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Item Dinâmica de competição agropecuária pelo uso do solo e implicações para a sustentabilidade dos recursos hídricos e remanescentes florestais(Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2012-09-21) Abdala, Klaus de Oliveira; Lee, Francis; http://lattes.cnpq.br/1763392088652134; Ribeiro, Francis Lee; Ferreira Júnior, Laerte Guimarães; Miziara, Fausto; Oliveira, Gilca Garcia de; Nogueira, Jorge MadeiraAccording to the IBGE is possible to identify four main complexes: cattle, soybeans, corn and sugar cane, responsible for the use and occupancy of approximately 97% of the soils. This thesis presents a survey of impacts on consumptive use of water resources, soils and forest remnants, from the dynamics of land use and specialization of municipalities in the state of Goiás in the complexes: Cane sugar, soybeans, corn and cattle.The results confirmed the hypothesis worked and indicated that municipal specialization in these complexes is the result of the comparative advantages of regions and that this specialization locate geographically environmental impacts analyzed.Therefore, working with the hypothesis that this specialization is the result of the exploitation of municipalities comparative advantages by competitive advantages of complexes in question.In response to questions for investigation, it was possible to identify the comparative advantages of the municipalities and the main competitive advantage of the complexes. In addition, indicators were generated from environmental risks to agriculture and a location model of these complexes as a function of the comparative advantages of the municipalities, which constitute subsidies to the establishment of institutions and public policies for regional development, the economic ecological and agro-ecological zoning and coordination between agricultural and environmental policies.Item Práticas de manejo pecuário na microrregião de São Miguel do Araguaia, Goiás: uma análise a partir de dados de campo e de sensoriamento remoto(Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2017-02-03) Aguado, Oscar Ivan De Oro; Araújo, Fernando Moreira de; http://lattes.cnpq.br/8681719274269970; Ferreira, Laerte Guimarães; http://lattes.cnpq.br/8647270006257055; Miziara, Fausto; Couto, Victor Rezende MoreiraPasture degradation is a process in the tropical region and in Brazil, it is estimated that there are approximately 100 million hectares under poor conservation and management conditions. This work aims to understand, in an exploratory way, the quality of the Brachiaria Brizantha and Andropogon Gayanus species, evaluating the seasonal and trend characteristics in relation to the conditioning factors of the degradation in the microregion of São Miguel do Araguaia. The methodology consisted in the selection of pastures in three levels of degradation for the species mentioned above; historical management for the last 15 years; and estimated vegetative vigor analysis using satellite images from the MODIS sensor, i.e. product MOD13Q1 - NDVI, for the period 2000 to 2015. The time series was analyzed using seasonal metrics and the algorithms Breaks For Additive Season and Trend (BFAST) for trend analysis and identification of the degradation factors for the three levels of degradation of both species. The results demonstrated the differentiation between the three categories of pasture management (optimal, reasonable and poor) for the two grass species using data collected in the field and orbital. According to the seasonal metrics, statistically, the species presented differentiated vegetative vigor behaviors (t = 2,083, gl = 375, p <0.001), and the discrimination is higher using the amplitude and maximum metrics of the NDVI index. The optimal pastures (t = 2.876, gl = 375, p <0.001) and poor (t = 4,142, gl = 375, p <0.001) differed according to seasonal behavior, while reasonable pastures did not (t = 0.745; = 375, p> 0.05). The optimal and reasonable pastures of B. Brizantha presented similar behaviors over the analysis period, whereas the poor pasture presented differentiated behaviors for the amplitude and average metrics. However, the optimal, reasonable and poor pastures of the A. Gayanus species, despite having differentiated qualities and management in the field, the NDVI values throughout the temporal series presented similar behaviors for both qualities. The Trends analysis showed that the high temperatures of 2007 and 2010 generated negative breaks points for both species, while the years of 2009 and 2013 were points of positive breaks due to the increase in rainfall records. As a conclusion, moderate resolution orbital data, particularly NDVI, allow the differentiation of pasture species and their respective qualities through the analysis of time series and, on the other hand, trend analysis showed that both species of grass showed high Sensitivity to the climatic factors, as El Niño and La Niña, in relation to the management used.Item Educação ambiental e meio ambiente no contexto de Palmas Capital Ecológica(Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2010-06-14) AIRES, Berenice Feitosa da Costa; BASTOS, Rogério Pereira; http://lattes.cnpq.br/6015137404238990Analyze the representations of the Environment and Environmental Education of teachers and students of basic education Palmas (TO) was the main goal of our investigat ion. The focus of research is centered on representations because we think they reveal the world of the subject and open spaces both for reflection and for action. Through literature review and rescued some forms of environmental education has been practiced and how the environment has been conceived, trying to show how the place and everyday relationships are constructive representations and relevance to the development of formal education, especially by experiments that occurs at the local level, but are not disconnected from global experiences. Thus, the study focuses on the pedagogical practices of teachers in the EA of private education, city and state and graphical representations of students in elementary and secondary education about the environment. For the realization of this theoretical research using sources from different areas of knowledge and empirical research, using the analysis of questionnaires, documents, maps, observations, records, photographs and statistical analysis (Chi-square and Fischer's exact test). From the data collected, the practice of EA was revealed as a variety of representations of students and teachers about the environment. The results offer a view as has been the practice in environmental education in the area surveyed, mainly in relation to the activities of EA developed in basic education. From the elaborate framework of representations and pedagogical practices found and the end of the investigation, it was possible to formulate some guidelines for programs of continuing education of teachers in EA, and some principles for the construction of meaningful practice of EA considering the context of basic education Palmas (TO). It is emphasized that the importance of this research area is to contribute to the reflection on the values that can permeate the environmental education and also by providing assistance, not just getting in dealing conceptual.Item Diversidade e vulnerabilidade de insetos aquáticos em paisagens produtivas(Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2014-05-30) Almeida, Mirian Cristina de; Marco Junior, Paulo de; http://lattes.cnpq.br/2767494720646648Loss and habitat fragmentation at the landscape scale, the land use and local integrity of habitats (e.g. riparian forests), associated with the social structure of rural lands are factors that can determine the loss of species. These could be greater where of landscapes is homogenized by the same type of land use, such as in agricultural areas. This has important consequences and could be determine that Conservation Biology practices are not based only on Protected Areas. These approaches applied to aquatic insects occurring in Cerrado of Goiás state show that endangered species of Odonata, distributed in the central and south region presented a historical habitat loss of 76%. Regional assessment according to the criteria of the IUCN, a total of 34.8% of species would be in some category of threat, these 71.5% were Critically Endangered, 22,8% Endangered and 4.9% would be vulnerable. Local environmental variables, spatial structure of habitat and matrix in buffers of 250 meters and habitat spatial structure and matrix in the landscapes of 25 by 25 kilometers explained the local richness of Odonata adults in streams. Richness decreases with increase in pasture in the 250 meters buffers and crop in the landscape and increases with the opening canopy. For Ephemeroptera, Plecoptera and Trichoptera (EPT) immature, richness increases with increasing riparian forest 250 meters buffers, with the opening of canopy and the average conductivity of the water. When we consider the habitat integrity (riparian) associated with the structure of rural property around protected areas, the integrity of riparian vegetation as measured by NDVI was lower in the Buffer Zone of sustainable protect areas associated with small farms. The area of the property dedicated to the cultivation and cattle size has direct impacts to lower NDVI values.Item Morfometria e uso da terra da bacia hidrográfica do Rio do Coco e suas implicações sobre a produção e transporte de sedimentos(Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2017-03-31) Almeida, Rejane Freitas Benevides; Bayer, Maximiliano; http://lattes.cnpq.br/4552593148328465; Ferreira Júnior, Laerte Guimarães; http://lattes.cnpq.br/8647270006257055; Ferreira, Nilson Clementino; Faria, Karla Maria Silva de; Zancopé, Márcio Henrique de Campos; Silva Júnior, José Luiz CabralThis study aimed to evaluate the influence of morphometric aspects and land use in the areas of permanent preservation of watercourses on the production and transport of sediments in the Rio do Coco watershed. It is located on the right bank of the Araguaia River basin, in the state of Tocantins, between the municipalities of Caseara, Marianópolis do Tocantins, Divinópolis do Tocantins, Monte Santo, Paraíso do Tocantins, Chapada de Areia, Pium and Barrolândia. The first phase of the study consisted of compartmentalization and morphometric analysis of the basin, where it was verified the existence of regions (high basin) with natural characteristics indicative of greater susceptibilities that may potentiate sediment supply, pointing out the need of more effective planning of the use activities. The second phase was dedicated to evaluating the cover and the soil use of the Rio do Coco basin, in addition to identifying and quantifying the percentage of areas with land use conflicts in the areas of permanent preservation of water courses. For this purpose, the mapping of land cover and land use was carried out using images from Landsat 8 (2015) satellite. For the identification of PPAs buffers with buffer strips were created according to the limits defined in the legislation. The conflicts of land use in APP were measured after the overlap of the map generated in the classification and the PPA map, being verified for the entire basin 32.8% of areas with conflicts of use along the bodies of water and, although the sub-basins belonging to the region of the high basin are the regions with greater irregularities. The third and last phase of the thesis evaluated the production and transport of sediments in the Rio do Coco basin and its most representative sub-basins. This analysis was carried out by means of measurements of liquid and solid discharges in the Coco River and in the mouth of the channels of the main sub-basins. Measurements were initiated in November 2014 extending through April 2016 from bimonthly collections. The quantification of the solids load obeyed the methodology defined by Carvalho (2000b), and the flow measurements are performed using the following flow meters: ADV (Acoustic Doppler Velocimeter) FlowTracker and ADCP (Acoustic Doppler Current Profiler). The total discharge followed the method of Colby (1957) in Carvalho (2000a) and the specific production of sediments was analyzed based on the methodology of Carvalho (2008). From these analyzes it was possible to measure the volume of material transported by the main drainage channels of the basin, being proved that the region of the high basin is responsible for most of the sediments produced and transported in the water bodies. It should be noted, therefore, that this material has not arrived fully in the Araguaia River, part is being deposited along the canal, it is evident that in the basin there is an environment where production and transportation predominate and in another the accumulation. The results found in this phase of the research only reinforce the evidence observed in previous phases, where it was verified that the morphometric aspects are determinant in the sedimentological discharge of the basin, being the use and coverage of the soil considered maximizer of the whole process.Item Degradação de fenol por bactérias de dois biomas brasileiros(Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2015-10-14) Almeida-Rotta, Anna Paula Santos; Vieira, José Daniel Gonçalves; http://lattes.cnpq.br/1742731776579730; Vieira, José Daniel Gonçalves; Silva, Daniela de Melo e; Souza, Keili Maria Cardoso deIn recent decades, the growth of industrial activity and agriculture has been responsible for environmental contamination due to the presence of organic and inorganic substances. Phenol and its derivatives are an important class of environmental contaminants by their presence in many industrial effluents. The seeking of biological alternatives to mitigate the environmental pollution has motivated researches to find microorganisms that combine the capacity to degrade phenol with a sustainable focus. Therefore, bacteras capable of degrading xenobiotics are been used in soil, sediment and water treatment. This study has aimed to evaluate the biodegradation of phenol by bacterial isolates isolated from two Brazilian biomes (Cerrado Goiano and Mangrove of Guarapary, ES), whereupon the influence of pre-adaptation of the bacteria was checked, as well as the effects of growth parameters in different concentrations and the tolerance to this chemical compound. One isolated from Cerrado was identified as Staphylococcus aureus (BF 2.5), and the other one as a gram-positive rod (\BF 2.3.2), and the mangrove bacteria were identified as Bacillus circulans (MF-2) and Bacillus sp. (MF-1). All of the isolates consumed phenol in the approximated of 500mg.L-1 when cultivated in liquid Busnell-Hass (BH) medium and 1.500mg.L-1 in Nutrient Agar medium (NA). The consumption of phenol as carbon source by BF-2.5 isolated was 2,78; 4;79 and 0,35% for concentrations of 100, 200 and 300 mg.L-1 of phenol, respectively. The isolated BF-2.3.2 results were 11, 04; 19,13 and 16,02%, respectively. For the mangrove isolated the results were 22,43; 11,52 and 3.33% to 21,54; 20;54 and 28.85% for the MF-1 and MF-2 isolates, respectively in the same phenol concentrations tested. These results suggest a higher phenol consumption capacity of MF-2 isolated from mangrove.Item Análise da Sustentabilidade Ambiental em Estabelecimentos Agrícolas em Goiás(Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2010-06-18) ALVES, Luiz Batista; MIZIARA, Fausto; http://lattes.cnpq.br/3275079358565458; BASTOS, Rogério Pereira; http://lattes.cnpq.br/6015137404238990In this work are presented and discussed other forms of studies related to analysis of environmental sustainability with the use of methods that permit the human environment to demonstrate its environmental impacts on rural properties in the town of Silvânia, State of Goiás. The choice of the municipality of Silvânia occurred because of present permanent preservation areas susceptible to exploitation by various activities in the city, allowing checking the environmental sustainability in land reform settlements in comparison with other rural property. The Project for Sustainable Development (PDS), established in 1999 comes meet the new brazilian environmental laws, seeking the durability and perpetuity of the settlements (family farm) in order to provide less environmental impact. On the other hand, has been observed that in large farms (agricultural employer) occurs deforestation to expand the area explored, giving rise to a particular crop, in seeking increases in production. Studies have shown the link between deforestation and biodiversity conservation consequences that hinder sustainable development. Still, the methodology of the indices applied to the settlement of São Sebastião da Garganta and João de Deus, the results showed considerable levels of sustainability. Analyzing the settlements in comparison with the Farm Silvânia through satellite images, it appears that the agrarian reform, there were minor differences of deforestation between periods and a greater difference occurred in the Farm Silvânia as favoring extensive livestock farming. But we can not say that the settlements have a higher level of environmental sustainability, where by means of observation of annual averages, there are almost identical proportions of deforestation, and that the settlements, deforestation occurred in a more fragmented than in Farm Silvânia and may cause a greater reduction of species in the environment, reducing the potential for environmental sustainability. Finally, the results may serve as guidance in formulating environmental policy to keep families in agrarian reform settlements, contributing to sustainable development of rural properties in the region, coupled with supervision to allow continuity in the production process in a sustainable manner.Item Capacidade de interceptação pelas árvores e suas influências no escoamento superficial urbano(Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2015-04-16) Alves, Patrícia Layne; Formiga, Klebber Teodomiro Martins; http://lattes.cnpq.br/0787413754235970; Alves, Patrícia Layne; Barbassa, Ademir PaceliProblems related to water, in the urban environment, have drawn attention in the face of the problem caused by its lack and/or excess. Among this backdrop there is the tumultuous occupation of urban space that combined with the suppression of soil coverage and vegetation leads to the urban runoff higher volume, pollution and shorter time to peak discharge. In this context, the benefits of urban afforestation are present, which besides the aesthetic value added to space, set up physical barriers to stormwater, favoring its retention, storage and infiltration into the soil. This study aims to evaluate the capacity of rainfall interception treetops the some species, reduce the volume of urban runoff, slow the flow peaks, as well as to expand the attention span of an urban watershed. The research was field experiments with recurrent arboreal species in the urban afforestation of Uruaçu, Goiás, using pluviographs, trunk collectors and water level sensor. From the use of interception parameters determined in this study, computer simulations using the Storm Water Management Model Model (SWMM) were performed, starting from the proposition of scenarios with different types of territorial installment associated with the Low Impact Development practices (LID) and urban forestry. During the data collection period 2012/2013, the rainfall events had a median of accumulated rainfall of 16.7mm. During this period, the median values of interception were Mangifera indica - 8.0mm; Pachira aquatica - 7.4mm; Licania tomentosa - 7.2mm; and Caesalpinia peltophoroides - 4.8mm. The period of data collection relating to 2013/2014, the median precipitation of rainfall events were 20.7mm, and the median values for interception and stemflow were respectively: 5.7mm and 0.1mm for Mangifera indica; 4.5mm and 0.2mm for Licania tomentosa; and 3.8mm and 0.3mm for Tabebuia ochracea. The delay at the start of average rains caused by tree species was 3min. The presence of individual trees afforded a median delay in the peak time of 3 min, a reduction of the peak flow of 0.8 mm/min and runoff of 4.7mm/min. Through simulations with the scenario where the wooded urban planning aggregated all LID techniques employed in this study, it was possible to achieve a reduction in peak flows in 3.42m³ / s, compared to conventional design; allowing storage of a volume of water in 4470.59m³ local infiltration proposed structures; and delay the peak flows of up to 6 min. This thesis confirms the interference of the individual characteristics of the species in the rain interception capability by their canopies and reducing runoff, highlighting the need for careful definition of the species that make up the urban forestry; testifies the existence of variations in interceptions in relation to rainfall events and during their occurrence; as well as quantitative data points precipitate volume reduction and drained by the tree individual presence in urban areas. Their research shows that, alone, afforestation and LID techniques cause little reduction in volume and flow and little delay in time to peak flow, while combined contribute significantly to drainage. This study differs from the use of recording rain gauges and linígrados for the measurement of precipitation and runoff directly under the canopy of individual trees in an urban environment; and adds to SWMM the insertion of arboreal benefits in hydrological simulation.Item Estudo hidrossedimentológico em rios da bacia hidrográfica do Rio Meia Ponte - Goiás, Brasil(Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2019-02-11) Amaral, Ana Karolyna Nunes; Formiga, Klebber Teodomiro Martins; http://lattes.cnpq.br/0787413754235970; Formiga, Klebber Teodomiro Martins; Bayer, Maximiliano; Ribeiro, Noely VicenteThe present work show an analysis of hydrosedimentological dynamics in rivers of the River Basin Meia Ponte (BHRMP), localized in the State of Goias. The work was objective to analyze the sedimentological behavior as a way of understanding the river processes in the studied rivers. For the development of the work, were collected sediment in suspension in six rivers of the basin were collected in at least three points in each river. Hydrological surveys were carried out with ADCP equipment. For the granulometric distribution was used MASTERSIZER 2000 and the LISST – SL equipment. The samples were made during the dry season, at the end of July and November during the rainy season. The samples were submitted to laboratory analysis, which allowed the interpretation and discussion of the results afterwards. The granulometry of suspended sediments had their greatest representativity in the silt class. From the collected data, the Suspended Sediment Concentration in the BHRMP rivers ranged from 2,62 to 21,69 mg / l, transporting on average 6,31 tons/day of suspended sediments during dry season. In the rainy season the suspended sediment concentration ragend from 39,02 to 127,58 tons/day. From the calculations of specific sediment production, it was found that the basin produced 1,72 and 58,18 ton/km2/year form the dry to the rainy season respectively.Item Caracterização biofísica e potencial à intensificação sustentável da pecuária brasileira em pastagens(Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2017-12-18) Arantes, Arielle Elias; Ferreira Junior, Laerte Guimarães; http://lattes.cnpq.br/8647270006257055; Silva, Elaine Barbosa da; Couto, Victor Rezende Moreira; Miziara, Fausto; Ferreira, Nilson Clementino; Ferreira, Laerte GuimarãesCattle ranching is the main land use activity in Brazil, with about 175 million hectares of cultivated pasture, with at least 50% of these being with some degree of degradation. Degraded pastures present low biomass production of little nutritional value, which leads to low animal weight gain in the rainy season and loss of weight in the dry season. Due to its low productive efficiency, if these areas were identified and recovered, they could be intensified, freeing pasture areas for other uses. In this context, the objective of this work was to evaluate the pasture vigor and the potential livestock intensification for Brazil. In order to obtain the vigor and productivity of Brazilian pastures, a Pasture Strength Index (PVI) was generated by integrating the α (intercept) and β (slope) coefficients, derived from the linear regression of the vegetation index (NDVI) over time (2000 to 2017). Pastures with low PVI values were located throughout the Caatinga biome, in the MATOPIBA region of the Cerrado biome, in the eastern portion of Mato Grosso do Sul, southeastern of Mato Grosso and northwestern of Goiás. These areas are associated to regions of higher water deficit, as shown by the relationship between the PVI and the total annual precipitation (R² = 0.40) and evapotranspiration. For the Cerrado biome, the PVI showed high spatial correspondence with the green biomass and percent green cover. Green biomass and percent green cover were generated from extrapolation of field data to the spatial resolution of MODIS images. The areas with lower PVI values in the Cerrado biome also had lower green biomass (< 6000 kg ha-1 ) and percent green cover (< 47%) during the growing season. Considering the accumulated green biomass in the growing season, it was observed that the Cerrado’s cattle stocking rate could increase from 1.11 AU ha-1 (real cattle stocking rate) to 2.56 AU ha-1 (potential cattle stocking rate). The real cattle stocking rate in 2015 was generated through the integration of the 2006 Livestock Census data with the Livestock Production data for the year 2015. The potential cattle stocking rate was obtained from the relationship between the forage production (green biomass and gross primary productivity - GPP) and the forage demand of one animal unit (1 AU = 450 kg). The potential of intensification was determined from the difference between the actual and the potential cattle stocking rates. For all of Brazil, the cattle stocking rate in 2015 was 0.97 AU ha-1 , reaching a potential of 3.60 AU ha-1 , that is, the potential for intensification was 2.63 AU ha-1 . The greatest potential of intensification occurred in the South region (3.62 AU ha-1 ), and the lowest in the North (2.13 AU ha-1 ) and Northeast (2.22 AU ha-1 ) regions of Brazil.Item Avaliação da área queimadas no bioma cerrado: proposições para o monitoramento e conversação(Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2015-03-03) Araújo, Fernando Moreira de; Ferreira Junior, Laerte Guimarães; http://lattes.cnpq.br/8647270006257055Fire is an important ecological and environmental disturbance phenomenon in the Cerrado biome, which is influenced by climatic, ecological, cultural and economic factors. Burning biomass promotes change in the structure and composition of the soil, accelerates the erosion and sedimentation processes, promotes seed germination, renewal of grasses and releases large amounts of trace gases and aerosols into the atmosphere. This research seeks to understand the location patterns and the recurrence of burned areas to the Cerrado biome according to their different geographical regions from the land cover and land use class, and climatic variables. In particular, we evaluated quantitatively the performance of the MODIS MCD45A1 product for the Cerrado biome, in accordance with the different land use and land cover classes depending on the landscape, using as reference 130 randomly selected burned area polygons, and four randomly selected medium resolution orbital images, both from the month of September. In addition, we analyzed the burned areas spatial and temporal patterns in Brazil, considering both the territorial limits of the six biomes (i.e. Amazônia, Caatinga, Cerado, Mata Atlântica, Pampa and Pantanal) and their main land cover and land use classes (PROBIO MMA). At last, for burned areas greater than 2 km², we evaluated their patterns (spatial and temporal) and frequency of recurrence (burned areas that intersect more than 50%), as well as their interanual and seasonal climatic variations from vegetation index (EVI), precipitation (TRMM) and evapotranspiration (MOD16) images. These images were analyzed in association with the four groups of recurrence (burned areas with recurrence every four years) to determine the different burning regimes and the pre and post burning vegetation responses. The MCD45A1 polygons (September) had good relationship with the reference mapping (Landsat base) (r² = 0.92) and also with the hotspots (MOD14 and MYD14 - monthly data) (r² = 0.89). The omission error found is high, but this is associated with landscape structure patterns, as found for the four reference images. The Product MCD45A1 even with spatial and temporal limitations promotes temporal mapping consistency and provides understanding the behavior and impacts of the burned on the Cerrado landscape. Among the Brazilian biomes, Cerrado is the one with the highest record of fires between 2002 and 2010 (73%), followed by Amazon (14%), while 81% of the records of the burned areas occur on the remnant vegetation cover class. The records of the burning recurrences in the Cerrado focus on the remnant class, 59% whereas the frequency of recurrence presented a higher proportion up to 3 times for the period 2000-2013. For the four groups of recurrences analyzed after the first fire record, 2002, the vegetative vigor records declines, especially after 2010, on average 4% for the remnant classes and 3.5% for the anthropogenic. The minimum distance between the fragments presents that 42% of recurrences analyzed are between 1-2 kilometers, providing greatest spatial concentration.Item O impacto do manejo do cultivo de cana-de-açúcar (Saccharum sp.) e de pastagem (Brachiaria decumbens) na microbiota do solo(Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2017-10-13) Araújo, Marcus Vinícius Forzani; Vieira, José Daniel Gonçalves; http://buscatextual.cnpq.br/buscatextual/visualizacv.do?id=K4782223Z6; Vieira, José Daniel Gonçalves; Carrim, Aysha Jussara Ivonilde; Silva, Daniela de Melo eCharacterized as extremely important, the soil is a complex environment and it shelters a great diversity of microorganisms. However, little is known about the diversity and ecology of the soil microbiota. Thus, the first part of this dissertation reviews the methodological evolution used to characterize the diversity and abundance of microorganisms found in soil. The second part consists of the application of two methodologies reviewed in the previous chapter, serial dilution and solid medium plating, to estimate free-living nitrogen fixing microorganisms, and fumigation-extraction to estimate soil microbial biomass (BMS). The last part employs the most modern microbial soil characterization technique, the metagenomics of 16S rRNA. Hence, our initial hypothesis was that sugarcane fields’ soils would have better soil microbiological indicators than grasslands’ soils. The results confirmed that the hypothesis was partially correct, and it was possible to find about 140% more free-living diazotrophic colony-forming units (CFUs) and a 17% richer alpha diversity in sugarcane fields’ soils than in grasslands’ soils. The beta diversity between sugarcane plantations and pastures presented clear differences. However, sugarcane fields’ soils obtained about 25% less BMS than grasslands’ soils. In relation to the bacterial phyla, the grasslands have more Actinobacteria, Chloroflexi and Planctomycetes and sugarcane fields have a greater number of TM7 and bacteria that were not identified, being Proteobacteria and Acidobacteria the dominating phyla in both types of soil. Although the results of nitrogen fixers and microbial biomass appear to be conflicting, it is an indication that the diazotrophic community undergoes with a diverse biotic and abiotic influences than the total community of soil microorganisms, and thus respond differently.Item Metodologia para avaliação de riscos ambientais em áreas urbanas da região metropolitana de Goiânia-GO(Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2012-06-21) Assunção, Simone Gonçalves Sales; Oliveira, Leandro Gonçalves; http://lattes.cnpq.br/4995825091971711; Oliveira, Leandro Gonçalves; Miziara, Fausto; Formiga, Klebber Teodomiro Martins; Scalize, Paulo Sérgio; Mascaró, Juan LuisThis paper aims to propose a new method for assessing environmental risks based on the Ecological Risk Analysis method proposed by Faria (1983). Starting from the main scientific methods used for environmental risk assessment, methods of urban planning and environmental sustainability indicators used in models of environmental risk assessment, the new method is tested in the area around Mingau creek, in the neighborhood Parque Amazônia, in Goiania, Goiás, where it had been applied the method proposed by Faria (1983) and also in the vicinity of Santo Antonio creek, located in Aparecida de Goiânia, Goiás. This method consists in obtaining data from the premise socioeconomic and the physical environment of the study site, determining a rank for each risk factor. Subsequently, these data are checked with the physical medium through an array that uses the aggregate sum of the levels divided by two, rounded statistically when necessary. The results show, generally, the interrelation between the environment factors the physical and socioeconomic environment and reveal in a clear, objective and direct that the environmental risks of the physical environment are interrelated and submitted to each factor inserted in the premise socio-environmental, particularly the direct effects that social factors on the print environment, the deemed to be interdependent. In the method de Faria (1983) each factor is naturally hierarchical individually and that the intersection matrix of the aggregation is by obtaining the intensity of damage indicators, which are the anthropic factors interfering on the natural environment, with indicators sensitivity of damage, that for each natural factor is adopted and an indicator refers to the ability of resistance and resilience of the physical environment. So, are crossed, the risk matrix, the intensity of damage with a sensitivity of damage and gives the level of ecological risk for each natural factor, differently. In this new method more directly, we obtain the level of risk to each factor, whether physical or socioeconomic and then the results are intercepted in a single array of aggregation, which results in the environmental risk of the interrelationship of factors jointly allowing demonstrate a more comprehensive and systemic results of environmental risk assessment.Item Processos erosivos lineares nas bacias dos Rios Claro e dos Bois, afluentes do Rio Araguaia no Estado de Goiás: relações com a cobertura vegetal e uso da terra(Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2010-08-19) BARBALHO, Maria Gonçalves da Silva; CASTRO, Selma Simões de; http://lattes.cnpq.br/4460827622247417The pattern of land use and occupation of the Cerrado associated with the expansion of the agricultural frontier, in the last 40 years, has been interpreted as causing environmental impacts observed him during this period, especially those related to intensive deforestation and indiscriminate use of areas with soils with low or null agricultural capability, although capable of extensive pastures. The Erosion processes have been described as the most significant, positioned after the remarkable loss of biodiversity, the most important and extensive in area. The present thesis analyzes the relationship between the land use valued at historical series started in the decade of 1975, agricultural suitability of land use pattern and the erosion and silting sites of the two combined basins for purposes of this study, called basins of the rivers Claro and Bois, tributaries of the upper Araguaia river in the state of Goiás. This area was considered in previous studies as the most affected by deforestation among the five sub-basins that make up the upper Araguaia river basin. The research was based an integrated analysis of the physical environment and biota components of the focus area, with base on remote sensing and GIS and pedotransfer criteria. The results are presented as scientific papers and reveal that the most intensive phase of deforestation occurred in the 1980s, when the Forest Formations were most penalized originally, followed by the Savanna Formations, that the conversion occurred in favor of extensive pastures, for which the area has good suitability soil and relief associates; that the numerous of linear erosion impacts, 395 linear erosion features placed in degraded pastures are concentrated in these areas, which predominate low discrepancies between suitability and actual use. As evidenced in the spatial analysis, it is confirmed the presence of 395 linear erosion features associated with degraded pastures. It is concluded that the area supports the pattern of initial occupation of the Cerrado by its conversion to pasture and that environmental impacts arising from the management of them more than this type of use.Item Pagamento por serviços ambientais para catadores de material reciclável: oportunidades e desafios(Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2015-07-31) Barbosa, Cleidinaldo de Jesus; Ribeiro, Francis Lee; http://lattes.cnpq.br/1763392088652134Law no. 12.305/2010 ...Item Conservação de mamíferos no cerrado e em Goiás(Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2012-12-19) Barreto, Bruno de Souza; Miziara, Fausto; De Marco Júnior, Paulo; http://lattes.cnpq.br/2767494720646648Increasingly biodiversity has lost diversity around the globe because of the way the human population have used natural resources. To reduce the impacts caused by human activity, conservation units (CU) have been created to ensure the maintenance of biodiversity. However, many conservation units were not established following scientific criteria and its efficiency can therefore be questioned. In this study we tried to evaluate the efficiency of conservation of the Cerrado based on species richness and beta diversity of mammals currently and in accord to climate change expected for 2080. We show through gap analyzes that species are represented in the current system both in the current climate and in the future. However, they have become rarer within CUs with climate change. We show that CUs do not capture a greater diversity than expected by chance. It is expected a larger number of species within the CUs in 2080, however, the number of species outside them will also be greater. As for beta diversity, there will be a reduction of the index in 2080 and both outside and within the UCs expected on average the same value. Climate change became UC’s Cerrado more inefficient, there will be an increase in the number of threatened species because of climate change interfering in the spatial arrangement of species on the Cerrado. This draws attention to the evaluation of systems of protected areas consider the spatial-temporal dynamics of the species.Item Manejo e monitoramento de impactos sobre o ecossistema em áreas protegidas de cerrado: estrutura da vegetação, gramíneas exóticas e incêndios(Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2019-07-05) Batista, Flávia Regina de Queiroz; Ramos Neto, Mario Barroso; http://lattes.cnpq.br/7182178358444899; Ferreira Júnior, Laerte Guimarães; http://lattes.cnpq.br/8647270006257055; Ferreira, Laerte Guimarães; Faria, Karla Maria Silva de; Cianciaruso, Marcus Vinícius; Ferreira, Nilson Clementino; Taitson, GuilhermeThe Cerrado is the richest, perhaps the most threatened savannah in the world, and only 3% of its area is protected by law. These are extremely valuable and strategic areas for the conservation of the Cerrado, but suffer numerous external and internal pressures. Among the main management concerns for the Conservation Units (UC) of the Cerrado are fires and biological invasion. This work investigates how the interference of the management and the dynamics of the fire and the invasion of exotic grasses alter the phytophysiognomies of cerrado, and is divided in chapters that investigate respectively: 1) the difficulties in producing a map of sufficient accuracy to support studies of dynamics of vegetation structure; 2) the effectiveness of the current fire management system and the challenges of integrated fire management in the last two decades; 3) the invasion by exotic grasses and their relation with the topography of the terrain, tracks and roads in and around the study area. Landsat 8 images from a period of 5 years from 2013 were used and calculated for 5 different time intervals - monthly, inter-monthly, annual, yearly, quinquennial - sets of metrics based on 18 indices derived from reflectance values of the bands of these images besides the values of reflectance of the bands, data sampled in the field and semiautomatic classification for the mapping of the vegetation classes of the National Park of Emas (PNE). From a replicable model it was possible to elaborate a map with 89% accuracy and nine classes of phytophysiognomies, reducing the costs and the subjectivity of the manual work of data collection and posterior corrections. Using metrics elaborated from a digital elevation model and data of presence and absence of Urochloa sp on internal tracks and along the edges of the UC. Four models were tested using morphometric parameters, distances to tracks and roads in contrast to the presence or absence of the species. The results point to the importance of anthropic disturbances, terrain topography, and indicate that the force of water in its runoff is very relevant in establishing the species in new areas. In order to understand the spatial and temporal behavior of fire in the Emas National Park (PNE), the frequency of burnings for the different phytophysiognomies was analyzed, the correlation between the number of heat spots and the extent of the scars and the influence of the environmental variables surface, precipitation and accumulation of biomass). The scars of burned areas, heat sources, climatic variables - rainfall and temperature of the earth's surface (°C) - dry biomass surface and accumulated biomass for burned and unburned areas were analyzed. The annual peak of heat sources pointed with great accuracy to the occurrence of burnings in the PNE area, the number of outbreaks showed to be a good indicator of scar occurrence and size, the extent of area with dry biomass at categories 'very high' and 'critical' is a risk indicator of large fires and a reasonable predictor of areas that serve as a blockade to the spread of fires. The current fire management plan through firing and natural burning during the dry season has brought advances in fire prevention, but it is necessary to consider the use of prescribed controlled burns.Item O meio biótico nos termos de referência de estudos de impacto ambiental de UHEs brasileiras - a raiz dos problemas(Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2018-07-09) Batista, Gabriel de Avila; Marco Júnior, Paulo De; http://lattes.cnpq.br/2767494720646648; Marco Júnior, Paulo De; Bastos, Rogério Pereira; Nomura, FaustoThe Brazilian federal government assumes the imminence of an energy crisis. Thus, hydroelectric projects appear as a preventive response to the reduction of energy resources and to eventual socioeconomic instability arising from this problem. Therefore, it becomes pertinent to several sectors the discussion about the socioeconomic, physical and biotic aspects that are affected by the implantation of hydroelectric dams. Despite the legal, technical and scientific aspects of the brazilian Environmental Licensing (EL) process, it is part of an administrative process, and comply with protocols defined in Reference Terms (RT). Thereby their stages, including the Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA), must conform to the proposal of these documents to enable the flow of the EL process. The literature indicates shortcomings in environmental licensing processes related to EIAs, with the nature of these gaps varying from administrative, legal, technical, and scientific methods. Still in this plea, the literature also points out problems regarding the biotic aspects of environmental impact assessment. These errors lead to environmental impacts that are difficult to mitigate, since they were not predicted or evaluated during the studies. Observing these premises and considering the RT as the base of the methods used in these studies, it is possible to suppose that this document is one of the problems origins observed in the subsequent phases. Are the guidelines for the biotic environment in RTs in line with what is proposed by science? The analyzes in this study demonstrate that the scientific quality of the biotic environment protocols is low. It is known why sample – as this question answers a legal requirement too –, but it is not known the best sample targets neither the adequate way to sample, which may lead to irreversible impacts. The prognosis is disappointing, with an increase of 0.53% in quality per year, considering 1988 as the starting year, it will still take 158 years to reach the ideal.Item Efeitos de microcistinas em Piaractus brachypomus (Actinopterygii, Characidae) e o perfil do consumo de peixes pela comunidade da UFG(Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2017-06-08) Bezerra, Roberto Araujo; Nogueira, Ina de Souza; http://lattes.cnpq.br/3877834258990173; Nogueira, Ina de Souza; http://lattes.cnpq.br/3877834258990173; Vieira, José Daniel Gonçalves; Oliveira, Leandro Gonçalves; Jardim, Fernando Antônio; Dias Júnior, WalterThe world's fishery production is constantly growing, with expansion of aquaculture parks, fish farms and fish-pay, however, these activities can trigger damages to aquatic systems. The process of eutrophication is characterized by the excess of nutrients available in the water, which when associated with high temperatures and luminosity, provide cyanobacteria blooms, some of which are toxic. Microcystins pose risks to human and other animal health due to the consumption of contaminated fish and can cause serious problems for the aquatic community. The present study had as main objective to evaluate the mutagenic damages that toxic blooms of Microcystis aeruginosa and Microcystis panniformis in different densities of cells can cause when exposed to the Piaractus brachypomus (pirapitinga), native species of the Amazon basin and commercialized in fish farms and fish-pays of the Goiânia metropolitan region, and to evaluate the profile of fish consumption by the community of the Federal University of Goiás. The results showed that even at low densities, the effect of microcystins generated different genomic damages in fish. Juveniles presented erythrocytic nuclear alterations exposed to M. aeruginosa - reniformes: 33%; binucleate: 28.6%; micronucleus: 28.1% and exposed to M. panniformis reniformes: 6.43%; binucleate: 75.5%; micronucleus: 2.4%. There was a higher concentration of microcystins produced by M. panniformis cells. As for the profile of the academic community, more than 80% consume fish, since tilapia is the most preferred species among respondents (22.4%). Of these, only 49.6% go to fish-pay and the main reason for going is leisure with family or friends (46.7%), however, only 21.7% take into account the hygiene of the place, but are unaware of the quality of the waters of these places, as well as that of fish. It was concluded in this study that the group most threatened by the action of cyanotoxins are the fish consumers themselves due to the low concentration found in the muscular tissues and that when investigated, some do not reach the peak of detection, passing unnoticed by the human population.Item Caracterização física, estrutural e da diversidade floristica de fragmentos florestais na alta bacia do Rio Araguaia(Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2008-03-25) CABACINHA, Christian Dias; CASTRO, Selma Simões de; http://lattes.cnpq.br/4460827622247417The upper Araguaia river basin region has been transformed by rapid and intensive human occupation processes that began in the 1970s, and now the landscape is highly fragmented. Remnant forests are surrounded by cotton and soybean plantations and pasture. They continue to be subjected to degradation and little is known about their ecological integrity. The objective of this research is increase knowledge of the remnant forest flora and provide support for public conservation and recovery policies for these remnant forests. This research consists of four chapters. The first chapter assessed fragmentation patterns under the assumption that intensive land occupation and agriculture compromised landscape structure and forest conservation in the basin. The second chapter assessed whether remnant forest tree size class structure differed from undegraded forests. The third chapter investigated whether forest remnants situated in close proximity to Emas National Park and incorporated into The Emas-Pantanal Biodiversity Corridor had higher species diversity than other remnants. The fourth chapter showed that species diversity was correlated with and vegetation indices obtained from satellite images, due to the indices sensitivity to changes in vegetation structure. These indices could be used in the future to highlight priority areas for conservation and in devising recovery policies. The major conclusions of this research are that the ecological integrity of remnant forests in the Upper Araguaia River Basin is compromised, predominantly due to lack of connectivity between the fragments and continuing exposure to degradation processes including tree felling and cattle grazing. Tree species diversity is high in these fragments, however, and species composition is dominated by small diameter early successional species. This research also established that vegetation indices obtained from satellite images, is a powerful tool in remnant forest species diversity modelling and can be used as a tool for environmental planning in areas under strong antropic pressure. This information is relevant to other degraded river basins in the Cerrado region. This research contributes to improved knowledge of the rich diversity of Brazilian forests and recognition that this diversity is threatened, particularly in the Upper Araguaia River basin, southwest of Goias State.