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Item Capacidade de interceptação pelas árvores e suas influências no escoamento superficial urbano(Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2015-04-16) Alves, Patrícia Layne; Formiga, Klebber Teodomiro Martins; http://lattes.cnpq.br/0787413754235970; Alves, Patrícia Layne; Barbassa, Ademir PaceliProblems related to water, in the urban environment, have drawn attention in the face of the problem caused by its lack and/or excess. Among this backdrop there is the tumultuous occupation of urban space that combined with the suppression of soil coverage and vegetation leads to the urban runoff higher volume, pollution and shorter time to peak discharge. In this context, the benefits of urban afforestation are present, which besides the aesthetic value added to space, set up physical barriers to stormwater, favoring its retention, storage and infiltration into the soil. This study aims to evaluate the capacity of rainfall interception treetops the some species, reduce the volume of urban runoff, slow the flow peaks, as well as to expand the attention span of an urban watershed. The research was field experiments with recurrent arboreal species in the urban afforestation of Uruaçu, Goiás, using pluviographs, trunk collectors and water level sensor. From the use of interception parameters determined in this study, computer simulations using the Storm Water Management Model Model (SWMM) were performed, starting from the proposition of scenarios with different types of territorial installment associated with the Low Impact Development practices (LID) and urban forestry. During the data collection period 2012/2013, the rainfall events had a median of accumulated rainfall of 16.7mm. During this period, the median values of interception were Mangifera indica - 8.0mm; Pachira aquatica - 7.4mm; Licania tomentosa - 7.2mm; and Caesalpinia peltophoroides - 4.8mm. The period of data collection relating to 2013/2014, the median precipitation of rainfall events were 20.7mm, and the median values for interception and stemflow were respectively: 5.7mm and 0.1mm for Mangifera indica; 4.5mm and 0.2mm for Licania tomentosa; and 3.8mm and 0.3mm for Tabebuia ochracea. The delay at the start of average rains caused by tree species was 3min. The presence of individual trees afforded a median delay in the peak time of 3 min, a reduction of the peak flow of 0.8 mm/min and runoff of 4.7mm/min. Through simulations with the scenario where the wooded urban planning aggregated all LID techniques employed in this study, it was possible to achieve a reduction in peak flows in 3.42m³ / s, compared to conventional design; allowing storage of a volume of water in 4470.59m³ local infiltration proposed structures; and delay the peak flows of up to 6 min. This thesis confirms the interference of the individual characteristics of the species in the rain interception capability by their canopies and reducing runoff, highlighting the need for careful definition of the species that make up the urban forestry; testifies the existence of variations in interceptions in relation to rainfall events and during their occurrence; as well as quantitative data points precipitate volume reduction and drained by the tree individual presence in urban areas. Their research shows that, alone, afforestation and LID techniques cause little reduction in volume and flow and little delay in time to peak flow, while combined contribute significantly to drainage. This study differs from the use of recording rain gauges and linígrados for the measurement of precipitation and runoff directly under the canopy of individual trees in an urban environment; and adds to SWMM the insertion of arboreal benefits in hydrological simulation.Item Estudo hidrossedimentológico em rios da bacia hidrográfica do Rio Meia Ponte - Goiás, Brasil(Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2019-02-11) Amaral, Ana Karolyna Nunes; Formiga, Klebber Teodomiro Martins; http://lattes.cnpq.br/0787413754235970; Formiga, Klebber Teodomiro Martins; Bayer, Maximiliano; Ribeiro, Noely VicenteThe present work show an analysis of hydrosedimentological dynamics in rivers of the River Basin Meia Ponte (BHRMP), localized in the State of Goias. The work was objective to analyze the sedimentological behavior as a way of understanding the river processes in the studied rivers. For the development of the work, were collected sediment in suspension in six rivers of the basin were collected in at least three points in each river. Hydrological surveys were carried out with ADCP equipment. For the granulometric distribution was used MASTERSIZER 2000 and the LISST – SL equipment. The samples were made during the dry season, at the end of July and November during the rainy season. The samples were submitted to laboratory analysis, which allowed the interpretation and discussion of the results afterwards. The granulometry of suspended sediments had their greatest representativity in the silt class. From the collected data, the Suspended Sediment Concentration in the BHRMP rivers ranged from 2,62 to 21,69 mg / l, transporting on average 6,31 tons/day of suspended sediments during dry season. In the rainy season the suspended sediment concentration ragend from 39,02 to 127,58 tons/day. From the calculations of specific sediment production, it was found that the basin produced 1,72 and 58,18 ton/km2/year form the dry to the rainy season respectively.Item Avaliação da variabilidade de qualidade ambiental de bacias de mananciais de abastecimento público com a aplicação de um índice para o estado de Goiás(Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2016-03-31) Cruvinel, Karla Alcione da Silva; Scalize, Paulo Sérgio; http://buscatextual.cnpq.br/buscatextual/visualizacv.do?id=K4796877Z9; Formiga, Klebber Teodomiro Martins; http://buscatextual.cnpq.br/buscatextual/visualizacv.do?id=K4794125T3The need for environmental preservation and responsible use of natural resources is something increasingly discussed between civil society and the scientific community and the need to monitor the environmental quality of areas such as river basins requires planning and choice of variables that help in understanding functionality of these systems. In addition, the index and indicators are presented as efficient tools in order to make them more easily visualized technical data. In this study, socioeconomic and environmental indicators were used in order to structure an index able to estimate the degree of environmental quality of the watershed. The Environmental basins Quality Index (EQI) was built from the variables Soil Loss (SL), Native Vegetation Index (NVI), Water Quality Index (WQI) and Municipal Development Index (MDI). The GIS was used to identify the NVI and loss of soil in the basin, and for the latter employed Universal Soil Loss Equation (USLE). It was applied still Soil and Water Assessment Tool software (SWAT) in soil loss prediction five basins studied in order to promote the direct comparison of the model front applicability of the method implemented USLE. We studied different scenarios in these same five basins in SWAT, which we sought to evaluate the influence of vegetation in sediment yield for different land cover scenarios. To obtain the WQI of each basin, we used the adaptation of the method developed by Sousa (2014). After that, the EQI was applied in 126 basins of supply water sources in Goias State, which enabled the identification of the degree of environmental quality of each. It was found that almost 85% of the studied basins are classified as very bad or bad EQI, and in almost all of these the WQI of the spring is also bad. By analyzing the EQI basins in ten different regions of Goias State Planning it was noted that average is best in the Northwest region, which also has better native state of vegetation index. Regarding the loss of soil, it is noted that most of the basins (64%) are classified in low and moderate erosive susceptibility, but with some in erosive susceptibility very high severe. Therefore, it was concluded that the methodology used in this study proved to be an effective management strategy for catchments and can be used as an environmental planning instrument in these areas.Item Emprego de sensoriamento remoto nas estimativas de concentração de sedimentos em água(Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2019-09-24) Holdefer, Antônio Eliseu; Formiga, Klebber Teodomiro Martins; http://lattes.cnpq.br/0787413754235970; Formiga, Klebber Teodomiro Martins; Ferreira, Nilson Clementino; Souza, Saulo Bruno Silveira e; Santos, Felipe Correa Veloso dos; Medeiros, Antonio Marcos de MeloSuspended sediments in rivers and on the coastline affects the hydrological, geomorphological and ecological aspects of flood plains and deltas. Traditional SSC insitu measurement is most often challenging in terms of time, cost, qualified personnel, and space coverage. Remote satellite sensing offers a convenient way to cover large areas at reasonable intervals of time. The objective of this study is to develop an approach to the use of public accessible satellite images to quantify the concentration of suspended sediments (SSC) in Brazilian rivers, watersheds and coastline. In addition to obtaining historical trends, for a better understanding of the CSS variations that have occurred over the past three decades. The approach used in the articles present in this thesis makes use of indexes derived from the reflectance values of the spectral bands of the satellite images in order to estimate the value of SSC present in rivers, coast and watersheds, making use of values measured in situ for the calibration of such values. The present thesis consists of the introduction to the topic, methods and four articles, the first article makes a general approach to the current state of the art for the derivation of SSC values through indexes derived from the reflectance values of the spectral bands of satellite images. The second article makes use of SSC estimation techniques to study the sediment concentration variations in water along the Araguaia River. The third article makes a temporal analysis of SSC variations in the Brazilian basins in the last 32 years. The fourth article presents a new methodology for the temporal analysis of the SSC variations along the entire Brazilian coastline for the last 32 years. Among the main innovations present in this thesis we can highlight: 1) Estimation of SSC throughout the entire Brazilian territory, together with historical trends. 2) Use of LandSat family of terrestrial satellites to estimate the concentration of SSC for the entire Brazilian coast, at a distance of up to 50 km from the Brazilian coast, also with historical trends.Item Aplicação do modelo WEAP na avaliação de alocação de água do reservatório dos Pequenos Libombos, Moçambique(Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2020-02-12) Notisso, Pedro Francisco; Formiga, Klebber Teodomiro Martins; http://lattes.cnpq.br/0787413754235970; Formiga, Klebber Teodomiro Martins; Teixeira, Denílson; Cortes, Jussanã MilogranaThe issue of satisfying human and environmental water needs has been tackled in the water resources management and planning framework in the Africa Austral. Currently, the Umbeluzi river basin is Greater Maputo main source of water supply. This study was driven by uncertainties generated by difficulties in meeting future water needs. What can happen to water supply if the patterns of population growth, industrial growth and increase in irrigation areas change? This article aims at assessing the capacity of meeting water needs in the Greater Maputo area in Mozambique through application of WEAP (Water Evaluation and Planning System). WEAP is a model that allows simulation of water resource systems with multiple uses in an integrated manner. The case study is the Mozambican part of the Umbeluzi River basin. Four scenarios were simulated: the reference scenario which corresponds to the on-going exploitation; three impact scenarios: Lower Growth that represents lower values of growth of consumption sites, Trend that reflects average growth values of consumption sites and Greater Growth which corresponds to higher values of population growth, expansion of the agricultural and industrial area, between 2018 and 2040 and adaptation measure. The methodology included the estimation of affluences to the system obtained from the results of the Water Year Method. An assessment of the capacity to meet water needs was made using indicators such as coverage and supply guarantee. The results obtained show the system's inability to meet current and future needs. The system has an annual water supply guarantee of 70.9% and 63.5% in the Reference and Lower Growth scenarios, with more critical values of 42.1% and 31.7% in the Trend and Higher Growth scenarios. All scenarios have an average duration of each failure exceeding three months.Item Capacidade de suporte de cursos d’água urbanos sob a perspectiva técnica e epistemológica da engenharia(Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2015-03-20) Rios, Fernanda Posch; Echeverría, Agustina Rosa; http://lattes.cnpq.br/5515276044247189; Formiga, Klebber Teodomiro Martins; http://lattes.cnpq.br/0787413754235970The study began with a technical approach to the development of a methodology to determine the support capacity of urban streams exposed to erosion, based on the identification of the maximum limit flow, without the channel overflowing, as determining factor of drag stress and of processes of production, transport and deposition of sediments. During the first field work stage, we defined a longitudinal section of the Samambaia Stream, located in the city of Goiânia, Goiás State Capital, Brazil, to collect soil samples, perform infiltration tests and monitor the level of variation water, with the HOBO U20 equipment. The laboratory stage consisted of testing of physical characterization of soil and runoff simulation using the Inderbitzen apparatus, to determine sediment production rate. The information obtained in these two phases, together with the data coming from the bathymetric surveys of the cross sections and the topographic survey of margins and of the adjacent areas of said channel have been used as input parameters for the simulation performed with the use of the 1D model Hydrologic Engineering Center - River Analysis System (HEC-RAS), version 4.1, in order to know the support capacity of the Samambaia stream. Then was included in the research problem, an argument involving the social and environmental impacts caused by the activities of Civil Engineering, performing an epistemological reflection, extrapolating the focus exclusively technical, to the assimilation of new insights into the interactions between the Civil Engineer and nature, looking for evidence of a possible change to a paradigm that will contribute to the reduction of urban environmental vulnerability. Thus, qualitative research was carried out through semi-structured interviews with sample composed by by professionals working in the Engineering Civil and at the same time, teachers of federal institutions of higher education, forming new professionals in this area. Data analysis was referenced, especially in the works of Thomas Kuhn and also used the software Web Qualitative Data Analysis (WebQDA), by favoring the structuring and the categorization process. The results indicated that the current model adopted by the Civil Engineering is unable to simultaneously meet the expectation of the population, in relation to better living conditions in urban areas, and respond positively to social and environmental challenges. Up until today, conflicts in face of these challenges, constitute indicators of the appearing of anomalies, however, there isn’t a setup for a paradigmatic crisis.Item Modelagem da dinâmica de algas e cianobactérias em um reservatório de abastecimento(Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2018-06-22) Salgado, Aline de Arvelos; Formiga, Klebber Teodomiro Martins; http://lattes.cnpq.br/0787413754235970; Formiga, Klebber Teodomiro Martins; Ferreira, Nilson Clementino; Nogueira, Ina de Souza; Silveira, Alexandre; Cruvinel, Karla Alcione da SilvaShallow reservoirs, with large surface area and long hydraulic retention times, present conditions conducive to the development of cyanobacteria. Due to the potential risk that cyanobacteria can cause to public health, the importance of the management of water bodies to control the toxic blooms, especially in reservoirs destined to the public supply, is evident. Thus, there is a clear need to develop techniques that can help existing monitoring, with the possibility of extending the area of coverage in monitoring programs. Thus, the present study aimed to combine several methods of data acquisition, mainly obtaining continuously, such as the use of sensors for in situ evaluation of phytoplankton, especially cyanobacteria, through the detection of chlorophyll-a and phycocyanin, as well as the use of remote sensing for phytoplankton monitoring and with this information to build water quality prediction scenarios through mathematical modeling. The procedure aimed to improve data acquisition, especially the spatialization of data. For this purpose, the dynamics and water quality of the João Leite reservoir was characterised over 30 months using physical, chemical and biological parameters and trophic status index, to know the seasonality of the quality of the of the water body and present the main parameters and factors of water quality change. A continuous and spatial phytoplankton monitoring method was proposed for mapping concentrations of chlorophyll- a and cyanobacteria from Sentinel-2 satellite images with in situ and inferential observations to evaluate the performance of these to provide information on cyanobacterial blooms. The CE-QUAL-W2 model was calibrated from field data to evaluate the water quality dynamics and hydrodynamics of the reservoir. As a result, João Leite reservoir presented characteristic and similar patterns of the variation of the parameters in hydrological periods, and the results showed that the use and the occupation of the soil reflect in the characteristics of the quality of the water. In the majority of the evaluated points and times, good oxygenation of the waters and low concentrations of nutrients were demonstrated, being proved by the trophic state indexes. Both chlorophyll-a and cyanobacteria showed correlation between data measured in situ and estimated. The results can considered satisfactory since with the data of reflectance it was possible to validate the atmospheric correction, and the maps of estimate of chlorophyll- a and cyanobacteria presented the places and the months more prone to the greater proliferation of cyanobacteria. Thus, these results demonstrate the importance of the use of remote sensing for the monitoring of water quality, since with the use of this tool there is greater possibility of point coverage, being able to have a synoptic visualisation of the studied environment, identifying the most subject areas to the proliferation of cyanobacteria. The results of the modeling indicate that the reservoir presents periodic stratification, and in the warmer months the stratification is more evident and that in the colder months a mixture of the water column is noticed, possibly due to in those months there are more incidental winds in the region. In general, the highest values of algae and cyanobacteria occur in the warmer months, where there is a higher solar incidence and larger periods of thermal stratification occur. It was also presented that the amount of algae and cyanobacteria on the surface changes the amount of oxygen dissolved in the surface region while the demand for sediment oxygen may be associated with both the oxygen consumption in the sediments and can also be used as a way to simulate the consumption of oxygen by the submerged organic matter, which is visible in the shallower areas of the reservoir. The results of the CE-QUAL-W2 model provided a comprehensive understanding of the spatial and temporal dynamics of the parameters analyzed during the modeling periods. The application of this model with the integration of fluorometers and remote sensing for the evaluation of water quality, should be better suited to water resource managers, to help them better understand the dynamics of physicochemical and biological processes and to be used as a warning system in cases of cyanobacteria blooms and to propose the best mitigation strategies.Item Indicadores socioambientais para avaliação de sistemas de drenagem urbana(Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2022-10-26) Santos, Layara de Paula Sousa; Formiga, Klebber Teodomiro Martins; http://lattes.cnpq.br/0787413754235970; Faria, Karla Maria Silva de; Ferreira, Nilson Clementino; Souza, Saulo Bruno Silveira e; Soares, Alexandre Kepler; Formiga, Klebber Teodomiro MartinsThe lack of urban planning in most cities causes negative impacts related to the environment. In this sense, the intensification of urbanization and the consequent changes in the hydrological cycle compromise traditional drainage systems, since they are implemented with the objective of providing rapid drainage. The hydrological effects, related to the acceleration of surface runoff, cause an increase in the frequency of urban floods, social, economic and environmental impacts. Choosing the most suitable drainage system can be made by comparing design alternatives. The use of indicators is a relevant instrument to properly manage public issues, mainly to obtain diagnoses and carry out environmental monitoring. In this context, one of the research objectives was to demonstrate a theoretical framework composed of socio-environmental indicators of drainage systems that can be applied at a basin or urban sub-basin scale, allowing evaluations in the decision-making process. The method applied was the systematic review of literature together with bibliometric analysis. Based on the analysis, it was possible to find 107 socio-environmental indicators that can be used as a planning instrument. The results showed that local environmental characteristics such as soil type, soil profile, topography, watershed slope, distance from water bodies, climatic conditions, riparian vegetation and waste management are related to flood susceptibility. The research allowed the consolidation of a set of indicators that can be applied to the analysis of risk and vulnerability to floods, since it encompasses social, health and environmental issues, aiming at the well-being of the city. Subsequently, the operationalization of the concept of vulnerability was carried out through socio-environmental indicators, in order to correlate it with the urban drainage system of the state of Goiás. The data sets made available for the analyzes carried out refer to the results of the 2010 Demographic Census of the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics. For the development of metrics, the Exploratory Factor Analysis technique was used. From the 3 developed indices: environmental fragility, infrastructural quality and social quality, an end was developed that encompasses all variables. The results showed that sectors with better drainage systems (higher proportions of households with culverts/railways and curbs/leaves) tend to have higher indicators of social and infrastructural quality and lower values of environmental fragility. The proposed indicator construction method can be applied through current and past censuses, in addition to making use of different scales of analysis. Finally, socio-environmental vulnerability indicators were created and validated for the state of Goiás, using the Principal Component Analysis (PCA) method and geoprocessing techniques, using data from census sectors. Thus, it was proposed to generate this information and correlate it with the urban drainage system. The higher the value of the infrastructural fragility indicator, the lower the value of the final indicator tends to be, since infrastructural fragility has a negative weight. Of the 3 indicators, environmental quality is the one that most impacted the final indicator, with a relative importance of 41.184%. The creation of indicators using the ACP method allowed a large amount of information about the state of Goiás to be analyzed efficiently and synthetically through the general indicator.Item Avaliação da qualidade de água de captação e saneamento ambiental em Goiás(Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2014-03-28) Souza, Saulo Bruno Silveira e; Formiga, Klebber Teodomiro Martins; http://lattes.cnpq.br/0787413754235970; Miaza, Fausto; Formiga, Kleber Teodomiro Martins; Ferreira, Nilson Clementino; Nogueira, Ina de Souza; Siqueira, Eduardo Queija deIt´s known that part of the world illnesses are avoidable and this factor helps improving the management of the water resources ,drinking water supplying, sanitation and hygiene. The global importance of these interventions was recognized in the Milleniun Development Objective (MDO), and it means half reduction of the proportion of people that do not have access to drinking water and basic sanitation concerning the period from 1990 to 2015. This way, knowing and identifying the hydrographic bays panorama in the state of Goiás is essential so for the development of strategies and implementation of programs in order to have improvements on the infra-structure and consequently in sanitation and health. To achieve this aim, indexes that bring information about the hydrographic bays situation were built up and they are related to two aspects: water quality and environmental health focusing sanitation. The indexes construction process envolved a series of decisions as well as an integrated environmental conception and consequently an interdisciplinarian approach that considered the environmental, demographic, behavioural, cultural and socioeconomical issues. Relaying the Water Quality Index (WQIpca)elaboration, multifactorial statistics and the methods of least ordinary squares, were used and the index was applied in 180 sample points in the Goias state waters which were monthly evaluated in the period from 2005 to 2009. Observering the analysis, it´s possible to point out that there is a strong relation among the areas that have the higher index of remanescent and the municipalities that have higher water quality index (WQIpca); it means better water quality. It´s also added that in relation to all of the years analysed, there is improvement in the water quality in the period of droughts. The revealed index was characterized as robust and it can also be applied for some other Brazilian rivers. Considering the construction of the environmental health index, focusing sanitation, the FPSEEA model (motriz force, pressure, state, exposition, effect and action) was applied and the same model structured the IGLOBAL index and it was the basis for the variables choice (totalizing 27 indicators) that represent the environmental, sanitation and public health changes. Relaying the definition of weights that would compose the index, the principal component analysis (PCA) was used. In terms of the verification of the robustness index and indicators´ sensibility, fours indexes were calculated, and equal weights and indicators rates as well as calculated weights, using multivariable statistics were applied. It´s also mentioned that for each of these situations, two padronizations were used: on the first one, the values represent zero as average and padronized deviation as being one; on the second padronization, the indicators have maximum value as one and minimum value as zero. So for checking the sensibility of the indicators, some indexes were calculated, considering the possibility of information absence. It means the elimination of one indicator. Finally, it was observed that the proposed index is robust, it has a good response and it also makes a large and integrated vision of the health, environmental hydrographic bays conditions.