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Are trained men really stronger? A comparison of relative strength in upper and lower limbs
(2025) Rigo, Maria Eduarda Cechella; Laporta, Lorenzo Iop; Andrade, Thiago Alexandro Nascimento de; Paim, Luciano Puhl; Evangelho, Paulo Ricardo de David; Costa, Gustavo de Conti Teixeira; Castro, Henrique de Oliveira; Cabido, Christian Emmanuel Torres; Pedrosa, Gustavo Ferreira
This study compared the relative strength of the upper and lower limbs in trained and untrained men. Twenty-four healthy adult men participated, divided by training experience into Trained (TR) and Untrained (UNTR) groups. Participants performed one-repetition maximum tests in the bench press and 45º leg press in two sessions separated by 24 hours. The weight lifted was normalized by body mass as an indicator of relative strength. According to the results, TR showed higher relative strength in the bench press than UNTR, while no difference was observed in the leg press. The relative strength ratio (leg press/bench press) was higher in the UNTR. In conclusion, although TR men showed greater relative strength in the bench press than UNTR men, there was equivalence in relative strength for the leg press. This suggests that TR individuals focus more on training their upper limbs than their lower limbs over time.
Subjective monitoring in under-20 soccer athletes: affective, load, monotony, and sleep variations throughout a competitive cycle
(2025) F. Junior, Alessandro O.; Caldeira, Ismael Viana; Sá Filho, Alberto Souza de; Silva, Dailson Paulucio da; Souza, Igor Braulio de; Souza, Lorhenna P.; Inacio, Pedro Augusto Querido; Costa, Gustavo de Conti Teixeira; Fernandes, Vicente Aprigliano; Chiappa, Gaspar Rogério da Silva
Introduction The physical and mental demands of competitive soccer, combined with a high density of matches and training sessions, impose substantial psychophysiological stress on athletes. In this context, subjective variables, such as affective responses, perceived exertion, and sleep, emerge as important indicators, offering additional insights into players’ readiness and recovery. However, few studies have examined these variables in an integrated manner over extended periods of preparation and competition. Objective This study aimed to investigate the effects of soccer training sessions and matches on affective responses (valence and arousal), perceived exertion, and sleep duration in under-20 soccer athletes. Additionally, the objective of this study was to assess correlations between affective responses and traditional internal load variables (RPE), monotony, strain, and self-reported sleep duration. Methods This observational study was conducted with 21 under-20 athletes from a Brazilian elite soccer team over 11 weeks encompassing training sessions, friendly matches, and official competition. Affective responses were assessed before and 30 minutes after each session using the Feeling Scale (FS) and the Felt Arousal Scale (FAS). Perceived exertion (RPE), sleep duration, monotony, and strain were recorded daily. Two-way ANOVA was applied for FS and FAS, while one-way ANOVA was used for weekly training load, sleep, monotony, and strain. Mann-Whitney tests (match vs. training) were also performed. Pearson’s correlation coefficients were calculated between variables. The significance level was set at p < 0.05. Results There were significant main effects of week and moment (pre/post) for both FS and FAS, with a notable decrease in affective responses after sessions (p < 0.0001). Sleep duration progressively increased from the seventh week onward (p < 0.05), whereas training load, monotony, and strain fluctuated across the weeks, with significant declines toward the end of the cycle. Significant differences between matches and training sessions were found for training load (p = 0.0333) and sleep duration (p < 0.0001), but not for affective scales. On an individual level, 71% of athletes showed a reduction in affective responses post-session. Correlations between affective and the other variables were trivial to small (ranging from r = 0.11 to r = 0.24), with slightly more consistent associations for sleep and RPE. Conclusion There was a significant reduction in FS over the weeks. Fluctuations in FS were observed across weeks in line with accumulated load and competition demands. Seventy-one percent of athletes showed a decrease in FS post-activity. The monotony and strain showed a declining trend over the competitive cycle, particularly in the latter weeks, indicating a reduction in training variability and cumulative load. These reductions coincided with an increase in self-reported sleep duration, suggesting a favorable shift in the balance between training stress and recovery. Finally, FS displayed weak correlations with perceived exertion, monotony, strain, and sleep duration.
The scientific landscape regarding young padel players: a systematic review
(2025) Ruschel, Thiago Viana; Arbo, Débora de Mello; Klein, Camilla Nunes; Costa, Gustavo de Conti Teixeira; Laporta, Lorenzo Iop; Leonardi, Thiago José
Introduction: this systematic review examines the literature on padel, focusing on young ath-letes. Despite the increasing number of practitioners, especially young ones, the quantity of sci-entific studies on the subject remains limited. Objective: to identify the number and which aspects of the sport the studies in literature ad-dress regarding young padel players. Methodology: A systematic search was conducted in the Scopus, PubMed, and Web of Science databases. The Inclusion criteria were original research articles published in scientific journals involving young padel athletes. Results: out of the 39 studies identified eight were analyzed in detail. Of these eight articles, two report on the technical-tactical actions of players, one evaluates game materials, one investi-gates the timing and duration of points and matches, three report on the physical demands of padel play, and one studies mental aspects during the game. Discussion: from the analyses, it is possible to highlight the need to adapt programs and training to the specific needs in the long-term development of athletes and the promotion of padel. Conclusions: the diversity of approaches underscores the complexity of padel extending be-yond physical aspects, incorporating psychological and technical-tactical elements for compre-hensive athlete developmen.
Complexos de jogo no voleibol feminino: como o sequenciamento se constitui a partir do nível do adversário?
(2025) Vieira, Pedro Henrique Cavalcante; Laporta, Lorenzo Iop; Leonardi, Thiago José; Freire, Auro Barreiros; Santana, Augusto Faria de Paula; Oliveira, Icaro Gustavo Sousa de; Clemente, Filipe Manuel; Gonçalves, Carolinne Silva; Sá Filho, Alberto Souza de; Arantes, Débora Darck Lopes Costa; Costa, Gustavo de Conti Teixeira
Introduction and Objective. Game analysis in sports is employed to identify key performance parameters of teams, enabling the structuring and adaptation of training sessions. The present study aimed to analyze the sequencing of game complexes in women's volleyball, considering the levels of the confrontations of the teams participating in the 2021/2022 Superliga.Methodology. The sample consisted of observations from 135 out of the 148 matches played (91%). The variables considered were the game complex (K) and the effect of the complex (3-point, 2-continuity, 1-attack block,and 0-error), with analyses conducted based on the level of the match. To achieve the propo-sed objective, descriptive and inferential analyses (chi-square and residual adjustments) were performed, along with social network analysis using eigenvector centrality.Results. The results showed that, regardless of match level, the K0-2 to KI-3 sequence was the most fre-quent. The analysis of game complexes revealed K0-2 –KI-3 as the most common sequence. Social network analysis highlighted that High vs. Intermediate level matches presented the highest centrality. A significant association was found (χ² = 57.964, p < 0.001) between match level and the type of complex, with Complex V being positively associated with high and intermediate-level matches. No significant association was ob-served between match level and the effect of the complex.Discussion. These findings emphasize the importance of understanding game complex sequencing as a key indicator of tactical dynamics and team consistency. The predominance of the K0-2 –KI-3 sequence across all levels suggests that offensive success is strongly linked to the quality of reception and the efficiency of transition to attack. The use of social network analysis provided additional insights into interaction pat-terns among teams of different competitive levels, highlighting the dynamic nature of performance in women's volleyball.Conclusions.Based on these findings, it is recommended that training incorporate structured drills empha-sizing the K0-2 to KI-3 transition, simulating opponents of different levels to enhance tactical adaptability. This strategy aims to strengthen the reception-attack transition and prepare teams for diverse competitive environments, improving tactical efficiency and resilience in high-level women's volleyball.
Ângulos não treinados também são contemplados? Uma análise da transferência de força dinâmica e isométrica após o treinamento com diferentes amplitudes de movimento
(2025) Evangelho, Paulo Ricardo de David; Simões, Marina Gurgel; Rodrigues, Deivid Ribeiro; Lacerda, Lucas Túlio de; Costa, Gustavo de Conti Teixeira; Castro, Henrique de Oliveira; Pedrosa, Gustavo Ferreira
Introduction: It still is questionable to what extent the acquired range of motion (ROM) can be transferred to an untrained angle. Objective: Investigate whether the ROM manipulation in the knee extensor exercise influences the transfer force to untrained angle, considering dynamic and isometric measures. Methods: 20 untrained young women were randomized in two groups: Initial partial ROM (IPA: 100° - 65° knee flexion, n = 10) and final partial ROM (FPA: 65° - 30°, n = 10). The program consisted in 12 training weeks, realized three times per week with intensity and volume equivalent. Before and after the intervention, all the participants were submitted the one repetition maximum (1RM) tests in the two ROM and the maximum voluntary isometric contraction (MVIC) test in the 30° and 100°. The force transfer was quantified for the force transfer coefficient (TC) calculation. Results: In 1RM test, the IPA group presented greater CT (0,61) than FPA group (0,36). In MVIC test, FPA group obtained greater CT (0,56) than IPA (0,008). Conclusion: The ROM manipulation influences directly force transfer. FPA training increased greater TC maximum to other ROMs in dynamic tests, while the FPA training increased greater TC in untrained angles during isometric contractions suggesting specific adaptations according to the type of stimulus.
Life skills and volleyball teaching: comparison between TGfU and direct instruction model
(2025) Arantes, Débora Darck Lopes Costa; Gonçalves, Carolinne Silva; Rodrigues, Marcelo Couto Jorge; Corrêa, José Carlos Pontes; Milistetd, Michel; Costa, Gustavo De Conti Teixeira
The learning environment created by the physical education teacher, through the teaching model employed, can significantly influence students’ engagement during lessons. Therefore, this study aimed to compare tactical-technical learning and students’ self-perceptions of life skills between TGfU and direct instruction. The sample consisted of 67 students, aged between 13 and 15 years, enrolled in the ninth grade of a municipal public school, and the research design involved an intervention consisting of 18 sessions, each lasting 60 min. The results revealed no significant differences between the teaching models regarding tactical-technical variables (p > 0.05). However, concerning life skills, the TGfU/HVs group demonstrated higher mean teamwork scores than the Traditional group (p = 0.008). On the other hand, the Traditional and Control groups achieved higher mean scores for goal setting skills than the TGfU/HVs group (p = 0.001 for both cases). These findings highlight that the organization of sports practice, despite variations in teaching models, fosters students’ self-perceptions of life skills, underscoring the necessity of further research to deepen the understanding of game-based pedagogies in school physical education. It is also imperative to reflect on implementing additional pedagogical practices in schools that align with institutional objectives and actively promote student learning.
The effect of small-sided games and HIIT formats and competitive level on enjoyment and exercise intensity in young adult male soccer players
(2025) Weiqiang, Xu; Trybulski, Robert; Silva, Rui Miguel Fernandes Pereira da; Yichen, Zhao; Castro, Henrique de Oliveira; Costa, Gustavo De Conti Teixeira; Clemente, Filipe Manuel
This study aims to analyze the differences in Physical Activity Enjoyment Scale (PACES) scores and exercise intensity across small-sided games (SSGs) and high-intensity interval training (HIIT) formats among soccer players from Tier 2 and Tier 3 competitive levels. Utilizing a cross-sectional design, 77 male players (20.64 ± 1.56 years) participated in four training sessions under controlled conditions. Enjoyment was assessed with PACES, while exercise intensity was monitored through heart rate and rating of perceived exertion (RPE). The training formats included 1 v 1 and 5 v 5 SSGs and long and short HIIT formats. Players were categorized as Amateur (Tier 2) or Competitor (Tier 3) based on training volume and performance level. The training formats included 1 v 1 and 5 v 5 SSGs and long and short HIIT formats. The present study revealed significant differences in PACES scores across the different training formats (p < 0.001), with the 5 v 5 format yielding the highest scores and long HIIT the lowest. A significant interaction between training format and competitive level was observed (p = 0.011). Tier 2 players reported higher PACES scores in the 5 v 5, 1 v 1, and Short HIIT formats compared to Tier 3 players. SSGs and HIIT formats significantly influence enjoyment, with smaller-sided formats (1 v 1) and short HIIT showing the highest enjoyment levels. Tier 2 players reported higher enjoyment and physical efforts than Tier 3 players, in 5 v 5, 1 v 1, and short HIIT formats. These findings show the importance of programming training sessions according to the competitive level of athletes to maximize enjoyment and manage effort in soccer training programs.
How do match location and opponent level influence complex Ioffensive strategy in men's volleyball? The case of the Brazilian men's superleague
(2025) Nascimento, Marcos Henrique do; Laporta, Lorenzo Iop; Vieira, Pedro Henrique Cavalcante; Rodrigues, Marcelo Couto Jorge; Rocha, Augusto Cezar Rodrigues; Rangel, Crislaine Couto; Freire, Auro Barreiros; Guimarães, Juracy da Silva; Pedrosa, Gustavo Ferreira; Ugrinowitsch, Herbert; Costa, Gustavo de Conti Teixeira
Match analysis identifies patterns in both defensive and offensive systems and key performance parameters, which should be applied in the practice context. This study examined the offensive game patterns in high-level Brazilian men's volleyball, considering the opponent’s ranking and match location. The sample comprised twenty-two matches involving the top four teams competing against each of the twelve participants in the 2021/2022 Brazilian Men's Volleyball Superliga. Each team played both home and away matches, leading to an analysis of 1,699 Complex I attack actions. The results indicated that the highest eigenvector centrality values were observed for settings primarily directed to positions 3 and 4, regardless of the opponent. Attacks were typically executed by the middle blocker positioned in front of and near the setter against single blocks, frequently resulting in points. Variations were observed depending on the team’s rotation and the set phase. High-level Brazilian volleyball teams exhibited minimal variations in their Complex I offensive strategies. However, finalist teams demonstrated differences in the distribution and attack patterns of the middle blocker.
Application of life skills within the context of the BNCC: implications from research in military schools in the interior of Goiás
(2025) Corrêa, José Carlos Pontes; Costa, Karla Medeiros; Borges, Eduardo de Paula Amorim; Arantes, Débora Darck Lopes Costa; Rodrigues, Marcelo Couto Jorge; Costa, Gustavo de Conti Teixeira
Objectives:This study aimed to assess teachers’ self-perceptions about their intention to teach life skillsand compare students’ perceptions about learning life skills in military schools influenced by these teachers.Methods:The sample consisted of five teachers, aged between 28 and 45 years, each with at least four years of classroom experi-ence. Additionally, 769 students participated in the study, with a mean age of 12.4±0.92 years, representing both gen-ders.Results:The results indicated that, except for Teacher 1, who scored between 29% and 74% of the maximumpossible scores across the investigated subscales of the P-CLSS-Q, the remaining teachers scored above 79% on thesame subscales. Furthermore, classes taught by Teacher 3 showed lower scores in life skills compared to other teachersin areas such as teamwork [χ2(4) = 16.819; p = 0.02], goal setting [χ2(4) = 21.159; p = 0.001], social skills [χ2(4) =19.441; p = 0.001], problem-solving [χ2(4) = 15.788; p = 0.003], emotional skills [χ2(4) = 20.457; p = 0.001], leadership[χ2(4) = 16.075; p = 0.003], time management [χ2(4) = 25.119; p = 0.001], and communication [χ2(4) = 21.561;p = 0.001]. There were also minor variations in time management and communication life skills among classes taughtby the other evaluated teachers.Conclusion:Based on these findings, teachers expressed interest in fostering a posi-tive classroom climate to promote life skills (LS); however, students’ self-perceptions of LS learning were different,suggesting a need for targeted professional development to improve teachers’ teaching practices.
The effects of Pulsed Electromagnetic Field (PEMF) on muscular strength, functional performance and depressive symptoms in elderly sarcopenia: a short-term intervention
(2025) Martins, Patrícia Sardinha Leonardo Lopes; Sá Filho, Alberto Souza de; Inacio, Pedro Augusto Querido; França, Paulo Ricardo Pinheiro; Fernandes, Vicente Aprigliano; Macedo, Michel Monteiro; Fonseca, Douglas Farias da; Martins, Pedro Sardinha Leonardo Lopes; Costa, Gustavo de Conti Teixeira; Martins, Rodrigo Alvaro Brandão Lopes
Despite the benefits of resistance training in mitigating sarcopenia, adherence among frail older adults is often limited by osteoarticular pain, comorbidities, and logistical barriers. Pulsed electromagnetic field (PEMF) therapy has emerged as a potential alternative. However, evidence regarding its effects on functional and psychological parameters remains scarce. Objectives: To assess the effects of 12 PEMF therapy sessions on knee extensor strength and functional performance (Timed Up and Go test—TUG) in older adults with sarcopenia. Secondary outcomes included changes in calf circumference (CC), SARC-F + CC scores, and depressive symptoms. Methods: A controlled, non-randomized experimental design was employed, with a pre-intervention control group serving as a baseline reference (PEMF group: n = 25; control group: n = 16). Participants received 12 PEMF therapy sessions (three times per week) targeting the quadriceps and gastrocnemius muscles. Outcomes were measured using knee-extension dynamometry, TUG, CC, SARC-F + CC, and the Yesavage Geriatric Depression Scale. Statistical analyses included ANCOVA, with baseline values as covariates. Results: Significant improvements were observed in knee-extension strength, which increased from 13.05 ± 4.8 kgf to 18.56 ± 8 kgf (p < 0.001); TUG test time improved from 23.1 ± 14.4 to 18.7 ± 10 s (p = 0.048); SARC-F + CC scores decreased from 11.6 ± 8.2 to 6.5 ± 7.6 (p < 0.001), though the interaction effect with time was not significant (p = 0.252). No statistically significant changes were observed in CC, which increased from 34.0 ± 4.0 cm to 36.0 ± 3.9 cm following the intervention (p = 0.548). Yesavage Geriatric Depression Scale scores improved significantly (7.9 ± 2.4 to 5.4 ± 1.7, p = 0.0013). Conclusions: PEMF therapy significantly improved lower-limb muscle strength and functional mobility in elderly individuals with sarcopenia. Additionally, depressive symptoms were significantly reduced. However, no significant changes were observed in CC or SARC-F + CC.
Jogos reduzidos e condicionados no ensino esportivo para indivíduos com transtorno do espectro autista. Revisão bibliográfica
(2025) Trindade, Nathália Prado; Castro, Henrique de Oliveira; Viana, Luciana Erina Palma; Amador, Luiza Dutra; Costa, Gustavo de Conti Teixeira; Tâmbara, Amanda Guedes; Laporta, Lorenzo Iop
This study aimed to verify and systematize the literature about the use of Small-Sided Games in the teaching of sports for individuals with Autism Spectrum Disorder through a literature review. Searches were conducted on the digital databases Scielo, PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science in December 2023. 91 articles were found and 6 were included, covering basketball and football training programs. The results demonstrated that Small-Sided Games are an effective strategy to promote the individual participation in sports, with improvements in physical fitness, mobility, social communication, executive function control, and reduction of characteristic symptoms. Further studies are needed regarding the sports in Physical Education classes.
Sequence and effectivity of game complexes in male youth volleyball categories
(2026) Hofman, Natan Borges; Laporta, Lorenzo Iop; Trindade, Nathália Prado; Berriel, Guilherme Pereira; Schons, Pedro; Kruel, Luiz Fernando Martins; Costa, Gustavo de Conti Teixeira; Leonardi, Thiago José
The objectives of this study were: i) to analyze the sequence of game complexes in male youth volleyball categories, considering their frequency and effectivity of final actions, ii) to assess the importance of each complex within the overall game by the Social Network Analysis. We analyzed the behavior of 16 teams that participated in the Brazilian Selection Championship in 2019 in two levels (Special and First Division). The 56 games resulted in 200 sets, totaling 357,707 actions. We used the Fisher exact test, calculation of the significance of observation independence, and Social Network Analysis using eigenvector centrality. As result, there were fewer cases than expected for error in K0, continuity in KI and KV, and point in K0; there were more cases than expected for error in KI, continuity in K0, and point in KI and KV. The most frequent sequences of complexes and effectivity were K0E1-KIE2, K0E1-KIE0, K0E0, K0E2E2, K0E1-KIE1-KIIE2. The Eigenvector Centrality presented as results: KIIIE1, KIVE1, KV(2)E1, KIII(2)E1, KIII(3)E1 in the Special Division; KIII(3)E1, KIII(2)E1, KVE1, KV(2)E1, KIVE1 in the First Division. This study highlighted the main sequences, effectivity and differences that occurred in the Brazilian U-17 Male Selection Championship, assisting coaches in problem solving for training.
Impact of training regimens on small-sided soccer games: a scoping review
(2026) Clemente, Filipe Manuel; Martinho, Diogo Vicente; Trybulski, Robert; Rodríguez Fernández, Alejandro; Castillo Alvira, Daniel; Sanchez Sanchez, Javier; Costa, Gustavo de Conti Teixeira; Nunes, Nuno André
This scoping review aimed to map and summarise the literature examining how different small-sided games (SSG) training regimens affect physical, psychophysiological, technical, and tactical outcomes in soccer players. The methodology followed the PRISMA-ScR guidelines, where three databases were searched. Eligible studies directly compared at least two SSG regimens (continuous vs intermittent; intermittent formats with differing work durations; or intermittent formats with dif fering rest durations). In total, 30 studies were included. Across the comparison types assessed, continuous vs intermittent regimens were the most studied, particularly for physiological measures (n = 15), followed by intermittent comparisons manipu lating bout duration (n = 15 for physiological, n = 11 for physical outcomes). Studies focusing on rest/density manipulations were fewer, especially for technical outcomes (n = 3). Most studies clustered around mid-sized SSG formats (3v3–5v5), with 4v4 particularly dominant in continuous–intermittent contrasts (n = 9). In contrast, very small-sided formats (1v1, 2v2) and larger-sided formats (6v6, 7v7) were rarely explored under these regimen conditions. Shorter bouts tended to increase external intensity per unit time and total distance, while fractionating continuous play into sets generally raised per-minute intensity and high-speed actions but reduced total volume. In small formats, continuous play tended to elicit higher heart rate, lactate, and enjoyment, though one study suggested females preferred intermittent, whereas males reported greater enjoyment and load with continuous play. Rest duration also appeared to modulate outcomes, with very short recoveries linked to reduced passing success and longer rests enabling better ball actions. In conclusion, current evidence is largely focused on physical and psychophysiological responses, while technical and especially tactical domains remain underexplored. To better inform training design, future research should aim to incorporate objective assessments of technical and tactical outcomes – using objective tools – while also extending to female players, elite levels, and longitudinal designs. These steps would help determine whether the acute responses mapped here translate into consistent adaptations across contexts.
Acute psychological responses to official match outcomes in male youth volleyball: an observational repeated-measures study within a single national-level team
(2026) Nascimento, Marcos Henrique do; Sá Filho, Alberto Souza de; Fernandes, Vicente Aprigliano; Clemente, Filipe Manuel; Vieira, Carlos Alexandre; Campos, Mário Hebling; Rocha, Augusto Cezar Rodrigues; Arantes, Débora Darck Lopes Costa; Pedrosa, Gustavo Ferreira; Noll, Matias; Kawczyński, Adam; Laporta, Lorenzo Iop; Costa, Gustavo de Conti Teixeira
Background: Official match outcomes may be associated with acute psychological responses in youth athletes, particularly in team sports characterized by high emotional and interpersonal demands.Objective: To examine acute psychological responses in male youth volleyball athletes during official matches in a national-level competition, focusing on associations with match outcome (win vs. loss), playing status (starter vs. substitute), and assessment moment (pre- vs. post-match).Methods: Fourteen male athletes (mean age 16.5 ± 0.82 years) from a single Brazilian national-level team were followed across 20 official matches (14 wins and 6 losses). Psychological responses were assessed before and/or after matches using validated instruments: State Anxiety (STAI-IDATE), Brunel Mood Scale (BRUMS), Feeling Scale, Physical Activity Enjoyment Scale (PACES), and Total Quality Recovery (TQR). Generalized estimating equations (GEE) were used with an independent working correlation structure and robust (sandwich) standard errors. Fixed effects included match outcome, playing status, assessment moment, and their interactions. Candidate marginal models were compared via Independence Model Criterion under a parsimonious strategy suitable for small samples.Results: Losses were associated with increased post-match state anxiety, tension, depression, anger, and confusion, whereas wins were generally associated with stability or more favorable responses in these dimensions. Affective valence also showed an outcome×moment interaction, declining after losses but remaining relatively stable after wins. Vigor demonstrated a three-way interaction between playing status, outcome, and moment, with substitutes showing a more pronounced decline after losses. Fatigue showed main effects of playing status, match outcome, and moment. Enjoyment was higher in wins than losses and higher in starters than substitutes. Perceived recovery showed a playing status×outcome interaction, with starters reporting higher pre-match recovery before matches that resulted in wins.Conclusion: In this single-team observational sample, acute psychological responses appeared to vary according to match outcome, playing status, and assessment moment. These findings should be interpreted as exploratory associations and may support the practical value of psychological monitoring in youth competitive volleyball.
The behavior of the serve, return of serve,and third action in male young athletes from the Brazilian national padel team
(2025) Morais, Felipe Giudice da Silva; Costa, Gustavo de Conti Teixeira; Follmann, Natiele; Schwaab, Renan Luis; Pedrosa, Gustavo Ferreira; Castro, Henrique de Oliveira; Leonardi, Thiago José; Laporta, Lorenzo Iop
The objective of this study was to investigate the initial actions' behavior in Padel(serve, service return, and third action) among young athletes from the Brazilian national team. The sample consisted of a total of 1547 points from 52 matches, involving 32 athletes from the youth category of the Brazilian male national team. A Chi-square test was conducted to verify associations, along with descriptive analysis of variables related to the serve (first or second serve, direction, and effectiveness), service return (type of shot, direction, and effectiveness), and third action (type of action, effectiveness, and player executing it). The results revealed that mostserves were directed towards the glass (50.2%), and service returns were predominantly executed with flat shots towards the net (55.1%) to the player positioned diagonally (53.9%), who predominantly performed the third action through volleys (50.3%) andlobs (28.5%). However, a statistically significant relationship was not found inthe studied model. These findings contribute to a more targeted training planning for such competitive demands and provide insights for coaches aiming at the long-term development of youth athletes.
Rotation 1 in high-level women’s volleyball: chaos or a new tactical solution to an old problem?
(2026) Klein, Camilla Nunes; Costa, Gustavo de Conti Teixeira; Neves, José Afonso Coelho; Loureiro, Manuel Reis; Clemente, Filipe Manuel; Pedrosa, Gustavo Ferreira; Laporta, Lorenzo Iop
Introduction: Volleyball demands rapid decision-making in unpredictable situations, particu-larly in Rotation 1 (R1) within Game Complex I. Offensive organization in this rotation directly influences side-out (KI) effectiveness in elite teams.Objective: To identify different R1 organizations during the sideout in elite women’s volleyball using social network analysis.Methodology: Twenty-seven matches, 397 R1 side-outs, and 3,968 actions were analyzed across three offensive organizations (O1, O2, O3). Variables from complexes 0, I, and II were examined, including serve type and direction, setting conditions, attack tempo, type, zone, and effect. Data were recorded using Microsoft Excel and Lince PLUS X, reliability was tested in IBM SPSS, and four social networks were constructed in Gephi.Results: China exclusively employed O2, while Turkey and the United States alternated between O1 and O2 or O3. Poland used only O1. China (0.93) and Turkey (0.89) showed higher attack effect point, while Poland demonstrated greater centrality in continuity, error, and block effect (0.92, 0.59, 0.65). Setting condition A showed the highest centrality across all teams (TUR 0.84; CHN 0.89; POL 0.92; USA 0.88). Attack zone 4 was more central for TUR (0.94), POL (0.94), and the USA (0.89), while zone 2 was most central for China (0.87). Attack tempo 2 showed higher centrality in Turkey (0.89), whereas tempo 3 was more prominent for China (0.85), Poland (0.86), and the USA (0.94).Discussion: Despite high centrality for setting condition A, attack tempos 2 and 3,and attack zones 4 and 2 prevailed.Conclusions: Adjusting side-outpatterns in R1creates new organizational dynamics that im-prove reception quality and attacker positioning. Training should simulate these scenarios to enhance movement efficiency, speed, and offensive unpredictability.
Leveraging the global growth of running to promote physical activity at the populational level
(2025) Santos, Mabliny Thuany Gonzaga; Petreça, Daniel Rogério; Lira, Claudio Andre Barbosa de
Determinants of mortality risk in older adults from the ELSIA study: a prospective cohort study
(2025) Galvão, Lucas Lima; Santos, Douglas de Assis Teles; Lira, Claudio Andre Barbosa de; Virtuoso Júnior, Jair Sindra; Tribess, Sheilla; Viana, Ricardo Borges; Reis, Anne Sulivan Lopes da Silva; Weiss, Katja; Knechtle, Beat; Vancini, Rodrigo Luiz
BACKGROUND: This study investigated factors that may determine longevity in older adults, aiming to prolong their life expectancy and improve projections from before the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic. OBJECTIVE: To identify risk factors for mortality in older Brazilian adults. DESIGN AND SETTING: A prospective cohort study, part of the Estudo Longitudinal de Saúde do Idoso de Alcobaça. METHODS: This study included 332 older adults of both sexes who were followed up for over five years (2015–2020). Vital status was determined via telephone follow-up, information provided by family members, and death certificates. To identify the sociodemographic, health, functional, and behavioral factors associated with mortality risk among older adults, Cox proportional hazards regression was used to estimate hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs). RESULTS: The risk factors for mortality among older adults included the number of people living with them (HR = 1.22; 95%CI = 1.07–1.38) and the number of prescribed drugs (HR = 1.15; 95%CI = 1.00–1.32). Factors associated with a lower risk of mortality were greater time spent in physical activity (HR = 0.99; 95%CI = 0.90–0.99) and greater hip circumference (HR = 0.95; 95%CI = 0.31–0.99). CONCLUSIONS: Sociodemographic, health, functional, and behavioral factors are determinants of mortality risk among older adults. Regular screening of the older adult population should be conducted to assess their general health status, allowing for more appropriate interventions to increase their quality of life and improve aging
One-minute stages are optimal for maximal exercise testing in endurance male and female athletes
(2025) Campos, Alice de; Lira, Claudio Andre Barbosa de; Vancini, Rodrigo Luiz; Freitas, João Victor Rosa de; Weiss, Katja; Rosemann, Thomas Johannes; Knechtle, Beat; Andrade, Marilia dos Santos
Objective: Over the last 40 yr., there has been a relative consensus that incremental exercise tests used to determine Maximal Oxygen uptake (V˙O2max), maximal aerobic intensity, and ventilatory thresholds should last between 8 and 12 min. However, recent studies have questioned this recommendation, suggesting that it may be outdated, although this is not yet established in the literature. This study compared V˙O2max, Maximum Aerobic Power (MAP), and ventilatory thresholds between two incremental exercise protocols in amateur endurance athletes. Methods: Thirteen women and 15 men (aged 24–53 yr) completed two maximal progressive tests, performed in random order (short-term and long-term), with a 2- to 4-day interval. In the short-term test, the workload increased by 25 W per minute, while in the long-term test, the workload increased by 25 W every 3 min. Both protocols were performed until exhaustion. The variables assessed included ventilatory threshold (VT), Respiratory Compensation Point (RCP), V˙O2max, MAP, Maximal Heart Rate (HRmax), and maximal oxygen pulse. Results: No significant differences were found between the short-term (8–12 min) and long-term (19–28 min) protocols for V˙O2max (p = 0.79), HRmax (p = 0.715), or maximal oxygen pulse (p = 0.40). However, absolute and relative MAP (p < 0.001) and power at RCP (p < 0.001) were significantly lower in the short-term protocol. Moreover, men showed a greater reduction in MAP during long-term tests than women. Conclusions: These findings suggest that 1-min stage tests are more time-efficient and effective for assessing V˙O2max and MAP.
Effect of swimming intensity on performance in subsequent sprint triathlon: a sex-based analysis in amateur athletes
(2025) Martins, Lavínia Vivan Ferreira; Souza, Vinícius Ribeiro dos Anjos; Engelke, Paulo Medeiros; Lira, Claudio Andre Barbosa de; Vancini, Rodrigo Luiz; Weiss, Katja; Knechtle, Beat; Andrade, Marilia dos Santos
Purpose Generally, triathletes participating in short events should aim to finish the swim stage with the leading group to improve their chances in the subsequent cycling and running stages. However, the fatigue associated with very intense swimming can impair subsequent split times. This study aimed to investigate the impact of swimming bout intensity on performance in subsequent cycling, running, and overall racing among well-trained male and female amateur triathletes. Methods Twenty athletes (12 men and 8 women) participated in this study. Critical velocity (CV) was estimated for swimming using a simple linear model. Body composition and maximal oxygen uptake were measured. Participants visited the laboratory three times to swim 750 m at intensities below CV, at CV, and above CV (in randomized order), before they cycled 20 km and ran 5 km as fast as they could to simulate a sprint triathlon. Heart rate, blood lactate level, perceived exertion, muscle pain, and dyspnea levels were measured at the end of each modality. Results For women, on the day on which swimming intensity was below the CV, the overall race time was higher than on the day on which swimming intensity was at the CV (p = 0.041) or faster than the CV (p = 0.002). For men, there was no significant difference in the overall race time among the three intensities (p > 0.05). Conclusion The results showed that, for men, swimming at higher intensity did not significantly change total time, whereas for women, lower intensity was associated with poorer performance.

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