Doutorado em Ecologia e Evolução (ICB)
URI Permanente para esta coleção
Navegar
Navegando Doutorado em Ecologia e Evolução (ICB) por Por Orientador "Diniz Filho, José Alexandre Felizola"
Agora exibindo 1 - 5 de 5
Resultados por página
Opções de Ordenação
Item Imputação filogenética: uma perspectiva macroecológica(Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2018-04-27) Jardim, Lucas Lacerda Caldas Zanini; Camacho, Crisóforo Fabrício Villalobos; Diniz Filho, José Alexandre Felizola; http://lattes.cnpq.br/0706396442417351; Diniz Filho, José Alexandre Felizola; Nabout, João Carlos; Ribeiro, Matheus de Souza Lima; Silva, Daniel de Paiva; Quental, Tiago BosisioMacroecology studies ecological pattern at large geographical and temporal scales. At these scales, information about hundreds or even thousands of studied species. This lack of information may potentially bias studies’ conclusions related with macroecological processes and patterns. In this thesis, we evaluated phylogenetic imputation methods, their uses and effects in macroecological studies. The first chapter evaluated different methods used to deal with missing data, taking into account different scenarios of species trait evolution, as well as percentage and pattern of missing data. We found that dealing with missing data relies on the specific goals and data of the study. Therefore, we suggested caution while using imputed database. In the second chapter, we tested the island rule effect in body mass and brain volume of primates. To do so, we fitted evolutionary models to those traits and then imputed the body mass and brain volume for Homo floresiensis. We concluded that primates do not follow the island rule and even though our models overestimated, on average, brain and body size of Homo floresiensis, its evolution did not deviate from primates’ evolutionary expectation. Lastly, in the third chapter, we tested existence of Bergmann’s rule in mammals using multiple imputation methods, in addition to considering the consequences of ignoring missing data while testing the rule. We found that ignoring missing data can invert (eg. changing from positive to negative effect) the effect of temperature on body mass, but this bias did not turn the effect statistically significant. Therefore, we concluded that mammals do not follow Bergmann’s rule, when evaluated at the class taxonomic level. Finally, this thesis discussed pros, cons and future research avenues in order to make phylogenetic imputation a more robust tool to deal with missing data in macroecology.Item Macroecologia e distribuição geográfica da tribo Bignonieae (Bignoniaceae)(Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2019-02-26) Meyer, Leila; Lohmann, Lúcia Garcez; http://lattes.cnpq.br/3340828165410597; Diniz Filho, José Alexandre Felizola; http://lattes.cnpq.br/0706396442417351; Diniz Filho, José Alexandre Felizola; Ribeiro, Matheus Souza Lima; Terribile, Levi Carina; Tessarolo, Geiziane; Alcantara, Suzana de FátimaUnderstanding geographical patterns of species diversity and their underlying processes is one of the major goals of biogeography and macroecology. This thesis contributes to this topic as its main aim was to investigate patterns in the distribution of species richness of the tribe Bignonieae (Bignoniaceae), the largest clade of Neotropical lianas with almost 400 species. Comparing two hull methods used to build species ranges (i.e., convex hull and alpha hull) (Chapter 1), we found that both methods can be considered as equivalent for mapping species richness patterns. However, the alpha hull is a more conservative approach that tends to reduce the chance of species range overestimation in comparison to the convex hull. We found that species ranges and the overall Bignonieae richness pattern respond similarly to environmental and spatial variables (Chapter 2), which suggests that the same process are acting to determine both species ranges and species richness in Bignonieae. Nonetheless, some species attributes reduced the congruence in ranges and richness response, such as: (i) lack of extrafloral nectaries, (ii) small to medium range sizes, and (iii) late-diverging species. We also found that canopy height is a main driver of richness patterns of liana species of the tribe (Chapter 3), in addition to climate and soil variables. However, the relationship of liana richness and canopy height changes according to the habitat where species occur. Lianas from forest and riparian habitats increase in number in taller canopies, while savanna lianas increase in shorter canopies. We noticed the distribution of species richness of the tribe is associated with the current distribution of forest and savanna habitats in the Neotropics, with a great species accumulation in forest habitats such as the Amazon and the Atlantic rainforests.Item Expansão de Homo sapiens e extinção da megafauna na América do Sul: como os efeitos antrópicos e climáticos influenciaram na extinção dos proboscídeos(Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2020-07-23) Oliveira, Hauanny Rodrigues; Ribeiro, Matheus Souza Lima; http://lattes.cnpq.br/9592727826334407; Diniz Filho, José Alexandre Felizola; http://lattes.cnpq.br/0706396442417351; Diniz Filho, José Alexandre Felizola; Rangel, Thiago Fernando Lopes Valle de Britto; Terribile, Levi Carina; Dantas, Mário André Trindade; Barberi, MairaUnderstanding the process of Homo sapiens expansion in the Americas, especially in South America, is still complex and there is no consensus on several aspects such as the date of arrival, the routes followed by the first populations, the number of waves of colonization, where they arrived and the origin of these first populations. However, we know that the expansion of humans across the planet influenced the extinction of the megafauna in the Late Quaternary, mainly large mammals (over 45 kg), with South America being one of the continents with the greatest loss of species (~ 80%). In this context, the objective of the thesis was to explore, through ecological models, the human expansion processes in South America and their effects on the extinction of Proboscideans in that continent. In the first chapter, we developed an ecological model that simulates the expansion of H. sapiens in order to map the time of expansion and abundance of H. sapiens from 21 thousand years ago to the present. In chapter 2, using the ecological niche model, we obtained the environmental suitability and the range for the South American Proboscideans throughout the continent and in various periods, with the main objective of understanding if the effect of the climate change influenced the extinction of these species. In the third chapter, we apply a basic demographic model that simulates predator-prey dynamics, considering that H. sapiens hunted megafauna, together with variables that take into account climate change, in order to understand whether the joint effects of hunting and climate change influenced the extinction of Proboscideans in South America. Our results showed that in less than 500 years after the arrival of H. sapiens, the entire continent was already colonized and the places with greater support capacity showed greater abundance. The effects of climate change alone were not able to extinguish the Proboscideans, because in periods when these species were already extinct there were still habitats suitable for their survival. However, the joint effects of hunting by humans and climate change influenced the extinction of Proboscideans, showing that the arrival of H. sapiens really affected the survival of the megafauna, which had already overcome several climatic fluctuations throughout the Quaternary period.Item Ecologia geográfica e evolução de quelônios continentais(Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2017-05-03) Rodrigues, João Fabrício Mota; Diniz Filho, José Alexandre Felizola; http://lattes.cnpq.br/0706396442417351; Diniz Filho, José Alexandre Felizola; Souza, Franco Leandro de; Silva Júnior, Nelson Jorge da; Silva, Leo Caetano Fernandes da; Terribile, Levi CarinaUnderstanding the processes that shape the current distribution patterns of species is one of the main goals of Ecology. In this thesis, we aimed to understand which factors are related to the distribution of the turtle diversity, a group of ectothermic animals whose diversity patterns are still little known, over time and space. To that end, we used distribution data from continental chelonian species, as well as life history information (habitat type and body size), and reconstructed a phylogenetic hypothesis for the group using molecular data. Turtles had a burst of lineage diversification during the irradiation of the Emydidae family, which is probably linked to an event of ecological opportunity. In addition, aquatic animals had higher rates of diversification than terrestrial animals, which helps to explain the current greater diversity of aquatic animals. Turtle richness distribution along the continents is mainly influenced by climatic variables such as temperature and precipitation, but the time when lineages first colonized the continental regions also influences this pattern. Beta diversity among chelonian communities is mainly influenced by the geographical distance between communities, and communities from different biogeographic realms are structured by different drivers. Finally, body size diversity of turtles is also influenced by temperature, and small animals are more common in cold areas.Item Estudos ecológicos e evolutivos em Myrtaceae com ênfase nos padrões fenológicos, de distribuição e diversidade(Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2014-04-24) Staggemeier, Vanessa Graziele; Lucas, Eve; http://lattes.cnpq.br/4868049036495811; Diniz Filho, José Alexandre Felizola; http://lattes.cnpq.br/0706396442417351; Diniz Filho, José Alexandre Felizola; Lohmann, Lucia Garcez; Sobral, Marcos; Bini, Luis Mauricio; Camacho, Crisóforo Fabrício VillalobosThe Neotropical region harbors 30% of all the plant species diversity over the Earth. However, populations and species are being increasingly lost or suffering high extinction risk due to anthropic effects (urban expansion and landscape use), that in turn, lead to global warming. To establish more efficient conservation programs for biological diversity it is crucial that we increase our knowledge on spatial distribution patterns and reproductive ecology of species on macroecological scales as well as about the processes involved in the origin and maintenance of taxa. Thus, speciose Neotropical taxa as Myrtaceae (eighth largest plant family on the planet) that are well known taxonomically and and phylogenetically and represent excellent models for biodiversity studies. This thesis combined recent advances in the taxonomy and phylogeny of Myrtaceae with an extensive analysis of the distributional patterns of species and reproductive phenology. We aim to describe and test hypotheses about the triggers of plant reproduction and mechanisms that promote and maintain species diversity. Firstly, we demonstrated the importance of Myrtaceae in sustaining frugivores in the Atlantic Forest via the production of fleshy fruits (Chapter 1). Myrtaceae was shown to represent an important component to the local fauna because it supplied frugivores with fruits during lean times. Secondly, analyzing three disjoint communities of Atlantic forest and with different species composition we found an overall rule for Myrtaceae flowering during the summer and being triggered by changes in day length (Chapter 2). Irregular fruiting patterns are probably related to different physiological requirements of seed germination and seedling establishment. We demonstrated that phenological data needs to be interpreted in an evolutionary context because phylogenetic signal in the phenology is clade-specific. Additionally, we proposed a phylogenetic hypothesis for Myrcia sect. Aulomyrcia stressing the union of two traditional genera, Myrcia and Marlierea (Chapter 3). Moreover, we found lower extinction rates in localities that are historically more stable climatically, with the dispersal of species from less stable localities to areas of refugia occurring very commonly thus contributing for the high diversity of Myrcia species in the central corridor of this hotspot: coast of Bahia and northern Espírito Santo. We also studied the diversity of Psidium in the cerrado and found that an association between physiology, elevation and climatic stability explain the species richness of the group in this biome (Chapter 4). Although the importance of Myrtaceae as a structural and ecological component of Neotropical forests is clear, there is still much to be discovered and understood because new species to science are still appearing even in extensively studied localities (Chapter 5).