Proposição de soluções de esgotamento sanitário em comunidades rurais do Estado de Goiás
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Data
2022-06-27
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Universidade Federal de Goiás
Resumo
Surveys show how sewage coverage in rural communities is mostly characterized by its
precariousness or lack of solutions throughout Brazil, with rudimentary septic tanks being used
in the State of Goiás by 60 to 80% of the rural population (BRASIL, 2019). This framework
contributes to the emergence of environmental risks and to the health of populations. To
improve this situation, according to article 3-B of Federal Law 14026 of July 15, 2020, which
updates the legal framework for sanitation, individual and collective sewage services involve
the treatment unit and the alternative management sludge, which must be disposed of in an
environmentally appropriate manner, including septic tanks. These units are the most suitable
alternatives currently used in rural areas, and are characterized by producing sludge, which
when poorly managed harms the treatment and environment, making the study of its
management relevant. Furthermore, solutions for sewage treatment can be applied according to
the effluent generated in the rural household, and analysis of the possibility of integrating
treatment with animal manure management and practiced agriculture. Thus, the objective of
this work is to propose solutions for the treatment of sanitary sewage and sludge management
in rural communities in the State of Goiás. To this end, a survey was carried out on the service
in 113 communities in the State of Goiás, including riverside communities, quilombolas and
settlements, diagnosed in the Environmental Sanitation and Health Project (SanRural). the need
for animal manure for the technologies to work, or plantations for the application of the treated
effluent, in order to allow its reuse in agriculture/plantations and the management of animal
manure together with the treatment. Technological groups were elaborated for proposition,
being: A and D (with restrictions only on the type of effluent), B (with planting and manure
needs) and C (planting needs). For the sludge management solutions, individual management
modalities (exclusively and shared) and collective management without analytical control and
with (analysis of the quality of the effluent and receiving body) were considered, and how these
would impact the operational and maintenance costs of tanks septic, varying the amount of
population served from 20 to 2000 inhabitants. From the results, it was observed that the service
in the communities was characterized by a high deficit in all typologies. The proposition of
solutions indicated the greater applicability of the technologies of group A and D in all
typologies. Those in group B were more applicable in settlements, where there is a greater
presence of plantations and animal manure. In general, all propositions pointed to solutions that
allow the adequate treatment of effluents, feces and urine, which can contribute to the
promotion of environmental health. As for sludge management, based on the per capita costs
of the solutions, it was identified that: shared individual management is more applicable in
communities, and collective management can be favored in the absence of analytical control.
Therefore, it is concluded that it is possible to apply several solutions for the treatment of
sewage, which can contribute to agricultural production, environmental quality and
management of animal manure. In general, shared individual management had the lowest cost,
however, the participation of different sectors of society and public authorities is important.
Descrição
Palavras-chave
Esgoto , Comunidades rurais , Soluções , Tecnologias , Lodo , Sewer , Rural communities , Solutions , Technologies , Sludge
Citação
VALE, G. B. Proposição de soluções de esgotamento sanitário em comunidades rurais do Estado de Goiás. 2022. 101 f. Dissertação (Mestrado em Engenharia Ambiental e Sanitária) - Escola de Engenharia Civil e Ambiental, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, 2022.