Mestrado em Engenharia Ambiental e Sanitária (EEC)
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Item Avaliação da remoção de bisfenol-a por adsorção em carvão ativado produzido da borra de café(Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2018-02-26) Alves, Andreia Cristina Fonseca; Oliveira, Sérgio Botelho de; http://lattes.cnpq.br/3447406257464639; Scalize, Paulo Sérgio; http://lattes.cnpq.br/0957896448117207; Scalize, Paulo Sérgio; Ostroski, Indianara Conceição; Gil, Eric de SouzaBisphenol-A (BPA) is an emerging pollutant potentially capable of interfering with the endocrine system of living things. Employed mainly in the industry, in the production of resins, packaging and polycarbonate monomers, its main sources in the environment are effluent discharges. Since the conventional treatment systems used in Brazil can’t remove a series of pollutants, the use of activated carbon is one of the alternatives fairly used for this purpose. Its production from alternative materials is becoming more and more frequent, as agroindustrial wastes, object of numerous studies of the production of activated carbon. The coffee grounds are one of these residues that has been used generating good carbonaceous adsorbents. Thus, the objective of this work was to evaluate the efficiency of the activated carbon produced from the coffee grounds, in the adsorption of BPA in aqueous medium. Water vapor (CAH), KOH (CAK), K2CO3 (CAKC) and ZnCl2 (CAZn) were used as the activating agente characterized by analysis of X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), N2 adsorption and desorption, elemental composition (CHNS-O) and determination of zero charge potential. For the selection of the best coal, a preliminary adsorption test was carried out with the adsorbents produced, with the coffee grounds and a commercial coal for comparative purposes. The effect of the initial pH of the solution was also evaluated. The kinetic adsorption studies at the concentrations of 5, 20 and 30 mg/L of BPA were adjusted to the pseudo-firstorder and pseudo-second order models. The nature of the process was studied by the Langmuir and Freundlich isotherm models. Among the developed coals, the CAK and CAKC presented low production yield and were not submitted to the adsorption tests. The CHNS-O, XRD, FTIR and N2 adsorption/desorption analyzes of CAH and CAZn generated results close to those reported in the literature. In terms of specific surface area, the CAH proved to be out of the expected. The CAZn had an area of 1,038.51 m²/g. Of the materials tested, the CAH didn’t present adsorptive capacity, while the CAZn was the one with the best performance, with little variation in efficiency when the pH of the medium changed. The use of coffee grounds as bioadsorbent wasn’t promising, being 86 percentage points below the efficiency of CAZn. Adsorption kinetics revealed a relatively slow process at the concentrations studied, reaching equilibrium after 720 minutes. The kinetic data for the three systems presented a fractional order close to 2, thus indicating a better fit for the pseudo-second order model. The equilibrium data were better adjusted to the Langmuir model, assuming that the CAZn has a homogeneous surface with adsorption occurring in monolayer. The maximum adsorption capacity of BPA according to the same model was 123.22 mg/g. The results showed that CAZn can be considered a promising promoter in the removal of BPA, indicating coffee grounds as an alternative raw material for the production of activated carbon with the potential to remove emerging pollutants such as BPA in water.Item Remoção de fluoreto em carvão produzido com borra de café ativada quimicamente com lixívia de cinzas de eucalipto(Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2023-04-25) Bergamini, Mário Henrique Lobo; Oliveira, Sérgio Botelho de; http://lattes.cnpq.br/3447406257464639; Scalize, Paulo Sérgio; http://lattes.cnpq.br/0957896448117207; Scalize, Paulo Sérgio; Costa, Adilson Ben da; Albuquerque, Antonio João Carvalho deThe objective of this research was to produce a biochar from exhausted coffee grounds and chemically activate it with natural lye from eucalyptus ash to subsequently evaluate the fluoride adsorption process in an aqueous medium. The following were determined: moisture content, ash content and thermal analysis of coffee grounds; solubility, alkalinity and calcium content of eucalyptus ashes. Activated biochar was subjected to elemental composition (CHNS), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy dispersion spectroscopy (EDS), N2 adsorption and desorption, pH and potential of zero charge (PZC) for characterization. To select the best production condition for activated biochar, a 3² factorial design was performed. Kinetic adsorption studies were fitted to pseudofirst order, pseudo-second order, Elovich and Weber and Moris models. The nature of the process was studied by Langmuir and Freundlich isotherm models. The result of the factorial design indicated as the best scenario the impregnation rate of 5% and the temperature of 650 °C in the carbonization. SEM showed macroporosity. XRD confirmed the amorphous characteristic of cellulosic materials. The following functional groups were identified in coffee grounds and activated biochar: alcohol or phenol, hydroxyl, methyl, methylene, carbonyl, carboxylic acid, ester, chlorogenic acid, ketone, carbonyl, amino, amide and pyranose ring. The pH of the activated biochar was equal to 8.89 and the PZC was 7.17. Preliminary adsorption tests showed that the best dosage of activated biochar was equal to 3.2 g/L and the concentration of adsorbate caused a decrease in resistance to mass transfer due to the fact that there were more active sites of activated biochar in the liquid medium. However, the removal efficiency decreased with increasing adsorbate concentration. It was observed that coffee grounds, when used as an adsorbent, promoted a small reduction in the adsorbate concentration, with an average removal efficiency of 1.35%. The adsorption kinetics revealed that equilibrium is reached around 800 min and that the pseudo-second order model fitted better. The Freundlich model fitted the experimental data with the best quality. Freundlich's constant n allowed inferring that the adsorption is favorable and the isotherm appears to be L-type, with an initial downward curvature, which suggests less availability of active sites when increasing the adsorbent concentration.Item Construção e aplicação de índice de salubridade ambiental em aglomerados rurais(Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2021-02-19) Braga, Débora de Lima; Scalize, Paulo Sérgio; http://lattes.cnpq.br/0957896448117207; Scalize, Paulo Sérgio; Bezerra, Nolan Ribeiro; Cruvine, Karla Alcione da SilvaEnvironmental health is determined through the health status of a population, influenced by the socioeconomic and environmental conditions in which they live. One way to measure and analyze it is through the use of indexes and indicators. In this context, the Environmental Health Index emerged, which has been adapted to the particularities of the studied regions, losing one of the fundamentals of an index, comparability. In view of this scenario, the present study aims to propose a methodology for calculating the Environmental Health Index in rural agglomerates (ISARural) and apply it in rural communities in the state of Goiás. Based on the premise of the concept of environmental health, defined in this paper, and the specificities of rural areas. In order to achieve it, the methodology was carried out in four stages: bibliographic research to support the proposition of the concept and the elaboration of the forms used in this study; prior analysis for the proposition of an ISA Rural, with the participation of seven specialists; proposition of ISARural by the Delphi method, defined by the consensus of specialists in the previous step, starting with 168 specialists from the 27 Federative Units of Brazil; and the application in 43 rural communities (16 settlements, 21 quilombolas and 6 riverside) in the state of Goiás. ISARural was built in three stages: choosing and / or complementing the indicators suggested in the face-to-face discussion, weighting the indicators and selecting and weighting the sub-indicators. The specialists were divided by area of activity, which made it possible to select, adapt and / or create essential sub-indicators with specificity for each indicator. The proposed ISARural resulted in the composition of eight indicators, four related to basic sanitation, and the others, health, socioeconomic conditions, public services offered and housing conditions. The weight attributed to each indicator varied from 22.82%, for the water supply indicator, to 6.35% for the services indicator, and ISARural can be applied in its entirety or for the evaluation of each indicator individually. The application in rural and traditional communities in Goiás showed that 86.05% live in a situation of low health, highlighting the worst conditions for quilombola communities. In addition to identifying that the sewage component is the one that needs the most attention from the government. Finally, this study fulfilled the role of contributing to the proposition of an index in line with the concept of environmental health, which can be used within the scope of public policies as a condition for the application of priority resources, for planning and scenario general diagnosis of rural agglomerates.Item Proposição de tecnologias de tratamento de água aplicáveis em comunidades rurais e tradicionais(Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2021-02-26) Oliveira, Patrícia Paulla de; Scalize, Paulo Sérgio; http://lattes.cnpq.br/0957896448117207; Scalize, Paulo Sérgio; Bezerra, Nolan Ribeiro; Teixeira, Luiza Carla Girard MendesStatistical data show that a large part of the population, with emphasis on the rural area, does not have basic sanitation, being deprived of access to safe drinking water for consumption and, in general, small communities have particularities that make it impossible to use the conventional water treatment process. In view of this, the present work aimed to propose water treatment technologies, which are adapted to the reality of rural and traditional quilombola communities in the state of Goiás. For this, a systematic review was carried out on the water treatment technologies usually used in small communities; four communities were selected for a case study; data and water were collected from sources and points of consumption, exclusively for ingestion; analysis of water quality and water availability was carried out; and, a situational diagnosis of each community was elaborated. The proposition of the technologies was based on the technical criteria of efficiency and effectiveness, based on the results of the systematic review carried out and sought to meet the requirements of Consolidation Ordinance No. 5 and recommendations of the technological matrices proposed by the National Rural Sanitation Program. From the systematic and bibliographic review, it was found that there are more studies on technologies of individual scope and on a bench scale. At the individual level, the most used technologies were the slow sand filter, ceramic filtration, boiling, Sodis and chlorination, while at the collective level were the filters composed by granular means, coagulation with oil moringa or aluminum sulfate, the adsorption process mainly with activated carbon, in addition to chlorination. In addition, there was a search for simple and natural treatment processes, replacing chemicals, which corroborates with sustainability, and a negative aspect identified was the low number of studies that evaluated the social acceptance of the technology, demonstrating the neglect with social participation in technological choice. On the other hand, results from the case study in the four communities, showed that in Canabrava many households are not yet covered by the Water Supply System. In Baco Pari, there were reports of a lack of water in the distribution network. In none of the communities is the treatment of water provided by collective systems carried out, which is rejected by the community due to organoleptic alteration, and many households do not carry out any intra-household sanitary measure, consequently, all water samples collected showed non-compliance with biological parameters. Therefore, the importance of water treatment and constant monitoring of its quality is highlighted. Finally, the present work fulfilled the objective of proposing technologies appropriate to the reality of small communities based on the criteria of efficiency and effectiveness, prioritizing technologies that are easy to operate and maintain, and yet, low cost. However, other aspects, such as social acceptance, financial availability and local operational labor, must be evaluated.Item Risco de contaminação pela presença de disposição final de resíduos sólidos urbanos em bacias de captação superficial de água para abastecimento público no estado de Goiás(Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2017-02-21) Pinheiro, Roberta Vieira Nunes; Scalize, Paulo Sérgio; http://lattes.cnpq.br/0957896448117207; Scalize, Paulo Sérgio; Ferreira, Nilson Clementino; Pfeiffer, Simone Costa; Formiga, Klebber Martins; Cruvinel, Karla Alcione da SilvaVulnerability models are important tools in the study of water contamination by different soil usage activities. The goal of this research is to evaluate the risk of contamination by the presence of an urban solid waste disposal site (UWDS) within the surface water catchment basins (SWCB) used in the State of Goiás public water supply. An identification and characterization of the SWCBs and UWDSs has been carried out in a geographical identification system using the QGis 2.12.0 – Lyon software. Afterwards the overlapping of this information allowed the identification of all SWCBs which had an UWDS within its limits. A Susceptibility Index (SI) was applied to these SWCBs. The SI was formed by intrinsic characteristics such as the depth of a non-saturated zone, net recharge, aquifer material and topography. Also contributing to the SI was an extrinsic characteristic, soil usage. The comparison and identification of the dominant classes of the SI was done through the calculation of the average vulnerability of each SWCB. The SWCBs, which had the highest risk of water contamination were selected and had the UWDSs in its areas analyzed by six technical parameters: type of UWDS, estimate of waste generation, surface area, slope, SI of the UWDS and its distance to the nearest body of water. Each parameter was classified according to its risk to water contamination and given a scale from 1 to 7. The given values were correlated evaluating the interdependence of the parameters. The use of this method led to the identification of 204 catchment points and its SWCBs and 228 UWDS, out of which 93% were irregular dumping sites. The SI for each of the 43 SWCBs identified in the State in which there was the presence of 69 UWDSs, was then calculated. The average vulnerability for each SWCB allowed the selection of the 9 most vulnerable ones. These were distributed in the high-to-moderate and moderate-to-low classes (SI > 50), which had 18 UWDSs within its limits. A Spearman analysis was done using the coefficients attributed to each parameter of the UWDSs. The analysis permitted the identification of only 2 parameter with significant correlation (surface area and estimate of waste generation). This confirmed the interdependence of the selected characteristics. It also allowed for a risk calculation through the addition of the parameters, which ranged from 15 to 27. These were distributed into three classes (low, medium and high). The high risk UWDS identified were in the cities of: Bom Jesus de Goiás, Itumbiara, Jataí e Rio Verde. The surface area, waste generation and slope were the parameter which most influenced this classification. In conclusion, the vulnerability evaluation proved effective, and of great relevance in the identification of the SWCBs most susceptible to water contamination. It can also be applied to other study areas. In Goiás, the analysis allowed the existing risk calculation for each of the 18 UWDSs out of which 4 were classified as high risk. These were considered priority adequate and remediation sites.Item Associação entre variáveis ambientais relacionadas a criadouros de Aedes aegypti e doenças arbovirais em comunidades rurais e tradicionais de Goiás, Brasil(Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2022-12-08) Silva, Adivânia Cardoso da; Scalize, Paulo Sérgio; http://lattes.cnpq.br/0957896448117207; Scalize, Paulo Sérgio; Ventura, Katia Sakihama; Basso, Raviel EuricoArboviruses transmitted by Aedes aegypti (Diptera, Culicidae) represent a threat to public health and infect people all over the world, mainly in the Americas, due to environmental conditions favorable to the proliferation of the vector. The main objective of this dissertation was to associate environmental variables with Aedes aegypti breeding sites and arboviral diseases. For this, the specific objectives were to identify and assess the relevance of which environmental variables aggravate the existence of Aedes aegypti breeding sites and/or the occurrence of dengue, Zika and chikungunya in the rural area (article 1). To analyze the relationship of 81,3% of the variablesidentified in the literature review to seroprevalence for arboviral diseases in rural and traditional communities in Goiás (article 2). Identify potential sites favorable to the reproduction of culicid vectors in the peridomicile in rural communities with families affected by dengue, Zika and/or chikungunya, and analyze the relationship between the number of breeding sites found and the seroprevalence for the three arboviruses (article 3). The methodology consisted of carrying out a systematic literature review (SLR) with a search for publications using Strings in the Scopus database and analyzing the studies qualitatively and quantitatively (article 1). Insert seroprevalence data for dengue, Zika and chikungunya from 39 rural communities distributed among settlements, quilombolas and riverside communities in the state of Goiás, within the scope of the SanRural Project, in linear regression models to investigate the relationship with local environmental variables (article 2). Gather information from peridomiciles regarding the presence of Aedes aegypti vector breeding sites in 137 households in 13 rural communities in Goiás with families affected by dengue, Zika and/or chikungunya (article 3). The results obtained were, the RSL resulted in 1007 productions, where 50 were relevant to the theme, which presented 16 different variables involving three categories, sanitation, climatology and socio-environmental factors, called “integrative”, with 52% of the articles associating, at least, two categories, where sanitation together with indicators from the integrative category was the combination used in 40% of the studies. Publications began in 1995, with Brazil at the center of discussions. Dengue was mainly associated in rural areas with socioeconomic and housing conditions, where sanitation was considered in 66% of the articles a crucial indicator that can explain the proliferation of vectors in a given region (article 1). 17,4% (12/70) of the indicators for the three categories of variables showed significant relationships with seroprevalence for dengue, Zika and/or chikungunya in rural communities in Goiás, notably: altitude and dengue (p-value <0,001); temperature and Zika; aspects of land use and chikungunya, with pvalue <0,05. The identified associations suggest that populations in rural areas in Brazil can be infected by arboviruses as much as inhabitants of urban areas, mainly due to the lack of universalization of sanitation services (article 2). More than 90% of households in 13 rural communities in Goiás had potential breeding sites for Aedes aegypti, which highlights the real possibility that culicid vectors have also reached rural areas in the state. The community that had the highest number of breeding sites with suspected Aedes aegypti vectors was also the one that resulted in the highest number of individuals affected by arboviruses (article 3). Thus, the present study is a municipal management tool for decision-making regarding disease prevention, as well as an alert to municipal health authorities, as implementing public policies is a measure that indirectly provides vector control and health promotion.Item Avaliação de estações de tratamento de água do tipo ciclo completo em função da ocorrência de cistos de Giardia e Oocistos de Cryptosporidium(Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2020-01-23) Silva, Débora Pereira da; Scalize, Paulo Sérgio; http://lattes.cnpq.br/0957896448117207; Scalize, Paulo Sérgio; Carneiro, Lilian Carla; Albuquerque, António João Carvalho deThe protozoa Giardia spp. and Cryptosporidium spp. are etiological agents responsible for the transmission of gastroenteritis mainly due to the consumption of contaminated water. The (oo)cysts are resistant to harsh environmental conditions, as well as to most of the physicochemical processes used at Water Treatment Plants (WTP). Thus, the objective of this work was to evaluate the seasonal occurrence and removal of these protozoa in WTPs with complete cycle technology of the State of Goiás. Among the 15 analyzed according to the variables: Escherichia coli in raw water; filtered water turbidity and pasture area in the catchment area; The Cerrado Stream was selected for the supply of Sanclerlândia (WTP I) and Santana Stream de São Luís de Montes Belos (WTP II), managed by the Saneago delegate, since the predominance of pasture indicates a risk of cryptosporidiosis outbreaks. These indicators (Cryptosporidium spp. and pasture area) showed a positive correlation (p = 0.0461). Six samples of raw and filtered water were collected for protozoan determination using the Membrane Filtration method and analysis of the physical parameters turbidity and pH in accordance with the Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater. In the initial precision tests with ultrapure water, the tests met the USEPA (2012) criteria for Giardia (78.13% ± 0%) and Cryptosporidium (60.63% ± 32.65%), however, in raw water the recovery was lower due to turbidity. In the seasonal monitoring, the raw water from the superficial water source presented pathogen concentrations with maximum values of 50 cysts / L and 200 oocysts / L, and the maximum removal efficiency of Cryptosporidium was 99.69% and 98.75% in WTP I and II, respectively. The filter material of the quick filters of WTP I have well graded particle size (Tef = 0.60mm; Cu = 2.15), which promoted better filter performance in relation to the turbidity of the filtered effluent. WTP II quick filters made of uniform material (Tef = 0.61mm; Cu = 1.623) presented average turbidity parameter concentration of 0.35 NTU and 0.33 NTU in the dry and rainy season, thus the filtered water with lower Turbidity aims to prevent the spread of disease and can improve the efficiency of pathogen removal. In the mass balance, the influence of the steps preceding the filtration process was analyzed in relation to the physicochemical and microbiological parameters. The increase in raw water turbidity during the rainy season did not affect the filtered water, and this parameter ranged from 0.34 - 0.93 NTU in WTP I and 0.28 - 1.27 NTU in WTP II. The removal efficiency was higher than 99%, regarding turbidity, total coliforms and E. coli parameters. It can be concluded that WTP I and II presented pathogen removal efficiency below 99%, reported in the literature, which highlights the importance of studying the distribution of protozoa in the aquatic environment of the State of Goiás and the respective sources of contamination. , as well as the need to implement technologies to improve water treatment and ensure protozoa inactivation.Item Modelagem da qualidade da água em um trecho do rio dos Bois, Goiás(Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2018-03-01) Soares, Samara Silva; Scalize, Paulo Sérgio; http://lattes.cnpq.br/0957896448117207; Scalize, Paulo Sérgio; Soares, Alexandre Kepler; Cruvinel, Karla Alcione da SilvaWater modeling is a great tool for water resources management, since it allows a simulation of future water sources, better defining the capacity of assimilation through the limits of source releases for extractions of certain fugacies to subsidize the licensing of service with the competent entities. Thus, the main objective of the present work was the model for dissolved oxygen (DO), biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), pH, temperature, organic nitrogen (Norg) and ammoniacal nitrogen (NH4) through numerical simulations with the The QUALQKW e evaluates the quality of dry blood dry-larvae of zebrafish (Danio rerio) in a stretch of the BoisGoiás river, to verify how the water quality conditions of the study stretch with the quality classes of the solution CONAMA 357/2005. "In order to do so, the quality monitoring data and the hydraulic nature of the study were obtained in four years, in October and November of 2015 and in January and March of 2016, thus, the input data for the QUAL2Kw model. the two campaigns were carried out in February and September 2017 to conduct the ecotoxicity tests and the physical-chemical and microbiological results as well as trace metal analysis. In general, the calibration parameters are adjustable, especially for a solution of The date is most recent in 2015, where OD accounts persist below 5 mg / L over a long stretch and the BOD and NH4 also do not conform to the legal approach of CONAMA Resolution 357/05 In most of the series, BOD remained above 5 mg / L for at least 5 km in length, disagree with the legislation for exceeding the distance of the mixing zone, located on average at 1.5 ± 0.5 km from the point of l In the second half of 2015, uncertainty analyzes were performed for the OD, where only 9.4% of the simulations are more important than 5 mg / L and sensitivity analyzes by the Monte Carlo Simulation. the coefficient of deoxygenation and reapersion, in each of the sample channels, evidencing a significance of the reuse coefficient in the determination of OD concentrations. The quality and the ecotoxicity of the water of the section studied in February and September of 2017, after the effluent discharge point, was carried out in some of its parameters of water and some metals during the year as a whole, iron, lead and water. Cancer, and consequently, the success of seafood in the development of zebrafish embryos. Thus, the present work was done with the model QUAL2Kw presented as a good tool for the execution of nominal tests in the value of 0,808 ± 0,005 for all the sample management. The Monte Carlo uncertainty analysis demonstrates that it is possible to present the results in a probabilistic way, knowing or assuming risks that are disregarded by the deterministic approach.Item Influência de parâmetros morfométricos e do uso e ocupação da terra na densidade de cianobactérias em bacias hidrográficas de captação de água para abastecimento público(Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2017-09-26) Souza, Cláudia Alves de; Scalize, Paulo Sérgio; http://lattes.cnpq.br/0957896448117207; Scalize, Paulo Sérgio; Formiga, Klebber Teodomiro Martins; Nogueira, Ina de SouzaThe quality of water and the development of cyanobacteria in water courses results from the use and occupation of land and the physical parameters of the river basin. Therefore, the objective of this work was to study the water quality and the influence of physical-chemical, morphometric, land use and occupation and soil loss on the development of cyanobacteria in 15 water catchment basins for public water supply, in the period from 2007 to 2016. To evaluate the correlation between the parameters, the non-parametric regression model Kernel Regression with Mixed Data Types was used, at a significance level of 10% with p-value <0.1. The IQAACP and IQACWQI were applied to evaluate the water quality of the abstraction sources. For IQACWQI, 86% of the basins were classified in the categories between excellent and regular; and only the stream Lajes and the stream Veredas were classified in at least one period in the categories poor or very poor. For IQAACP, the IQA1 of the hydrographic basins analyzed for the first main component was explained by between 29% and 54%. The reduction of the average density of cyanobacteria promoted lower values of IQA1, and therefore, better water quality. The IQAp values were lower in relation to the IQA1, improving water quality. The most significant parameters in the definition of water quality for the first main component were: dissolved oxygen, biochemical oxygen demand, ammoniacal nitrogen and turbidity. The correlation of cyanobacteria density was positive with pasture and urban area and negative with APP vegetation. Positive correlations were found between cyanobacteria density and physico-chemical parameters (chlorophyll a, pheophytin, water temperature, ammoniacal nitrogen, nitrate and dissolved inorganic nitrogen). Among dissolved solids and cyanobacteria density, negative correlation was found for the Meia Ponte basin and positive for the Samambaia stream basin. Given this scenario, it is necessary to restore the natural vegetation areas in APP and reduce the anthropic areas, ensuring availability and quality of water for public supply.