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Item Efeito da estrutura da paisagem na diversidade genética neutra e adaptativa de Caryocar brasiliense Camb. (Caryocaraceae)(Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2018-10-26) Amaral, Tatiana Souza do; Ribeiro, Milton Cezar; http://lattes.cnpq.br/4158685235743119; Collevatti, Rosane Garcia; http://lattes.cnpq.br/9979596352166630; Collevatti, Rosane Garcia; Soares, Thannya Nascimento; Marco Júnior, Paulo De; Lima, Natacia Evangelista de; Chaves, Lázaro JoséUnderstanding how the human-caused impacts and environmental heterogeneity caused by these changes affect genetic variability is essential for the preservation and planning of animal and plant species management. The main objective of this work was to investigate the effects of landscape changes on diversity and on the adaptive and neutral genetic differentiation of Caryocar brasiliense Camb. (Caryocaraceae), an endemic species and tree symbol of Cerrrado. To do so, we selected five landscapes in regions near Goiânia, in the state of Goiás. Within each landscape, we selected two sample sites. To measure the structure of the landscape, we calculated metrics related to the amount of habitat, connectivity and heterogeneity in buffers of 2km, 4km and 6km that delimited the landscapes and in buffers of 500m around the sampling sites. In each site, we collect fruits of, on average, 10 mother-trees. The seeds of these fruits were measured (longitudinal diameter, transverse diameter and mass) and planted in a greenhouse. Afterwards, we performed character measurements of that were known to be important for the early stages of the plant, such as: percentage and germination time, initial and final heights, height growth rate, initial and final diameters, growth rate of diameter, number of leaves, leaf length and width, fresh and dry mass of root and shoot, root and shoot length. The experiment carried out in the greenhouse allowed us to access the quantitative genetic variability and the evolutionary potential of C. brasiliense in the sampled sites. Thus, in the first chapter, we evaluated the evolutionary potential of C. brasiliense in each sampled site and the effects of landscape structure on quantitative genetic variability. In the second chapter, we analyzed the effects of landscape structure on the diversity and genetic differentiation of adults and juveniles of C. brasiliense and verified if there is a time-lag of the effects of habitat change on the loss of genetic diversity in these landscapes. For this, in the same sites where we sampled the fruits, we collected leaves of adults and juveniles for DNA extraction. From the genotypes obtained using nine microsatellite loci, we access the neutral genetic diversity of C. brasiliense and relate it with the landscape metrics and the population effective size. From these analyzes, we found that functional connectivity was an important variable to explain the patterns observed in the quantitative genetic variability of most of the characters studied, such as those related to seeds, seedling diameter and leaf characters. The amount of habitat (%) was the variable that determined the patterns of genetic-quantitative differentiation for the growth rates of height and diameter, as well as being important to explain the neutral genetic diversity of juveniles. Intermediate levels of the amount of habitat had the highest values of allelic richness and heterozygosity expected for juveniles, while loss of genetic diversity, measured as the difference between adult and juvenile genetic diversity, was influenced by functional connectivity. The reduction of the genetic diversity detected mainly in juveniles evidences a time-lag effect, and corroborates with studies that affirm that species of long life, as C. brasiliense, require a long period of fragmentation so that the changes in heterozigosity are detected. In general, the movement of the pollinators and dispersers, and consequently the gene flow, is an important process in the maintenance of the evolutionary potential and genetic diversity of this species since functional connectivity was the most important variable influencing the neutral and adaptive genetic diversity of C. brasiliense. In this way, our results demonstrate that restoring or conserving habitat areas in key places that allow the connectivity of the landscape are essential for the conservation of this species.Item Invasões biológicas: indo além dos modelos de distribuição na busca de predições realistas sob restrições energéticas(Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2020-03-25) Andrade, André Felipe Alves de; De Marco Júnior, Paulo; http://lattes.cnpq.br/2767494720646648; De Marco Júnior, Paulo; Diniz Filho, José Alexandre Felizola; Silva, Alessandra Bertassoni da; Vieira, Marcus Vinícius; Paglia, Adriano PereiraBiological invasions are one of the mains threats to biodiversity in the Anthropocene. The introduction of new exotic species might have serious consequences to native communities, being responsible for modifications to the established biotic relations up to the extinction of native species. Apart from serious ecological consequences, invasive species are also relevant form the economic point of view, as many species reach high populational levels which can lead to losses for several economic activities, such as agriculture and hydroelectric energy generation. Given the relevance of invasive species, an essential aspect to reduce the losses caused by biological invasions is to get ahead of the invasion process and prevent a potential invasive species from ever reaching a new region. In order to reach this goal, the different methods should be effective in anticipating possible invasions, by accurately defining target regions and also how the invasive species will interact with the native community. In this thesis we built and tested several models that seek to improve our capability to anticipate the results of an invasion process in its several stages. In the first chapter we explored the capability of ecological niche models (ENMs) in identifying suitable areas for the occurrence of a potential invasive species. ENMs are commonly used for establishing areas of interest, based on species’ suitability. However, as we demonstrate in this first chapter, mismatches between the realized and the fundamental niche may lead to patterns of consistent under-or overprediction of the areas considered as harbouring suitable climatic conditions for an invasive species. At the second chapter we explored how the interaction between the different life-history strategies of invasive species and the native community determine invasion success. We’ve built a realistic system in which individuals compete for energy and have priorities for allocating the obtained energy. The whole system is regulated by allometric relations and energetic budgets. We found that invaders that share a common life-history strategy with the native species were more successful in establishing in the system, being that the strategy with the higher gains was of living longer, accumulating reserves while reducing the reproductive output (less offspring with longer gestation periods). At the third chapter we explored how those life-history strategies behave under a realistic landscape, with a real land-use and fluctuations in the energy within the system. In this chapter we’ve improved the chapter developed at the chapter 2 and focused on answering questions related to the landscape configuration and invasive-native co-occurrence under different levels of landscape heterogeneity. We also evaluated our model under classical hypothesis related to the invasion process. We’ve evaluated invasion success over 18 years in a landscape undergoing a rapid agriculture expansion and found that invasion success was highest at the end of this period, when the landscape is with its highest agriculture coverage. Agriculture expansion, by itself, was responsible for the extinction of native species, besides increasing invasion success and the co-occurrence between invasive and native species. There was also a difference in successful life-history strategies, in a way that the spatial configuration plays a big role in determining invasion success.Item Sobre a ecomorfologia de girinos: as implicações funcionais da variação nas estruturas orais(Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2019-03-26) Annibale, Fabiane Santana; Rossa-Feres, Denise de Cerqueira; http://lattes.cnpq.br/6863776138321135; Nomura, Fausto; http://lattes.cnpq.br/9506582657045983; Nomura, Fausto; Bastos, Rogério Pereira; Maciel, Natan Medeiros; Prado, Cynthia Peralta de Almeida; Pezzuti, Tiago LeiteThe role of morphology on animals’ ecology helps us understand the adaptive significance of variation in anatomical structures among species. However, for tadpoles the implications of variation in species morphology on resource use and partitioning among species are poorly understood. This thesis was elaborated in order to better understand tadpoles’ ecomorphology, and is divided into three chapters. The first chapter consists on a bibliographical review and a scientometric analysis on tadpoles’ ecomorphology. Through the data survey we described the tadpoles’ ecomorphological trajectory, quantified the scientific knowledge produced in this study area, and identified the main gaps that may guide future studies. We verified that ecomorphological studies on tadpoles have been increasing over time, with modifications in methodologies and new perspectives to understand the ecology and evolution of tadpoles. However, many of these studies are descriptive or investigate the phenotypic plasticity of larvae in response to predators. Thus, there are still many environmental factors to be explored, as well as the necessity of studying beyond inferences. As such, tadpoles’ ecomorphology will be able to help us understand the diversity of anuran larvae (i.e., ecology and evolution) and with conservation of these animals. Aiming to fill some of these gaps in knowledge, the second and third chapters correspond to researches on how variation in external oral morphology influences tadpoles’ ability to feed on substrates with different properties. In the second chapter we tested the performance of tadpoles feeding on substrates at different orientations. We found that species with similar oral morphology also have similar performances when feeding on substrates positioned at different orientations. Only species that occur at different depths in the environment varied in performance at a specific orientation (i.e. vertical). Among tadpoles that occur in the same place, but vary in terms of external oral morphology, whereas some species have high performances feeding on substrates regardless their orientation, other species are more efficient feeding at specific orientations of substrates. We concluded that these differences in performance may determine how tadpoles select and/or share resources in the environment. In the third chapter, we studied with more details the influence of variation in external oral morphology, testing the species performance when feeding on substrates with different textures. Differences in the number of labial tooth rows and in the marginal papillae configuration affected tadpoles’ grazing performance on substrates with different textures, indicating specializations of feeding behavior. In addition, we verified that tadpoles with the most common oral morphology among anuran larvae had the best performances in comparison to all the other species. This result may help explain the adaptive significance of morphological variation among anuran larvae.Item Análise da eficiência das unidades de conservação da América do Sul e Caribe para a proteção das espécies de cetáceos(Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2021-09-28) Baia, Thainá Rodrigues; Marco Júnior, Paulo de; http://lattes.cnpq.br/2767494720646648; Silva, Daniel de Brito Candido da; http://lattes.cnpq.br/5139765780779893; Silva, Daniel de Brito Candido da; Domingos, André Menegotto; Bastos, Rogério PereiraCetaceans, popularly known as dolphins, whales and dolphins, play very important roles in ecosystems, which are key-species, environmental engineers and umbrella species. However, unfortunately, it is still a group that suffers from several anthropic or natural impacts, which directly affect its protection and conservation. Thus, this work analyzed the efficiency of protection of Protected Areas in South America and the Caribbean for the protection of species belonging to this group. This analysis took place through the GAP Analysis and the IUCN Red Species list, in which, according to the parameters followed, only two species are above this percentage, two have intermediate values and fifty-three are still far from reaching it. In addition, when relating to the IUCN categories, there is no direct relationship. Subsequently, two types of analytical subdivisions were proposed: the first includes the global distribution of species, demonstrating that there is no difference in conservation between the presence or absence of species in the study area. The second is based on a specific cut of the UC's in South America and the Caribbean, showing that there is a difference, where the species that have a more significant presence in the UC's have a higher level of protection. Finally, some measures are proposed to try to change this reality and aim for the efficiency of the PAs and the conservation of species.Item Overkill, sítios de matança e as evidências de interação homem megafauna na América do Sul(Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2021-12-30) Bampi, Hugo; Ribeiro, Matheus de Souza Lima; http://lattes.cnpq.br/9592727826334407; Ribeiro, Matheus de Souza Lima; Faleiro, Frederico Augusto Martins Valtuille; Terribile, Levi CarinaDuring the end of the Quaternary, humans exploited (hunting/scavenging) megafauna across the Americas. However, South American (SA) megafauna kill/scavenge sites (MKSSs) have been persistently underestimated or even neglected by researchers, biasing further analyses such as the human impact on megafauna extinctions. Here, we systematically review the evidence of exploitation in the South America, test overkill hypothesis in SA, compare its quantity and quality against exploitation data from North America, and suggest the cause of South American data bias. A total of 18 and 17 SMDMs were found in AS and North America (NA), with 15 and 5 genera explored by humans. South American overkill was not supported by these empirical data. AS is neglected by researchers from the Northern Hemisphere (with an emphasis on North Americans). SA does have quantitative and qualitative data similar to or better than NA on the exploitation of megafauna. We suggest that the reason for this pattern is a linguistic bias (shortage of reading works written in Latin languages by researchers from the northern hemisphere). This dissertation contributed to a greater understanding of humanmegafauna interactions and overkill in the Americas. We emphasize the importance of reducing the linguistic bias to further advance the discussion on the extinction of megafauna in the QuaternaryItem Diversidade, relações filogenéticas e perfil de expressão gênica de transportadores MFS em Trichoderma spp(Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2021-04-21) Barbosa Filho, Jomal Rodrigues; Georg, Raphaela de Castro; http://lattes.cnpq.br/3971276154067590; Georg, Raphaela de Castro; Coelho, Alexandre Siqueira Guedes; Steindorff, Andrei SteccaThe Trichoderma genus comprises filamentous fungi with mycoparasitism ability and high tolerance to abiotic stresses, such as the presence of metals. In both conditions, cellular transporters are vital to nutrients absorption and metallic ion extrusion. Among those, the Major Facilitator Superfamily (MFS) correspond to the largest superfamily of secondary transporters found in every organism, however a deep understanding of those is needed in Trichoderma spp. The present work aimed to identify the MFS transporters from 32 species of this genus, as well as to study their phylogenetic relationship and gene expression profiles. Global MFS identification were performed in silico using the Trichoderma spp. reference proteomes available on the Mycocosm database from Joint Genome Institute (JGI), by searching for annotated aminoacid sequences using the BlastP tool. The sequences were categorized in their respective families, according to reference sequences from the Transporter Classification Database (TCDB), and maximum likelihood phylogenetic trees were estimated for each of the families, using the IQTREE software. Lastly, MFS genes expression profiles were investigated during mycoparasitism and presence of metals, using RNA-Seq public data. 8,467 putative MFS were identified in Trichoderma spp., with a mean of 264 ± 51 sequences, and this number was higher than those found in other organisms. Mycoparasitic species presented a higher number of MFS. 55.5% of the sequences showed 12 transmembrane helices and 85.5% showed molecular weights between 50 and 70 kDa, with a mean of 58 kDa. In total, 24 MFS families were identified in the analyzed species, and the families regarding to nutrition, maintenance of homeostasis and cell defense showed a higher number of members. We did not observed enrichment of families in any species analyzed. In the phylogenetic inference the sequences grouped according to their functions and not to their lineage, moreover, SHS and GPH families showed subdivisions. In T. harzianum, besides a higher number of differently expressed genes during mycoparasitism, a higher number of upregulated genes was also observed in this condition compared to those in the presence of metals. In the presence of cadmium, we observed a higher downregulation of MFS genes than in the presence of aluminum. We also observed that ACS and DHA2 families were mostly differentially expressed during mycoparasitism 24 h, whilst FHS and PHS were mostly differentially expressed during the presence of aluminum 1.5 and 3.0 mg/mL, and MCT during the presence of cadmium 2.0 mg/mL. This work shed light on the description of MFS transporters and their functions during some of the biotic and abiotic stresses faced by Trichoderma spp. in the course of its development on environment.Item Marcadores bioquímicos e inflamatórios em ratos submetidos ao modelo de sobrecarga de sódio pós-natal(Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2021-09-17) Barros, Laiza Alencar Santos; Oliveira, André Henrique Freiria; http://lattes.cnpq.br/0152151142555605; Oliveira, André Henrique Freiria; Gomes, Clayson Moura; Rosa, Daniel Alves; Colugnati, Diego Basile; Almeida, Roberto Lopes deWHO data shows that the consumption of salt by the population exceeds what is indicated, which can become a public health concern, because although the ingestion of high salt levels is classically associated with the installation of hypertension, saline environment leads to an osmotic disorder which results in multiple physiological changes in the renal, central nervous and immune systems. Even studies have linked salt overload to metabolic disorders, little is known about the consequences of a hypersodium diet in the early stages of life. Experimental groups (E) of Wistar and Holtzman male rats were treated with 0.3M saline, while the control group (C) had access to water, for 60 days. During the treatment, plethysmografhy was performed for blood pressure (BP) and heart rate (HR) measurements. After a recover period, when both groups received water, biological samples were taken for analysis of hematological parameters, in blood, ad biochemical and immunological parameters, in serum and plasma. Contrary to expectations, the Holtzman rats showed no increase in BP or HR, after hypertonic saline treatment. In addition, they do not increased inflammatory cytokines, and were normal for all biochemical parameters surveyed, except for serum creatinine, with was decreased (E: 0.27 ± 0.07 vs C:0.46 ± 0.04 mg/dl, p<0.05). On the other hand, Wistar rats developed hypertension (E: 159.9 ± 5.2 mmHg vs. C: 149.7 ± 3.2 mmHg, p<0.05) and increased HR (E: 412.9 ± 7.7 bpm vs. C: 375.7 ± 12.9 bpm, p<0.05). In addition, we found differences in biochemical parameters for renal function, with elevated urea (C: 44.39 ± 0.32 mg/dl and E: 49.5 ± 0.69 mg/dl), and low creatinine (C: 0.96 ± 0.02 mg/dl and E: 068 ± 0.004 mg/dl); also differences for liver function, with increased ALT (C: 16.26 ± 0.43 mg/dl and E: 32.63 ± 0,6 mg/dl) and total and indirect bilirubin. Furthermore, components of lipidogram and serum glucose (C: 83.63 ± 0.42 mg/dl and E: 124.2 mg/dl) were elevated. Therefore, we can reinforce that there are metabolic variations between animal strains, explaining why the Holtzman rats were not sensitive to the saline protocol. In addition, changes in the biochemical parameters of Wistar rats allow us to state that sodium overload causes several metabolic diseases, with involvement of renal and liver function, besides to alterations in the metabolism of lipids and carbohydrates.Item Caracterização da produção científica sobre DNA barcoding no estudo de plantas(Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2021-04-22) Batista, Eliane Cotrim; Gonçalves, Ariany Rosa; http://lattes.cnpq.br/6401185899301616; Telles, Mariana Pires de Campos; http://lattes.cnpq.br/4648436798023532 ; Telles, Mariana Pires de Campos; Nunes, Rhewter; Braga, Ramila dos SantosThe application of the DNA barcoding has been shown to be successful in studies of biodiversity surveys, biomonitoring of invasive species, forensic analysis to assess food security and medicinal products based on medicinal plants, monitoring the illegal trade in threatened species, studies about food ecology, conservation initiatives, etc. The present study had as main objective to raise and systematize the scientific production on the use of DNA barcoding in plants. For this purpose, a search was carried out in the Web of Science database, using as keywords combined the regions annotated in the chloroplast and nuclear genome of Arabidopsis thaliana (model species), which are used as DNA barcoding markers, associated with the expressions: “DNA barcoding” OR “barcoding” OR “DNA barcode” OR “barcode” OR “metabarcoding”. The search was carried out covering the complete period of publication of the database until 2020. The recovered files were filtered, being considered only original articles, excluding review articles, as well as those that did not correspond to the scope of the study. A total of 1,897 articles were retrieved, of which 1,073 were within the criteria’s inclusion. As the first article was published in 2005, the analysis covered the period between 2005 and 2020. The studies were published in a total of 309 sources, with a general average of publication per year equal to 5.21. Scientific production varied over the period, but always with an increasing trend. The average number of authors per document was 3.49, since each article mostly has more than one author, which explains the average number of coauthors per document (5.34). However, out of a total of 3,747 registered authors, the number of articles per author was low, with an average equal to 0.29. China stands out as the main country, according to the origin of the authors, who has contributed with works involving the application of the DNA barcoding technique in the study of plants, being also the most cited country. The most relevant authors, based on the number of publications, were the Chinese: Chen SL, Song J, Yao H, with the article by Chen et al. (2010) the second most cited globally. The journals that showed greater prominence in relation to the number of articles published, considering the subject, were respectively: Plos One, Molecular Ecology Resources and Scientific Reports. It was possible to characterize four groups of documents regarding the use / application of the technique, respectively: Description/delimitation of species (545), Forensic Genetics (275), Development/methodology (163), Ecology (90) and 75 articles were categorized in up to two different groups. The studies grouped in the most prominent category (Description/delimitation of species), range from delimiting species from complex groups to the validation of species with properties of economic interest and species already cataloged in herbariums. The application possibilities have been expanded due to the development of High Throughput Sequencing technologies, opening doors for studies applied to Ecology, Evolution and Forensic Genetics and which use in addition to DNA barcoding, the metabarcoding.Item Seleção de recursos por duas espécies de besouros bruquíneos do gênero Gibbobruchus na planta hospedeira Bauhinia Curvula Benth(Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2013-04-09) Bergamini, Leonardo Lima; Almeida-Neto, Mário; http://lattes.cnpq.br/1000297113793647; Almeida-Neto, MárioThe process of host-plant selection is the main interface in the herbivore-plant interactions, with deep consequences for the ecology and evolution of those groups. In this work, we investigate some steps of the host-plant selection in two congeneric species of seed beetles. In the first chapter, we assess the oviposition pattern and larval survival in the seed-beetle G. cavillator to evaluate whether oviposition site choices maximize offspring survival, accounting for the spatially hierarchic structure of the system. In the second chapter, we analyze the fine-scale positioning of G. speculifer eggs, and explore the role of geometric constraints in the egg distribution patterns. Altogether our results exemplify how small differences in key traits of the host-plant selection can lead to significant differences in the interaction between herbivore insects and their host plants.Item A importância das plantas e dos herbívoros hospedeiros na especialização dos parasitoides de afídeos(Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2021-08-30) Bergamo, Norem Ceane da Silveira Barbosa; Bergamini, Leonardo Lima; http://lattes.cnpq.br/7657432431796954; Almeida Neto, Mário; http://lattes.cnpq.br/1000297113793647; Almeida Neto, Mário; Baumgartner, Matheus Tenório; Melo, Adriano SanchesThe variety of host organisms represents one of the most important dimensions of the ecological niche of parasitoids and parasites in general. In the case of insect parasitoids that attack herbivores, the degree of specialization of these in the use of hosts can be determined by cues and restrictions imposed by herbivores and by their host plants. We used plant-aphid-parasitoid interactions sampled from several regions of the globe to investigate the specialization in the use of aphids and plants by parasitoid. Specifically, we aim to answer the following questions: (1) which trophic level, plants or herbivores, exerts greater influence on parasitoid specialization? (2) how important is the scale of network, regional or global, for specialization patterns? We found phylogenetic specialization of the parasitoids toward both aphids and plants, with specialization toward aphids being greater when compared to specialization toward plants. As for the effect of spatial scale, specialization was more evident when evaluated on a global scale than on a regional scale, especially for plants. These results reinforce the importance of coevolutionary history in the interactions between parasitoids and aphids, and also demonstrate the mediation role of plants in determining the interactions between parasitoids and host herbivores.Item Padrões de distribuição de mamíferos de médio e grande porte em paisagens fragmentadas(Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2012-01-03) Bernardo, Paulo Vitor dos Santos; Oliveira, Arthur Ângelo Bispo de; http://lattes.cnpq.br/1100433822757573; Melo, Fabiano Rodrigues de; http://lattes.cnpq.br/6863533704023271; Pedro, Wagner André; Marco Júnior, Paulo De; Melo, Fabiano Rodrigues deHabitat fragmentation is defined as the breaking of a continuous habitat in “patches” or fragments. This process leads to environmental changes capable of affecting communities in different ways, causing species composition changes. Beta diversity measures can show the variation between the composition of different communities, where two ecological patterns can be found: turnover and nestedness. In turnover the variation in community structure is a consequence of species replacement, while in the nestedness poor communities are nested in richer communities. Here I tested: (I) how habitat fragmentation affects the presence of large e medium sized mammals in different functional groups; (II) if the variation in beta diversity in fragmented landscapes is caused by turnover or nestedness, and (III) if the variation observed was due to habitat fragmentation. I used 19 Semidecidous Forest patches in the Brazilian Cerrado, from the State of Goiás. Landscape metrics from 2.5 km around the patches were obtained from classifications and measurements. For the analyses, I made four sets based in diet, size, diet amplitude and all previous three together. I calculated the beta diversity with Sorensen indices, turnover with Simpson indices and nestedness with Nestedness indices. The natural area size influenced the group B3- felines and the core area percentage, the groups A1-carnivores, larges and B3-felines. The core area percentages were the most important character in fragmented landscapes for mammal communities. The felines were the most sensible group. This group was affected by natural area availability and by the core area percentage. The beta diversity pattern in the fragmented landscapes was turnover, but it was not related to environmental variation or spatial distances between the landscapes. Both nestedness and beta diversity were affected by spatial distance, but beta diversity was also affected by environmental variation linked to landscape connectivity. The changes in different landscapes cause different responses in species and allow the creation of a fragmentation gradient, driving the turnover phenomenon. The carnivores were the species most sensible to habitat fragmentation, mainly because they need large home ranges. Thus, an understanding of how diversity reacts to habitat fragmentation may provide support to the implementation of conservation areas and research upgrading which focus specific species groups. Managed areas with large core areas and good connectivity should bring desirable results for large and medium sized mammals conservation status. This affirmative is true, especially for larger mammals and carnivores.Item Teoria e métodos ecológicos e evolutivos aplicados a dados humanos: de diversidade biocultural à propagação de doenças(Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2022-04-25) Borges, Christielly Mendonça; Rangel, Thiago Fernando Lopes Valle de Britto; http://lattes.cnpq.br/1613666671361533; Rangel, Thiago Fernando Lopes Valle de Britto; Diniz Filho, José Alexandre Felizola; Coelho, Marco Túlio Pacheco; Chacon, Thiago Costa; Silva, Bruno Vilela de Moraes eTraditionally, Homo sapiens have been an exclusive subject of study of the humanities. The resistance of natural scientists to study humans from an eco-evolutionary point of view is easily explained by the unfolding of the 20th century eugenics movement. Starting from the scientific advances on the low genetic variability between human populations and the spatial patterns of language diversity, the idea of a non-biological human diversity emerged, where humans form numerous cultural groups with complex global spatial and demographic patterns. In this thesis, we apply eco-evolutionary theories and methods to human data, focusing on different aspects of linguistic diversity, following a macroecological approach and also analyzing the propagation dynamics of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). In Chapter 1, we reviewed how the evolution of languages and species goes far beyond mere analogies and has accumulated a growing literature that supports these parallels at both micro and macroevolutionary scales. In Chapter 2 we created a dialect quiz to collect linguistic data from Brazilian Portuguese (BP), and thus complement existing data, fill in gaps and later demarcate the different BP dialects, reconstruct the immigration history in Brazil, and research the evolution of BP. In Chapter 3 we investigate the mechanisms responsible for linguistic diversity in the Neotropical region (Mexico, Central and South America). We created a spatially explicit mechanistic model that incorporates altitude, water resources, precipitation and population group size as mechanisms capable of predicting the pre-Columbian linguistic diversity observed on the continent. In Chapter 4, we used a SIR (Susceptible, Infected, Removed) epidemiological model to assess the effectiveness of public policies of the state of Goiás in containing the spread of COVID-19 in its initial stage, between March and May 2020. In all chapters we successfully apply ecological theories and methods to data originated from humans, whether it's the language they speak or the virus that infects them. Therefore, we demonstrate how the methods and theories developed in biological disciplines can be applied to advance knowledge in the humanities, especially in linguistics and public administration. In this sense, we demonstrate the importance and effectiveness of multidisciplinary studies, especially for an object of study as complex as Homo sapiens.Item Padrões de evolução do nicho climático e de diversificação em anuros neotropicais(Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2014-05-26) Braga, Pedro Henrique Pereira; Marco Júnior, Paulo De; http://lattes.cnpq.br/2767494720646648; Maciel, Natan Medeiros; http://lattes.cnpq.br/2116561844584292; Camacho, Crisóforo Fabricio Villalobos; Nabout, João Carlos; Maciel, Natan MedeirosUnderstanding how important species traits are distributed across evolution is a major task for evolutionary ecologists and comparative biologists. Here, we addressed evolutionary questions about the niche evolution and diversification among anuran species. We performed analyses of the climatic niche evolution and diversification rates of direct and indirect development Neotropical anurans with the use of multivariate description of the species’ climatic niche and modern phylogenetic comparative methods. We tested the predictions that due to high physiological dependence to water, (i) frogs with biphasic life cycles (indirect development; free-larval form present) tend to retain their ecological niche characteristics across evolution (i.e., phylogenetic niche conservatism) and (ii) the climatic niche of direct development anurans evolved faster than the climatic niche of anurans with indirect development. We also hypothesized that, because of the role of niche conservatism in promoting allopatric speciation, indirect development anurans would also have higher diversification rates than direct development anurans. By including a high number of sampled species, we showed that there are no differences in their actual macroecological climatic niche. However, although niche position is similar between groups, indirect development anurans showed phylogenetic conservatism in their climatic niche, whilst direct development anurans evolved their niche according to the null expectation. Our assessments of diversification rates indicate that there is a correlation between terrestrial development and decreased diversification in anurans in a more general way and that faster speciation and reduced extinction in the Neotropics contribute to higher diversification in indirect development anurans. We consider that the insertion of larval characteristics can, therefore, imply in obstruction in the evolution of the environmental niche of a clade. We also believe that the evolution to different niches set by the different environmental requirements (here, one terrestrial and other fully or semi aquatic) resulted in divergent adaptive peaks (fitness valleys and trade-offs between adaptation to different environments), to which both direct and indirect development anurans evolved to match.Item Aninhamento de assembleias de aves em arquipélagos oceânicos(Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2021-08-26) Caetano, Vinne Magalhães; Melo, Adriano Sanches; http://lattes.cnpq.br/4602365265261727; Melo, Adriano Sanches; Maestri, Renan; Almeida Neto, MárioThe species richness of an island can be driven by the quality, complexity and heterogeneity of the habitat, as well as the dispersal ability of the species. Island size and altitude can be used as surrogate variables for habitat attributes, and island isolation can be used to represent the dispersal ability of species. Communities on a gradient of isolation or environmental complexity can form a taxonomically and/or morphologically nested distribution pattern. I tested the morphological nesting of bird assemblages from islands of eight oceanic archipelagos for size, altitude, and isolation of their islands. I performed this test by weighting the nesting by the magnitude of the difference between the tested variable and without this weighting. I found that morphological nesting was predominantly relevant to size and altitude, while isolation was not able to explain nesting in any archipelago. Unweighted analyzes had more positive results for nesting than those weighted by difference in altitude, size or isolation. The nesting observed was more due to richness shared between communities than due to the tree topology of morphological similarity between species. This means that if a community shares similarity in attributes with other communities, this similarity in attributes comes from the species shared between these communities and not from different species with similar attributes. Isolation was not able to explain the nesting, however, it is possible that there are isolation measures with greater biological relevance.Item Avaliação do uso de aditivos aliados ao manejo alimentar no desenvolvimento do trato digestivo de bezerros(Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2021-04-14) Caixeta, Luis Fernando de Sousa; Custódio, Carlos Henrique Xavier; http://lattes.cnpq.br/0207928273284808; Ferreira, Reginaldo Nassar; http://lattes.cnpq.br/2555785079833283; Ferreira, Reginaldo Nassar; Biancardi, Manoel Francisco; Leão, Karen Martins; Mendes, Elizabeth Pereira; Moreira, Tainá SilvestreThis study examines the effect of restricted feeding, based on the amount of milk supplied, combined with the compensatory gain mechanism and supplementation with an essential amino acid (methionine analogue - MET) or essential oils (EO) on the intestinal development and intestinal health of calves. Twenty calves were weighed and subjected to four treatments (feeding regimes) for two 28-day periods, as follows: Treatment 1 (RES+MET) - restricted milk intake in the first period (3 L/animal/day) and no restriction in the second period (6 L/animal/day) plus 4 g MET/day in both periods; Treatment 2 (MET) - no milk restriction in either period (6 L/animal/day) plus 4 g MET/day in both periods; Treatment 3 (RES+EO - milk restriction in the first period (3 L/animal/day) and no restriction in the second period (6 L/animal/day) plus 1.5 g EO/day in both periods; and Treatment 4 (EO) - no milk restriction in either period (6 L/animal/day) plus 1.5 g EO/day in both periods. Weight change in period 1 was lower in the animals on RES+MET than in the MET group, and no difference was detected between the other groups. Total live weight change at the end of the experiment was similar between the groups. There were no differences between treatment groups and periods for serum lactate, alkaline phosphatase or creatinine levels. Total proteins differed between the periods in the RES+MET, RES+EO and EO groups. Rumen papillae height was lower in the restricted groups. The methionine analogue reduced morphological changes in the hepatocyte nucleus as a result of the nutritional mechanisms induced by compensatory gain. Intestinal integrity was maintained by the action of the methionine analogue. Essential oils enhance the expression of GHS-R1a receptors in the hypothalamus.Item Crisina previne a neurotoxicidade induzida por cloreto de alumínio em camundongos swiss machos(Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2022-01-28) Campos, Hericles Mesquita; Ghedini, Paulo César; http://lattes.cnpq.br/5789550234984454; Ghedini, Paulo César; Duarte, Djane Braz; Munhoz, Carolina DemarchiChronic aluminium (Al) metal accumulation contributes to the progression of several neurological and neurodegenerative diseases. In particular, Al promotes oxidative damage, neuronal death, and functional decline resulting in deficits in cognition, memory and behavior. In this regard, the use of natural antioxidants can be a strategy to prevent the neurotoxicity of Al. Chrysin is a natural phenolic compound found in foods such as honey, passion fruit, and propolis and with antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. Here, we evaluated the chrysin neuroprotective effects against the neurotoxicity induced by chronic exposure to aluminium chloride (AlCl3), in mice (100 mg/kg, p.o.). The experimental protocol consisted of the treatment of mice with AlCl3 for ninety consecutive days, being the chrysin administration (10, 30. 100 mg/kg, p.o.) started on the forty-sixth day of the Al intake. Chrysin reduced the cognitive impairment induced by AlCl3 in the step-down passive avoidance task, normalizing the hippocampus acetylcholinesterase and butyrylcholinesterase activities. Along with this, chrysin decreased oxidative damage observed in the parameters of the lipid peroxidation, protein carbonylation, catalase and superoxide dismutase activities in the brain cortex and hippocampus. Furthermore, necrotic cells frequency was also decreased by chrysin in the same brain regions. These results highlighted that chrysin is able to reduce the neurotoxic effects associated with Al chronic exposure, being a potential compound present in foods that can be used for the benefit of mental health.Item Identificação proteômica de alterações metabólicas em Paracoccidioides brasiliensis induzidas por derivado de chalcona(Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2021-09-30) Carvalho Júnior, Marcos Antonio Batista de; Silva, Kleber Santiago Freitas e; http://lattes.cnpq.br/3813868830071259; Pereira, Maristela; http://lattes.cnpq.br/1345781867765758; Pereira, Maristela; Curcio, Juliana Santana de; Soares, Célia Maria de AlmeidaParacoccidioidomycosis is one of the most important systemic mycoses in Latin America. The infection occurs through the inhalation of fungal propagules belonging to Paracoccidioides genus that are present in soils, being largely associated with the contamination of rural workers, who are constantly exposed to this potentially contaminated material. Even more than a century after its discovery, the treatment of this infection with the currently available antifungal arsenal still represents a challenge, due to the long treatment time required, as well as the high toxicity of the drugs used. These questions highlight the need for research to develop and characterize new compounds with the potential to inhibit the growth of these microorganisms. In this sense, a class of molecules called chalcones has shown great versatility for demonstrating broad biological properties, including antifungal activity among them. Through a virtual screening methodology, a chalcone derivative named compound 3 was identified by our group as a promising inhibitor of Paracoccidioides spp. Thus, in order to understand the mode of action of compound 3, we applied a proteomic approach to identify the induced and repressed proteins of P. brasiliensis in the presence of compound 3. In addition, validation assays were performed on the results found. The analysis indicated that the compound can cause an imbalance in the fungal energy homeostasis by reducing the activity of the glycolytic pathway, beta-oxidation and citric acid cycle. In vitro validations also demonstrated that reactive oxygen species accumulate within the cells during exposure to compound 3, which can destabilize cellular components such as the plasma membrane. The molecular docking assay between compound 3 and the enzyme dihydropteroate synthase, which had its expression induced after the treatment, suggest that compound 3 may act as an inhibitor of this protein, impairing the folate biosynthesis that participates as a cofactor in synthesis of nucleotides and some amino acids. Therefore, these data support the efficiency of compound 3 in producing imbalances in key pathways for the P. brasiliensis' metabolic maintenance, contributing to its antifungal role.Item Efeitos da fragmentação sobre a ocorrência e o padrão de atividade de ungulados no Cerrado(Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2013-06-11) Carvalho, Eduardo Bruno; Melo, Fabiano Rodrigues de; http://lattes.cnpq.br/6863533704023271; Melo, Fabiano Rodrigues de; Silva, Daniel de Brito Cândido da; Machado, Ricardo BonfimFragmentation is one of the main causes for species extinctions, yet the responses to fragmentation may vary and have specific mechanisms related to species habits. Herein we hypothesized that generalist species occupancy and detectability are favored in fragmented areas and specialists species are damaged and that specialist’s activity patterns are altered as a way of compensating for the effects of fragmentation. This study included seven areas along the Araguaia River Biodiversity Corridor, which is embedded in the Cerrado Biome. We utilized data from camera trapping of six ungulate species: Mazama americana, Mazama gouazoubira, Pecari tajacu, Tapirus terrestris, Tayassu pecari e Ozotoceros bezoarticus. We created three hexagonal grids, measuring 50, 500 and 5.000 hectares, wich were related to the species home ranges. The fragmentation status was evaluated inside each grid by four landscape metrics wich were later redeced to a single variable by a Principal Components Analysis. Specie’s occupancy and detectability were tested by model selection to verify changes under influence of fragmentation. Frequency of records alterations between periods of the day were tested by a linear mixed-model analysis. The hypothesis of the positive effect of fragmentation on generalists specie’s occupancy and detection could not be confirmed, nevertheless fragmentation had an effect on every species, even when it was contrary to our initial prediction. None of the species presented shifts on the frequency of records among periods of the day due to fragmentation, however most of the species didn’t exhibit the expected pattern of activity described on the literature. These results could be attributed to the simplistic classification of the Cerrado, which didn’t comprise all of it’s different phytophisiognomies, to the narrow classification of fragmentation status and to the poor knowledge of how species respond to the fragmentation.Item Efeito antipsicótico de novos inibidores do transportador de prolina (SLC6A7)(Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2020-05-29) Carvalho, Gustavo Almeida de; Pinto, Mauro Cunha Xavier; http://lattes.cnpq.br/0868250984727943; Pinto, Mauro Cunha Xavier; Menegatti, Ricardo; Leite, Jacqueline AlvesSchizophrenia is a serious psychiatric disorder that expresses a complex set of positive, negative and/or cognitive symptoms. Some hypotheses attempt to explain the cause of schizophrenia, one of which is the glutamatergic hypothesis based on pharmacological evidence and pathophysiological studies that point to a hypofunction of NMDA receptor signaling in the brain. Proline transporters (SLC6A7) are predominantly expressed in the central nervous system (CNS) and are associated with glutamatergic neurotransmission, however, their role in regulating neural function and pharmacological potential is little known. The objective of this work was to pharmacologically characterize new prototypes of proline transporter inhibitors (SLC6A7) and to test the effect of one of these in a ketamine-induced psychosis model. The results presented here demonstrate that the compounds LQFM 215, LQFM 216 and LQFM 217 have a low impact on the viability of LUHMES cells and in culture of peripheral neurons and are capable of reducing the uptake of intracellular proline in synaptosomes. The compound LQFM 215 had a greater impact on the viability of LUHMES cells as well as on peripheral neurons and a greater inhibitory effect on the uptake of proline. In the behavior of mice, the compound LQFM 215 reduced the mobility of the animals, without prejudice to the working memory in the highest tested dose of 10 mg/kg and was not able to induce anxious or depressive behaviors. In the marble burying test the compound LQFM 215 in all the tested doses of 2.5, 5 and 10 mg/kg was able to stimulate this behavior. By testing the compound LQFM 215 in the ketamine-induced psychosis model, he was able to reduce the animals' induced hyperlocomotion at the tested doses of 20 and 30 mg/kg. The set of these results indicates that the compound LQFM 215 is a neuroactive compound with an effect on the mobility of animals and with antipsychotic potential. This work demonstrates that PROT inhibitors can be targets for the development of new antipsychotics.Item Estimulação adrenérgica causada pela administração de isoproterenol induz disfunção metabólica e remodelamento pancreático em ratos Wistar(Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2022-08-30) Castro, Alessandra Gisele de; Gomes, Rodrigo Mello; http://lattes.cnpq.br/3121095341590269; Gomes, Rodrigo Mello; Mascioli, Cristina da Costa Krewer; Custódio, Carlos Henrique XavierIsoproterenol is a drug commonly used for the treatment of bradycardia, heart block, bronchospasm during anesthesia and rarely for asthma. It is a non-selective β-adrenergic agonist analogue of epinephrine, for this reason it promotes positive inotropic and chronotropic effects in cardiac tissue, being used as an experimental model for the study of cardiac alterations. It is known that the adrenergic stimulation caused by the administration of isoproterenol induces cardiac remodeling, usually through pathways mainly related to redox status and inflammatory cytokines. However, little is known about the metabolic damage of this model. Thus, this study aims to evaluate the effects of isoproterenol administration on metabolic and morphological parameters. Adult Wistar rats (50-60 days old; weighing 200- 250g) were allocated into two experimental groups: control rats (CO) that received vehicle (150 mM NaCl, 0.1ml/kg/day; i.p.), and rats that received received injections of isoproterenol (ISO; 1 mg/kg/day; i.p.) for 7 consecutive days. After the treatment period, the animals were submitted to in vivo tests and later euthanized for sample collection. The animals in the ISO group did not show a significant difference in body mass compared to the CO animals. On the other hand, ISO animals showed increased brown adipose tissue mass and brown adipose area. Furthermore, the administration of isoproterenol promoted pancreatic remodeling, with an increase in the area of pancreatic islets and interstitial fibrosis. In short, in addition to cardiac changes, the adrenergic overload induced by isoproterenol administration was also able to promote significant morphological changes in brown adipose tissue and pancreas, these changes may be linked to changes in the heart and in other systems, thus, the study Integrated physiological training is fundamental for a better understanding of the exacerbated stimulation of β-adrenergic receptors.