (18%). The traits evaluated were related to each other, the most of correlations there were low, however positive and significant. We identified 64 significant markers (p-value<0.05), however these markers were associated only the PH at 30 DAS and 45 DAS. The markers detected showed small effect explaining between 15 and 30% of the total phenotypic variation. Thus is connotative that the early vigour in rice is controlled by many genes of small effect. The locus identified as associated may improve understanding of the mechanisms underlying water deficit tolerance in rice. These can be used for marker assisted breeding.Item Variabilidade genética de Dipteryx alata Vogel (Leguminosae): novos marcadores microssatélites, fluxo de pólen in situ e ex situ e genética da paisagem em escala local(Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2018-02-23) Guimarães, Rejane Araújo; Telles, Mariana Pires de Campos; http://lattes.cnpq.br/4648436798023532; Soares, Thannya Nascimento; http://lattes.cnpq.br/5590256762396056; Soares, Thannya Nascimento; Mansano, Vidal de Freitas; Borba, Tereza Cristina de Oliveira; Chaves, Lázaro José; Diniz Filho, José Alexandre FelizolaDipteryx alata is a Neotropical tree widely distributed throughout the Brazilian Cerrado. Popularly known as baru, it is one of the most promising Cerrado species for domestication and cultivation due to its wide potential use. The general goal of this work was to assess reproductive system and pollen-mediated gene flow patterns of in situ and ex situ conditions and to evaluate how landscape may influence intrapopulation genetic structure. New microsatellite markers were developed using high performance sequencing technologies, then the ten most polymorphic were selected and used in this work. The evaluation of the reproductive system and pollen dispersal was carried out in a germplasm collection (ex situ) located at the Universidade Federal de Goiás and in one natural population (in situ) in Orizona-GO, central Brazil. The natural population was also used to evaluate landscape influence on intrapopulation genetic structure in adult and juvenile trees. In situ and ex situ conditions showed a high cross fertilization rate (tm = 0.815 and tm = 0.934), respectively, confirming that the D. alata presents a mixed-mating system, predominantly allogamous. The number of seeds sharing the same pollen donors was high, indicating a low number of pollen donors per tree under both conditions. This may be related to the proximity between groups of trees, considering that there is less cross-pollination between groups of more distant trees. Another factor that may have influenced cross-pollination over long distances is the heterogeneous landscape due to habitat fragmentation. The results indicate the presence of a positive and significant spatial genetic structure (SGS) in both stages of life (adults and juveniles) with the highest Sp value in juveniles. Bayesian cluster analysis showed the formation of two groups in both adults and juveniles. Juvenile individuals presented greater interference from landscape compositions. Thus, the inclusion of the landscape features brought an explanation gain to the pattern of intrapopulation genetic structure in the D. alata species. These results are important to support more efficient conservation strategies for this species.Item Estratificação de ambientes visando otimização da rede de ensaios de híbridos de milho para primeira e segunda safras(Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2019-07-11) Lepre, André Luiz; Morais Júnior, Odilon Peixoto de; http://lattes.cnpq.br/5190558264625516; Melo, Patrícia Guimarães Santos; http://lattes.cnpq.br/1508679345970114; Duarte, João Batista; Silva Filho, João Luís da; Coelho, Alexandre Siqueira Guedes; Santos, Rodrigo Sampaio dos; Melo, Patrícia Guimarães SantosThe environmental stratification process consists of subdividing heterogeneous regions into more uniform sub-regions with similar ecological characteristics, so that the genotype by environment interactions (GE) it is predominantly of single nature. Environmental stratification procedures can be used to verify whether information generated at the testing locations used for breeding is complementary or redundant. This study was carried out with the objective of stratifying environments used to select corn hybrids in the final stage of breeding in the Central region of Brazil, to optimize the multi environment yield trials, in the first and second growing seasons. Yield data were obtained of 99 and 125 corn hybrids, tested across four years, in 55 and 49 locations, in the first (normal season) and in the second (“safrinha”) seasons, respectively. All yield trials were conducted in a randomized complete block design with two replicates. The yield data were submitted to individual and joint analyzes of the experiments, within each year. The components of variance were estimated and were tested through the Likelihood Test Ratio. The effect of GE interaction it was significant in all evaluated years, except for “safrinha” 2013. For the stratification process, two univariate approaches were used; intraclass correlation and prediction model based on reaction norm; and two multivariate approaches, GGE biplot and Factor Analysis. The most efficient method for eliminating redundant locations it was one chosen for the final stratification. Genetic correlation between pairs of location it was estimated by the univariate approaches. These correlations were used in cluster analysis, applying a SAHN algorithm (Sequential, Agglomerative, Hierarquic, Nonoverlapping clustering), associated with complete linkage method, which established the environmental stratification for the both planting seasons. In the multivariate approaches the environmental stratification were established according to the “who-won-where” approach and the factor loading established within each factor, for GGE Biplot and Factor Analysis, respectively. The verification of the established environmental stratification allowed to identify pairs of locations that were grouped in the same environmental strata, indifferent years of tests, which means redundancy. To optimize the target population of environments, the GGE Biplot method it was chosen which eliminated 12,5% of yield test locations in the both seasons.Item Filogeografia de Pterodon emarginatus e Pterodon pubescens (Leguminosae)(Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2019-12-06) Lima, Stefany Lorrayny; Soares, Thannya Nascimento; http://lattes.cnpq.br/5590256762396056; Soares, Thannya Nascimento; Telles, Mariana Pires De Campos; Rocha, Dulce Maria Sucena da; Mansano, Vidal de Freitas; Jardim, Tatianne Piza Ferrari AbreuThe species Pterodon emarginatus and P. pubescens, known as sucupira, occur in the Cerrado and have potential for medicinal and wood use. The comparative phylogeography of these species can help in understanding the historical pattern of distribution of genetic diversity, generating information for use and conservation. The objective of this work was to identify the phylogeographic structure of P. emarginatus and P. pubescens, and the comparative phylogeography of these species. The sample consisted of eleven populations for P. emarginatus and nineteen for P. pubescens, distributed in the states of Goiás, Tocantins, Bahia, Mato Grosso and Minas Gerais. The chloroplast regions sequenced were trnLE-trnLF and psbA-trnH, and the nuclear ribosomal was ITS101-102. In P. emarginatus, haplotypic and nucleotide diversity are high in chloroplast, as there is a high polymorphism in this region, with a high number of indels. The population structure is relatively low (FST = 0.10). In this species the populations Alvorada do Norte-GO, Cariri-TO, Luiz Eduardo Magalhães-BA and Monte Alegre de Goiás-GO stand out for genetic diversity and are located in an area of climate stability, influencing the evolutionary dynamics of the Cerrado. The dispersal has long distance potential (500 km). The demographic pattern has shown population growth for less than 150 a thousand years. In P. pubescens the haplotypic and nucleotide diversity are high in chloroplast and nucleus, with a high number of haplotypes. The population genetic structure is considerable (FST = 0.24), with a phylogeographic pattern marked by the divergence of populations of the Araguaia basin region, an area of influence on the Cerrado evolutionary dynamics, mainly Araguapaz-GO and Araguaiana-MT. Demographic history has shown population growth from 1.67 million years ago. Finally, P. emarginatus showed a higher diversity pattern in chloroplast, while in P. pubescens there was a high complexity of the phylogeographic pattern, and the population of Araguaiana-MT showed a high genetic distance. Despite the species separation, there is a highlight for populations that exhibit high haplotype sharing, mainly Araguaiana-MT and Araguapaz-GO. The species tree showed no distinction between species, corroborating the hypothesis of recent diversification. Comparative analysis of species suggests ancestral introgression or polymorphism, considering the high sharing of haplotypes. These species are possibly in the process of recent separation, and P. emarginatus is the species in the process of speciation.Item Montagem e caracterização do transcritoma de cana-de-açúcar (saccharum spp.) utilizando dados de sequenciamento de nova geração(Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2015-01-22) Melo, Arthur Tavares de Oliveira; Coelho, Alexandre Siqueira Guedes; http://lattes.cnpq.br/0840926305216925; Coelho, Alexandre Siqueira Guedes; Pappas Júnior, Georgios Joannis; Borba, Tereza Cristina de Oliveira; Brondani , Cláudio; Novaes, EvandroThe sugarcane is one of the most important crop species to provide sugar and renewable energy in the world. Due to the high amount of repetitive elements and the various polyploidization events suffer during its evolution, the Saccharum spp. genome has not yet been assembled and annotated, unlike other agronomic important species. So, the knowledge about sugarcane transcriptome become even more useful for supporting genomic analyzes studies. A draft assembly of sugarcane transcriptome was obtained from Illumina sequencing paired-ends libraries of five different plant organs, sampled from thirty elite clones. Analyzes of quality control and normalization was done in the RNA-seq data. Trinity package was used for de novo assembly. The scaffolds obtained and identified as complete ORFs were annotated according to Gene Ontology terms. The draft assembly was characterized by the identification of microsatellites and SNPs molecular markers and for assessing the contribution of different plant organs for transcriptome final assembly. The draft sugarcane transcriptome comprised 178 Mb, over 131,831 scaffolds, representing 61,225 genes. The transcripts average size was 1,350 bp and N50 value was 1,667 bp. A total of 1,250 transcripts identified as complete ORFs showed no similarity to sequences of the nr NCBI database, are considered new Transcript Active Regions (nTARs). The annotation performed using the KEGG database identified 234 transcripts coding for enzymes members of sucrose and starch metabolism, an important metabolic pathway for understanding the relationship between photosynthetic rate and sucrose accumulation in the stalk. The five plant organs used contributed equally for the draft sugarcane transcriptome. A total of 12,931 genomic regions were identified containing perfect microsatellites, with a predominance of di and tri nucleotide. On average, one SNP every 18 bp was identified, with more than four million SNPs identified with satisfactory values of haplotype and quality scores. The nucleotide diversity of thirty elite clones used in this study was high. The identification of these molecular markers, particularly SNPs markers, provides the possibility of using these polymorphisms in genomic and genetic studies of sugarcane, including the possibility of application of genome wide selection like breeding strategy. The sugarcane transcriptome draft assembly proposed in this study has data and analysis quality sufficient to be used in attempt to encompass a reference transcriptome for the species of Saccharum spp.Item Melhoramento genético do feijão-comum assistido por marcadores moleculares: identificação, caracterização, mapeamento e piramidação de alelos de resistência a doenças(Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2022-10-11) Messias, Lucas Matias Gomes; Resende, Marcela Pedroso Mendes; http://lattes.cnpq.br/2080097211870591; Souza, Thiago Lívio Pessoa Oliveira de; http://lattes.cnpq.br/9650183308779143; Souza, Thiago Lívio Pessoa Oliveira de; Oliveira, Bruna Mendes de; Melo, Leonardo Cunha; Pereira, Helton Santos; Vianello, Rosana PereiraThe common bean's yield and commercial grain quality are constantly challenged by more than 45 diseases and post-harvest biochemical changes like grain darkening. The productivity, nutritional quality, and minor post-harvest changes (slow darkening) are of great importance for the acceptance of the product in the market. The aims of this study were: 1) mapping the genomic region associated with anthracnose resistance from a population (BRSMG Realce x BRS FC104) with 161 F2 plants that were phenotyped for reaction to race 475 of the fungi Colletotrichum lindemuthianum and genotyped with SNPs markers using the DArTseq technology; 2) Validation of SNPs markers previously identified as linked to anthracnose and angular leaf spot resistance alleles using a set with 376 genotypes, including elite lines, cultivars, and common bean landraces; 3) Establish an allele pyramiding program by marker-assisted selection for anthracnose, angular leaf spot, and fusarium wilt in common bean of carioca type with slow darkening of grains. The results shown that anthracnose resistance in BRSMG Realce is controlled by a single locus (R2=54,6%) with complete dominance, provisionally designated as CoPv04R, and mapped in a genomic region with 704,867 bp comprising 44 putative genes related to the pathogen-host interaction. The SNPs markers snp12782 (1,182,123 bp), snp3308 (505,696 bp) and snp1327 (477,285 bp) were indicated to monitor the CoPv04R allele introgression with a selection efficiency of 99,0%. Based on these results and the usefulness of CoPv04R for breeding purposes, it is proposed that the locus be officially nominated in accordance with the rules established by the Bean Improvement Cooperative Genetics Committee. Regarding the validation of markers previously identified as associated with bean diseases, of the nine evaluated SNPs, seven showed the potential to be incorporated into the assisted selection routine along with Embrapa's common bean breeding programs (snpPV0025-Phg-2; snpPV0027-Phg-5; snpPV0046-Co-u; snpPV0068-Co-42; snpPV0070-Co-42; snpP8282v3-817-Co-42; snpPV0079-Phg-5). The SNP markers snpPV0025 and snpPV0079 are indicated to monitor the Phg-2 and Phg-5 allele introgression, respectively. The genotyped system based on TaqMan™ assay in qPCR for the SNP markers snpPV0070, snpP8282v3-817, and snpPV0025 were specific for target-alleles Co-42, Co-42, and Phg-2, respectively. The markers snpPV0070, and snpP8282v3-817 show a selection efficiency of 99,0%. The target-allele pyramiding assisted by SNP markers snpP8282v3-817, and ANAAJK6 allowed the early selection of nine progenies combining the alleles Co-42 and FOP2.3403H in homozygosis, respectively. The selection with the marker PvbHLHp12804 (sdsd) was 100% coincident with the grains' slow-darkening phenotype after 140 storage days. Our results showed that the identification and validation of molecular markers identified as associated with target alleles for traits of agronomic importance in the common bean is essential to guide the choice of superior genotypes and improve selection efficiency, attributing speed to the genetic improvement program.Item Seleção recorrente genômica como estratégia para aceleração de ganhos genéticos em arroz(Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2016-12-15) Morais Júnior, Odilon Peixoto de; Breseghello, Flávio; http://lattes.cnpq.br/4531282348131391; Coelho, Alexandre Siqueira Guede; http://lattes.cnpq.br/0840926305216925; Duarte, João Batista; http://lattes.cnpq.br/4117228759548186; Duarte, João Batista; Breseghello, Flávio; Coelho, Alexandre Siqueira Guedes; Silva Filho, João Luis da; Resende, Marcela Pedroso MendesGenetic gains for quantitative traits associated with the maintenance of genetic variability are important factors in recurrent selection programs. With advances in the area of statistical genomics, selection strategies potentially faster to achieve genetic gains are being developed, such as genomic selection. Using a subtropical population of irrigated rice (CNA12S), conducted during three cycles of recurrent selection, this study had as general objective to evaluate the potential of use of genomic recurrent selection (GRS) in a rice breeding program. Three specific studies were developed. In the first chapter, the efficiency of the genotypic recurrent selection (RS) used in the Embrapa’s rice breeding program was evaluated, in order to obtain genetic gains and maintain the population genetic variability. Ten yield trials of S1:3 progenies were used in the analyses. The evaluated traits were grain yield, plant height and days-to-flowering. Variance and covariance components were obtained using Bayesian approach. Using single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) markers, the population diversity and genetic structure also were estimated. Adjusted means of progenies in each cycle were computed and, genetic progress was estimated by generalized linear regression using frequentist approach. The magnitudes of effective population size and genetic variance indicated maintenance of genetic variability over selection cycles. The genetic progress achieved for grain yield was 760 kg ha-1 per cycle (1.95% per year), and for days-to-flowering, it was -6.3 days per cycle (-1.28% per year). It was concluded that the genetic progress already achieved and the genetic variability available in the population demonstrate the efficiency of RS in the improvement of rice populations. In the second chapter, in the context of genomic selection, the relative efficiency of GRS on RS was assessed, as well as the accuracy of different models of genomic prediction, in order to propose a GRS scheme for population breeding of self-pollinating species such as rice. In this study, the genetic material was the S1:3 progenies yield trial of the third selection cycle. From a group of 196 progenies that were phenotyped for eight traits with different heritabilities and genetic architectures, a group of 174 progenies was genotyped for SNP markers. Ten predictive models were fitted to the data set. The proposed GRS scheme, when compared to the RS method, showed higher efficiency, especially in genetic gain per unit of time. From the predictive models assessed, HBLUP (hybrid best linear unbiased prediction, using hybrid relationship matrix based in pedigree and SNP markers) and RForest (random forest) have greater potential for genomic prediction in irrigated rice, given the high accuracy of their predictions for a number of traits. The HBLUP model was notoriously superior for more complex traits, such as grain yield, while RForest stood out for less complex traits. The high extent of linkage disequilibrium in the population suggests that the marker density employed (approximately one SNP per 60 kb) is enough for the practice of genomic selection in populations with similar genetic structure. In the third chapter, the objective was to extend a class of HBLUP models based on reaction norm, in context of multi-environmental trials with genotype x environment interaction, for accommodation of hybrid genetic relationship and information of the assessed environments. The accuracy of alternative models for multi-environmental predictions was evaluated, as well as the relative importance of structures of additive and multiplicative components, using genetic relationship information and environmental covariates. This strategy allowed to evaluate the influence of different approaches to group the genetic-environmental information on the accuracy of models for prediction of breeding value of progenies for agronomic traits. The data consisted of the same ten trial of S1:3 progenies, carried out during three recurrent selection cycles. Six predictive HBLUP models of reaction norm were considered, using genetic and environmental covariates, as well as interactions between these effects. Genomic information was derived from SNP markers obtained for the 174 progenies of the third selection cycle. The 401 environmental covariates, the genetic information (hybrid genetic relationship) and the interactions among these effects explained an important portion of the phenotypic variance, allowing an increase in the predictive accuracy of models. The use of genetic information and environmental covariates only from the respective selection cycle is enough for accurate predictions of unphenotyped progenies, even in non-sampled environments. This is the first study to take into account simultaneously hybrid genetic relationship, stemming from pedigree information plus SNP markers, and environmental covariates in multi-environmental models based on reaction norm for breeding value prediction in target environments of a recurrent selection program.