Doutorado em Ecologia e Evolução (ICB)

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    Amazon forest dieback: assessing vulnerabilities and threats
    (Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2016-05-16) Nobrega, Caroline Correa; Brando, Paulo Monteiro; Marco Junior, Paulo De; http://lattes.cnpq.br/2767494720646648; Ferreira Junior, Laerte Guimarães; Alencar, Ane Auxiliadora Costa; Nabout, João Carlos; Loyola, Rafael Dias; Marco Júnior, Paulo De
    In recent years, it is increasing evidences about Amazon vunerability due to land use and climate changes. Because of a positive feedback system, in which impacts intensify other impacts, some models project to the end of the century a replacement of the Amazon forest by savanna formations or semi-arid (forest dieback). Several evidence has indicated a high vulnerability of the Amazon to global climate change and local environmental impacts triggered by human activities (eg conversion to agricultural areas, construction of roads and burns). However, they are still deeply unknown the general mechanisms and standards about how these impacts affect the forest. In this thesis, I developed works that aim contribute to discussions of the subject. In each chapter, I will consider a threat that is contributing to the degradation of the Amazon. Each of the three threats discussed in the following chapters are often cited as important drivers of forest dieback. In the first chapter I evaluated the impact of forest fires at different levels of diversity of trees in a forest area next to the Amazon-Cerrado transition. Our results suggest that communities of trees in burned areas are losing more phylogenetic and functional diversity per unit of species than in unburned areas. My results indicate the existence of selection of species based on phylogenetic and functional characteristics, representing a major force of change and impoverishment (functional and phylogenetically) of these communities. In the second chapter, using high resolution images (LiDAR and hyperspectral), I evaluated the impact of a intense drought in forest areas near Madre de Dios, Peru. Thus, my results support the idea that changes in regional climate may change the structure and function of the forest. In the third chapter, I evaluated how the construction of roads in the Brazilian Amazon has contributed to deforestation in an important group of protected areas of the Amazon: the Indigenous Lands. Based on the analysis of observed impacts, I propose the establishment of buffer zones (buffers) around these reserves to reduce the negative impacts of road construction planned to be built.
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    Análise da comunidade de peixes e da teia trófica de um trecho do rio corrente - go
    (Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2006-07-18) ALOÍSIO, Gustavo Ribeiro; ANGELINI, Ronaldo; http://lattes.cnpq.br/6739463859587165
    In this work, fishes of Corrente river, affluent of Paranaíba River (Paraná basin, Brazil), were studied. Five surveys in the period of June of 2003 had been carried out until June of 2005. The sampling was executed in 8 points distributed in the stream, riverbed and lagoon. In each point had been used a set of gillnets with different mesh size (between 12 and 60mm opposite knots). The nets were inspected in the morning and the end of the day. The results had shown that 8 species were captured and the most abundant specie is Astyanax altiparanae; Shannon-Wienner index demonstrated diversity low; Morisita index indicated that there are high similarity between river, stream and lagoons; all species reproduce in the rainy season with exception of the Brycon nattereri; it is demonstrated the existence of piscivores species, herbivores, insectivores and detritus feeders.
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    Avaliação da importância de vertebrados e invertebrados carniceiros na dinâmica local e global de remoção de carcaças de vertebrados
    (Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2022-08-16) Rocha, Joedison dos Santos; Carvalheiro, Luisa Mafalda Gigante Rodrigues; http://lattes.cnpq.br/2611280969164348; Almeida Neto, Mário; http://lattes.cnpq.br/1000297113793647; Almeida Neto, Mário; Nabout, João Carlos; Lopes, Welinton Ribamar; Bini, Luis Mauricio; Carlucci, Marcos Bergmann
    Vertebrate carcasses compose the pool of dead organic matter in the ecosystems, highlighting as a food resource for a plethora of living organisms, from microorganisms to large vertebrates. A decomposition island is established when a vertebrate dies, altering the nutrient inputs and diversity of microorganisms in the soil, as well as the composition of plant communities. Scavenger animals (invertebrates and vertebrates) are responsible for recycling nutrients from carcasses, thus preventing dead animals from accumulating in natural environments. Therefore, scavengers act both in the large-scale distribution of nutrients and in sanitation and ecosystem health. Despite this, there are several gaps regarding how these scavenger groups affect the dynamics of carcass removal and their effects on ecosystem functioning. Even basic information such as which species are involved in the removal process is scarce in the literature. The present thesis aimed to elucidate the local and global importance of vertebrate and invertebrate scavengers for: a) removal efficiency; b) nutrient cycling; and c) disease control in vertebrate carcasses, as well as d) interactions between both groups. First, an experiment using caged and uncaged carcasses (n=16) was conducted in a well-conserved Cerrado area to test the effect of loss of vertebrate actions on removal time and nutrient inputs to the soil. After 10 days, all carcasses were removed by vultures and invertebrates, without difference between treatments, suggesting that invertebrates can compensate for the absence of vertebrates. Also, the experiment showed that potassium and magnesium inputs increase in the soil around carcasses when vertebrates are absent. Besides the typical scavenger species (necrophagous flies and vultures), carcasses were largely visited by opportunistic or facultative species (e.g. wasps, butterflies, and mammals). From two global systematic reviews, we observed that the complementary activity of vertebrates and invertebrates ensures high removal efficiency compared to carcasses removed experimentally in the absence of vertebrates. Furthermore, vertebrate communities that are highly efficient in removing carcasses are typically composed of few species (<10 spp.) and higher proportion of birds. This result highlighted the functionally unique contribution provided by vultures and crows across the world. Finally, based on a model relating scavenger vertebrates to cases of zoonoses, a higher prevalence of anthrax was associated with a high diversity of facultative scavengers (e.g. eagles and mammalian carnivores), but not with the richness of vultures. Thus, the study demonstrated that vertebrate diversity represents an important factor in carcass removal efficiency. However, invertebrates can outperform vertebrate functions in certain contexts, as observed in the Cerrado. The actions of both groups affect the rates of nutrient inputs from carcasses to the soil, while partially affecting the spread of zoonoses around the world.
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    Avaliação de estratégias espaciais para otimizar a conservação de redes de habitat
    (Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2019-03-29) Diniz, Milena Fiuza; Oliveira, Arthur Ângelo Bispo de; http://lattes.cnpq.br/1100433822757573; Marco Júnior, Paulo de; http://lattes.cnpq.br/2767494720646648; Marco Júnior, Paulo de; Rangel, Thiago Fernando Lopes Valle de Britto; Diniz Filho, José Alexandre Felizola; Ribeiro, Milton Cezar; Silva, Daniel De Paiva
    Habitat loss and fragmentation have become ubiquitous factors throughout natural landscapes around the world, and are among the major threats to biodiversity. In regions intensely modified by human activity, management of isolated areas may be insufficient to achieve conservation objectives. Therefore, a more efficient solution can be achieved by designing habitat networks, where protected areas and the connections among them act cooperatively and synergistically to ensure the species' regional persistence. Designing a habitat network requires a series of methodological steps, all of which can be developed through different approaches. The main objective of this thesis was to fill important gaps related to the selection of surrogate species and methodological strategies to optimize the projection of habitat networks. In Chapter 1, we reviewed the structure and applications of the major connectivity models, highlighting their assumptions and limitations in representing animal dispersal. We noted that the models have their own foundations and frameworks, and therefore we are assuming important differences on the dispersal ecology of species when choosing a particular approach. In Chapter 2, we evaluated the spatial congruence between habitat networks derived from the combination of different connectivity models and prioritization algorithms. We showed that the choice of methodological strategies for the projection of habitat networks can be decisive for the target species representation. Therefore, we suggested that the analytical tools should be selected according to the conservation objectives, rather than arbitrarily by assuming equivalence between the different methods. In Chapter 3, we investigated whether the potential of species as umbrellas for connectivity conservation can be influenced by the landscape composition and configuration. We showed that the ability of species to represent important areas for connectivity of others is a property determined by the species characteristics, as well as by the spatial pattern of habitat in the landscapes. In Chapter 4, we constructed networks of habitat quality and connectivity using different surrogate strategies based on one and multiple species and evaluated the efficiency of these structures in representing the target species' spatial requirements. We found that determining conservation priorities from the demands of a single umbrella species can have a very variable efficiency in covering the needs of co-occurring species. We also showed that selecting a small set of surrogates based on the species pool diversity may be the best strategy to provide efficient conservation solutions. We hope that the results of this thesis can be used to guide the future selection of surrogate species as well as the decisions related to the most appropriate methodological strategies for designing habitat networks capable of ensuring multispecies conservation.
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    Avaliação de modelos de distribuição de espécies e sua aplicação na conservação da onça-pintada (Panthera onca)
    (Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2010-11-19) TÔRRES, Natália Mundim; MARCO JÚNIOR, Paulo de; http://lattes.cnpq.br/2767494720646648; DINIZ FILHO, José Alexandre Felizola; http://lattes.cnpq.br/0706396442417351
    Recently, Species Distribution Modelling (SDM) has been widely used as base for several types of analyses, including evaluations of climate changing impact on species distribution and conservation strategies settlement. This methodology enables the prediction of potential geographic distribution based on species ecological requirements, extrapolating data from known occurrences to unknown areas. There is a wide variety of methods which presents different capabilities to synthesize the significant relationships between species data and the environmental variables used as preditors. These variations are consequences of a series of factors that influence model s performance, such as species characteristics, the kind and quantity of data available, and the scale of the analyses. In this study we adopted the jaguar as a model to evaluate eleven SDM. It was evaluated the spatial autocorrelation effects between presence records on model s performance, and the relationship between environmental suitability obtained through these methods and jaguar population density. The obtained results were used as a basis for the evaluation of jaguar conservation topics, including analyses of how global climate changing and land use predictions will affect its distribution and evaluation of protected areas system in maintaining suitable areas for species occurrence in the future. It was demonstrated that depending on the model applied, the species data amount can be more influential than the spatial autocorrelation between presence points, and that the expected positive relationship between model-based suitability estimate and jaguar density was found only for four SDM, but always with a low coefficient of determination showing a weak data fitness. The analyses also showed that suitability values inside protected areas are greater than expected by null model, and this difference tend to increase with the global climate change scenario evaluated, demonstrating that it is not expected that environmental suitable areas for jaguars will shift out from the existing protected areas. Considering future predictions, the main conclusion is that some regions which must go through an environmental suitability increase for jaguar occurrence in the future will be converted from natural vegetation to agricultural land, indicating that the opportunities for jaguar s effective conservation actions are daily becoming more restricted, in such a way that the calling for a proactive conservation approach is urgent.
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    Avaliação de resultados em pesquisa e políticas públicas para conservação no Brasil
    (Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2019-02-08) Vieira, Raísa Romênia Silva; Pressey, Robert Leslie; http://lattes.cnpq.br/6015310120161586; Loyola, Rafael Dias; http://lattes.cnpq.br/7649189080736923; Diniz Filho, José Alexandre Felizola; Valdujo, Paula Hanna; Machado, Ricardo Bomfim; Ribeiro, Katia Torres
    The number of programs aimed at biodiversity and ecosystem conservation has grown in Brazil and in the world. Besides local policies, international agreements were also established to protect the world biological diversity. Despite this progress, most conservation initiatives were made based on opinions and usual methods instead of evidences of effectiveness. Not only conservation policies must be based on appropriate criteria, but they should also be planned to produce outcomes whose success can be assessed. In this thesis we aimed to evaluate the efficiency of conservation initiatives in preserving biodiversity, focusing on Brazil. In the first chapter we reviewed the literature on habitat loss and degradation to measure the gap between conservation theory and practice. We find that despite the growing number of scientific publications, there is still a gap between knowing and doing that can lead to ineffective conservation programs. We suggest that researchers and practitioners come together to bridge this gap. In the second chapter we show that the protected areas system has strong biases and that is not representative for about half of the existing habitats in Brazil. This scenario is the result of protection aimed at minimizing costs and conflicts with extractive uses instead of strategic and systematic planning. We discussed the reasons that led to this scenario and the paths to be followed. In the third chapter we estimate the probable losses and gains of biodiversity and ecosystem services if the new Brazilian Forest Code is properly enforced. We also discuss the challenges associated with law enforcement and present conservation opportunities.
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    Avaliação do risco de extinção e priorização espacial para conservação de aves no Brasil
    (Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2014-03-19) Sousa, Nathália Machado e; Loyola, Rafael Dias; http://lattes.cnpq.br/7649189080736923; Loyola, Rafael Dias; Lorini, Maria Lúcia; Marini, Miguel Ângelo; Oliveira, Arthur Ângelo Bispo de; Silva, Daniel de Brito Cândido da
    Mais especificamente, o primeiro capítulo tem como foco a avaliação do risco de extinção das espécies de aves brasileiras (exceto marinhas) e representatividade nas Unidades de Conservação. Assim, o objetivo foi de (1) avaliar como as variáveis atuam definindo o risco de extinção das espécies, (2) avaliar se e como o risco de extinção está geograficamente estruturado e (3) avaliar a representatividade das espécies nas Unidades de Conservação (em presença de espécies e proporção de sua distribuição geográfica). Para responder tais perguntas, nos modelamos o risco de extinção de 1557 espécies de aves usando Árvore de Classificação e avaliamos a contribuição de cada variável para a determinação do risco de extinção, avaliando também a representação e proporção da distribuição geográfica nas Unidades de Conservação brasileira. A conversão de habitat foi a variável mais importante, seguida pelo tamanho da distribuição geográfica. O Cerrado abriga alta proporção de espécies ameaçadas e, de modo geral, a representatividade das aves é baixa nas Unidades de Conservação. No segundo capítulo também focamos na avaliação do risco de extinção e representatividade nas Unidades de Conservação, porém para espécies de aves marinhas. Nosssos objetivos foram de (1) avaliar como as variáveis atuam definindo o risco de extinção das aves marinhas, (2) definir quais variáveis são mais importantes na determinação do risco de extinção das espécies, (3) avaliar como o risco de extinção está geograficamente estruturado e (4) avaliar a efetividade das Unidades de Conservação Marinhas em representar espécies com alto e baixo risco de extinção. Para responder tais perguntas, nós modelamos o risco de extinção de 54 espécies de aves marinhas usando Árvore de Classificação e avaliamos a contribuição de cada variável para a determinação do risco de extinção. O tamanho da distribuição geográfica reprodutiva e a captura acidental por navios de pesca foram as variáveis mais importantes. Além disso, demonstramos que as Unidades de Conservação marinhas não são efetivas para proteger as aves marinhas, representando menos de 10% das distribuições no território brasileiro. Para complementar a avaliação do risco de extinção das aves e sua representatividade nas Unidades de Conservação, no terceiro capítulo focamos na avaliação da eficiência, em termos de custo-benefício, de diferentes estratégias de seleção de áreas prioritárias no Brasil. Assim, nosso objetivo foi de avaliar se (1) a estratégia de definição de áreas prioritárias é mais eficiente se aplicada em escala nacional, de biomas ou Estadual, (2) existe um balanço entre eficiência e vantagens para a biodiversidade quando comparamos as diferentes escalas, e (3) qual a melhor estratégia de conservação quando o custo e benefícios são igualmente pesados. A estratégia aplicada em escala nacional foi aquela com maior eficiência e com mais vantagens, em termo de conservação da biodiversidade de aves no Brasil.
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    Avaliação e síntese do estado de conservação da flora brasileira
    (Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2021-08-31) Ribeiro, Bruno Roberto; Diniz Filho, Jose Alexandre Felizola; Loyola, Rafael Dias; http://lattes.cnpq.br/7649189080736923; Loyola, Rafael Dias; Diniz Filho, Jose Alexandre Felizola; Cianciaruso, Marcus Vinicius; Telles, Mariana Pires de Campos; Forzza, Rafaela Campostrini
    Brazil harbors the richest and perhaps the most endangered flora on the planet, and its effective conservation is still a significant challenge. In the first chapter of this Ph.D. dissertation, we thoroughly analyzed the extinction risk assessment process, highlighting its strengths, weaknesses, and opportunities to expand and streamline risk assessments. In the second chapter, we aggregated and developed a series of tools for integrating and analyzing the quality of species occurrence records in an R package. We exemplified its functionality by showing how errors and uncertainties in occurrence records change the species richness pattern of plants in Brazil. In the third chapter, we assessed how errors present in taxonomic, spatial, and temporal information from occurrence records can lead to erroneous classifications of the risk of extinction of plant species in Brazil. Our results indicate that high-quality data are needed for an accurate prediction of threatened species and that preliminary assessments can predict the extinction risk of non-threatened species even in the presence of taxonomic, geographic, and temporal issues. In the fourth chapter, we assessed the effectiveness of protected areas and indigenous lands in representing all known threatened plant species in Brazil. We found that between 10 and 33% of species are entirely outside protected areas. Finally, in the fifth chapter and in Appendix I, we presented outreach texts aimed at children describing in a simple and detailed way the risk assessment process and the current situation of threat experienced by species in Brazil. The results of this thesis point out avenues for a greater understanding and expansion of the extinction risk assessment process to enable the effective conservation of biodiversity.
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    Avifauna em áreas de mineração: diversidade e conservação em Niquelândia e Barro Alto GO
    (Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2011-03-25) CURCINO, Alexandre; KLEIN, Vera Lúcia Gomes; http://lattes.cnpq.br/6477452328378345
    In the fixed point methodology, the observer remains for a predetermined time, recording all birds registered by observation or hearing. Widely used in temperate regions, the methodology has been used in Brazil, where it has suffered adaptations through the years. Whereas the current studies show different sampling times of methodology (10, 15 and 20 min), the aim of this survey was to compare the birds richness estimated for the sampling times of 10 and 20 minutes, in cerrado, gallery forest and vereda, in the regions of Niquelândia and Barro Alto - Goias and verify the effectiveness of bird detections per hour of study for different sampling situations and travel times between fixed points. The survey in Niquelândia occurred in 2007 and 2008. Barro Alto, in the years 2008 and 2009. At each location were established 20 point counts, and sampled five points between 6h00min and 8h40min. The points were drawn for 10 min and 20 min sampling . The results suggest that the researcher who remains 10 min at each point obtain the same statistical results that the researcher who remains 20 min at each point. The species detection efficiency is related to the balance in the choice of sampling time and displacement in order to increase the chances of finding rare species, and at the same time, maximize the number of detections.
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    Biogeografia da conservação frente à expansão agrícola: conflitos e prioridades
    (Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2012-04-10) DOBROVOLSKI, Ricardo; LOYOLA, Rafael Dias; http://lattes.cnpq.br/7649189080736923; DINIZ FILHO, José Alexandre Felizola; http://lattes.cnpq.br/0706396442417351
    Agriculture is the human activity with the greatest impact on the environment. Specifically, it represents the greatest threat to biodiversity. In the future, this activity should expand due to population growth, increased consumption and production of biofuels from food. To understand the possible impacts of this expansion on biodiversity, we used scenarios of land use change between 1970 and 2100 from IMAGE (Integrated Model to Access Global Environment) to test the following hypotheses: (i) areas considered as global priorities for conservation by international NGOs will be preferentially impacted by agricultural expansion in the XXI century, (ii) there is a conflict between the priority areas for carnivores conservation and agricultural expansion, and this conflict can be reduced by incorporating information on agricultural expansion in the prioritization process, (iii) the integration among countries for conservation planning may benefit both biodiversity and agricultural productivity, (iv) Brazilian protected areas will be impacted by agricultural expansion in the future and this impact will differ between protected areas of integral protection and those of sustainable use. We found that: (i) the impact on priority areas for conservation depends on the criteria by which they were set, so that areas defined by its high vulnerability are currently most affected than those of low vulnerability. Throughout the XXI century this impact is expected to increase, although the difference between the two types of priorities remains, except for High Biodiversity Wilderness Areas, defined by their low vulnerability in current time, but for which most pessimistic scenarios forecast an impact similar to priority areas of high vulnerability, (ii) there is a high spatial congruence between areas with high agricultural use in the future and priority areas for conservation of carnivores. This conflict can be reduced if the prioritization process include information on agricultural expansion; this incorporation, however, causes a profound change in the distribution of priority areas and reduces the number of protected carnivore populations, (iii) the integration of countries to create a set of priority areas for conservation that represents 17% of the land surface can protect 19% more mammal populations without reducing food production, compared to a strategy in which each country seeks to protect its territory independently, and (iv) the impact of agriculture in Brazil is expected to increase until the end of the century, threatening even the protected areas and their surroundings. This impact, however, should not be different between areas of sustainable use and those of integral protection. We conclude that agricultural expansion should remain a major threat to biodiversity in the future, even in areas of special interest for conservation. Conservation actions should be planned taking into account this threat in order to reduce their potential impacts. For this, countries like Brazil should strengthen its surveillance on agricultural expansion and on how this activity is developed. Furthermore, the integration of international conservation efforts should be pursued, given its benefits for biodiversity and food production. Finally, humanity must choose methods of agricultural production that reduce its impacts, including avoiding its future expansion, so as to meet the increasing needs of a human population globally.
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    Biomecânica do comportamento alimentar de girinos de anfíbios anuros
    (Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2016-03-22) Sousa, Verônica Thiemi Tsutae de; Venesky, Matthew; Nomura, Fausto; http://lattes.cnpq.br/9506582657045983; Nomura, Fausto; http://lattes.cnpq.br/9506582657045983; Menin, Marcelo; Teresa, Fabrício Barreto; Maciel, Natan Medeiros; Bini, Luis Mauricio
    Individuals of the same species have morphological, physiological and behavioral characteristics that determine when and where they will exist and how they will interact with individuals of other species. The ecomorphological diversity of anuran tadpoles make them great study subjects, as the resources use patterns (ecology) and the phylogenetic relationships among species can be inferred from the phenotypic properties. The influence of contemporary factors on the structure of tadpoles communities has been intensively studied for decades, but the use patterns and partitioning of food resources, have not received the same attention from researchers. Little is known about the ecology and feeding behavior of tadpoles, including its biomechanics, the influence of abiotic factors on feeding behavior, as well as the behavioral plasticity exhibited by tadpoles in the exploitation of food resources. These issues were investigated during the PhD and the results of the work developed during the course of this period are presented in this Dissertation In the first chapter, we verified whether the carnivorous tadpole of Leptodactylus labyrinthicus would adjust their feeding kinematics to maximize food consumption when feeding on alternative food sources. Our results indicate that, depending on the food source to be explored, the tadpoles may exhibit different feeding behavior: to consume the food particles suspended in the water surface, the tadpoles exhibit the filter-feeding behavior; in contrast, to consume food particles that are attached to submerse surfaces, tadpoles use the scrape feeding behavior. Filtering and scraping feeding behaviors are quantitative and qualitatively distincts, i.e. these feeding behaviors kinematics and the shape of the oral disc during feeding show distinguishable features. In the second chapter, we tested the hypothesis that changes in the water mean temperature would have differential 15 effects on the feeding kinematics of tadpoles of two anuran species: Rhinella schneideri, whose tadpoles are benthic, and Trachycephalus typhonius, whose tadpoles are nektonic. Our results indicate that the temperature affects the kinematics of the scrape feeding behavior. However, the temperature effect on kinematics variables may depend on the species, so the changes are not in the same direction (i.e. temperature may have a positive effect on some kinematic variables but negative effects on others). Finally, in the third chapter, our aim was to verify whether the ecological and morphological influences on feeding behavior reflect the phylogenetic relationship among species.
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    Bionomia de Odonata: implicações ecológicas na distribuição de riqueza, na diversidade Beta e no uso como indicadores ambientais
    (Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2011-04-28) DUTRA, Silvia Leitão; MARCO JÚNIOR, Paulo de; http://lattes.cnpq.br/2767494720646648
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    Características de história de vida de árvores do Cerrado direcionando o futuro e a adaptação aos impactos das mudanças climáticas
    (Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2013-06-28) Côrtes, Lara Gomes; Cianciaruso, Marcus Vinicius; De Marco Júnior, Paulo; http://lattes.cnpq.br/2767494720646648
    The speed of climate change nowadays brings unprecedented challenges to biodiversity conservation. As environmental conditions are important factors in determining the geographical distribution of species, the latter should change their distribution with changes in climate, rearranging communities with gains and losses of species. Aiming to identify vulnerabilities and propose proactive conservation to increase the adaptation of species to climate change we did an approach with species distribution models, an essential tool to predict the species potential distribution in different climatic scenarios. An important understanding in this changing scenario is the knowledge of what life history traits may make species more susceptible to changes in climate and then, may be possible, if such characteristics are related to specific environmental conditions, defining the ecological niche breadth of species as well as their geographic distribution. We sought to identify whether simple life history traits of trees occurring in the Cerrado could be related to the size of the niche and distribution area, and if the species with characteristics associated with a small area distribution and restrict niche breadth would be more predisposed to extinction due to climate change. It was found that the evergreen generalist species have lower potential distributions, evergreen species from broad sense cerrado have smaller latitudinal ranges and height proved to be related to the geographic distribution of broad sense cerrado species. Still trying to identify potential impacts on biodiversity and ecosystem function, assuming the environmental conditions as selective filter of species with life history traits that guarantee a higher performance in a new climate, it was tested if climate change reduces the functional diversity of communities in sub-basins of the Cerrado. There was a large reduction in richness, but an increase in functional diversity, since most communities lost species functionally redundant, but which can act as an insurance against loss of ecosystem functions. Thus, the future communities will be more vulnerable to other disturbances, such as habitat loss and fragmentation. In this context, proactive a that can increase the connectivity of ecosystems will be essential for the biodiversity conservation to climate change. Thus, we propose a systematic planning of restoration to complement the establishment of protected areas and, simultaneously, selected areas of lower socioeconomic conflict and climate stability. The restoration should be understood as an important proactive conservation action in a changing world that is full of increasingly fragmented ecosystems as the Brazilian Cerrado.
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    Composição taxonômica, funcional e molecular da microbiota planctônica: integrando diferentes níveis tróficos na ecologia aquática
    (Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2019-01-24) Machado, Karine Borges; Nabout, João Carlos; http://lattes.cnpq.br/3335844675689429; Rodrigues, Luzia Cleide; Carneiro, Fernanda Melo; Telles, Mariana Pires de Campos; Bini, Luis Mauricio; Nabout, João Carlos
    The aquatic microbiota play an important role in the ecosystems functioning. However, the factors that are associated with the structuring of microbiological communities as well as their responses to climate change are still not well understood. In addition, most evaluations do not consider the effects on different trophic levels simultaneously. This study aimed to associate taxonomic, functional and molecular knowledge on aquatic microorganisms, seeking to investigate the causes of the diversity geographic patterns as well as their responses to global warming. This work was carried out using data from 27 lakes in the Araguaia river floodplain and also by the construction of an experiment in microcosm. We found that environmental and spatial factors do not influence planktonic microbiota 18S rDNA in the lakes evaluated, although there is a high beta diversity and the composition is spatially structured along the plain. On the other hand, we found that experimentally simulated warming promotes a change in the taxonomic and functional composition of planktonic organisms, due to a species substitution and a predominance of smaller organisms. Furthermore, the microbiota of different trophic levels presents a similar response pattern to warming. These results contribute to predict how different biological levels and trophic groups of the aquatic microbiota respond to variations in environmental conditions. We highlight that this approach is relevant, because changes in the composition of communities can affect many ecosystem processes and services.
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    Comunidades aquáticas do reservatório de Serra da Mesa (GO): distribuição, influências e a pesca esportiva sobre o tucunaré azul (Cichla piquiti)
    (Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2013-07-31) Silva, Leo Caetano Fernandes da; Angelini, Ronaldo; http://lattes.cnpq.br/6739463859587165; Angelini, Ronaldo
    The objective of this work was explore the relationships between diet, morphology and taxonomy in 30 species from Serra da Mesa Reservoir. The relationships between diet and morphology, diet and taxonomy and morphology e taxonomy were examined using Mantel test. And we test the relationships between diet and morphology after retire the effect os taxonomy using Partial Mantel Test. We used RDA to explore relevant attributes to diet. Results show that, independently of Taxonomy, some of the trophic guilds could be grossly predicted from few relevant morphological attributes (i.e mouth width and mouth Height especially for piscivores and carnivores) and thus suggest a significant link between diet and morphology. In other words, species having similar diet tend to converge to some extent on some morphological attributes.
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    Comunidades de besouros rola-bostas (coleoptera: Scarabaeinae): do macro a ecologia de indivíduos
    (Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2019-03-26) Pessôa, Marcelo Bruno; De Marco Júnior, Paulo; http://lattes.cnpq.br/2767494720646648; Hortal Munhoz, Joaquín; http://lattes.cnpq.br/7823155226108831; Hortal Munhoz, Joaquin; Diniz Filho, Jose Alexandre Felizola; Villalobos Camacho, Crisóforo Fabricio; Medina Hernandéz, Malva Isabel; Vaz de Mello, Fernando Zagury
    The study of diversity patterns has generated many hypotheses, which have been often seen as rivals. However, biodiversity is a complex phenomenon and the result of the effects of multiple drivers acting at the same time, effects that may vary in space. The variance of the complex array of drivers that explain local diversity is important to understand the geographic differences in the effects of land use changes. These drivers act as different filters to the establishment and survival of species populations, changing the composition and structure of the community. They may also filter different individual traits, thus altering the functional structure of the community. We defined three main questions: (1) which are the main drivers of local dung beetle species richness in the Neotropics; (2) whether the relative importance of these drivers varies geographically; (3) and how does the time since land use change affect the functional aspects of the community. For the first question, we constructed a database with published literature on dung beetle communities, to extract information on species richness, abundance, type of bait, type of habitat and sampling effort (as hours/pitfall). We used a multi-hypothesis approach to understand which set of hypotheses better-explained dung beetle species richness at a local scale. Specifically, we used environmental variables to account for six hypotheses: productivity, water–energy, ambient energy, habitat heterogeneity, climatic heterogeneity, and resource heterogeneity, plus a seventh neutral hypothesis described using only spatial data. For the second question, we compiled data from standardized surveys based on pitfall traps, and estimated species richness at each locality using sample coverage estimators. We assessed the relationhips between several predictors (including climate, habitat and mammal diversity) and species richness, and also between them, by means of geographically weighted structural equation mixed models. And for the third question, we conducted standardized surveys of dung beetle communities in seven forest fragments and adjacent pastures at two different regions pertaining to the Atlantic forest (Itajaí Valley) and the Cerrado (Goiânia region) biomes, using pitfall traps baited with human and cow dung, and rotten liver. We measured fourteen traits in individuals collected in each type of habitat at each particular site. And then we calculated the functional richness, functional evenness, functional divergence and community-weighted mean of traits for each area, and analyzed the individual variation through Trait Statistics. We found that Dung Beetle local richness is a result of productivity (by energy and water) and Heterogeneity (both habitat and resource). The analysis of the variables allows to interpret that the “more-individuals hypothesis” is the main mechanism driving dung beetle diversity, through the importance of abundance. This importance is common to all the Neotropics, but the factors that affect abundance vary between regions. Dung beetle diversity presents geographical heterogeneity in the responses to the factors where we can observe three regions: Mesoamerica, Amazonian, and Subtropical South America. Also, Mammal diversity had contributed to dung beetle diversity and abundance differently, mainly as a consequence of the conversion of forest to pastures. The forest–pasture conversion affected dung beetle functional diversity, where the pasture presented lower functional richness in both regions. But the species pool had a greater effect than time for the reduction of the effect of this conversion. The difference in the species pool also reflects in the trait’s individual variance. While in the Atlantic Forest the filtering occurs at the species level, in the Cerrado it occurs at the individual level in some traits. Understanding that biodiversity is a complex phenomenon, we suggest to take this in account and use not only a multi-hypothesis approach to study its drivers, but also to consider the spatial variance of this relations. For future works with dung beetles would be interesting to understand the historical and evolutionary events that not only shape species diversity, but also filter dung beetle traits at the species or individual level.
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    Consequências da perda e fragmentação de habitat em morcegos
    (Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2015-06-08) Mendes, Poliana; Marco Júnior, Paulo De; http://lattes.cnpq.br/2767494720646648; Marco Júnior, Paulo De; Brito, Daniel; Loyola, Rafael; Paglia, Adriano; Ribeiro, Milton
    Our aim was to explore some components of bat responses to land-use changes. Bats were sampled in 18 forest patches during four nights. Landscapes were delimited with 500 meter to 10km radius from sample site. We took metrics of two different landscape components: natural vegetation amount and fragmentation (measured as number of patches). In the first chapter we tested the effect of such components in total abundance, species richness and variance in biological traits of bats. In the second chapter we verified if those variables were more important than local ones to determine occupancy probability of eight bat species. Local variables were tree density, understory height, liana quantity, and canopy cover. In the third chapter we counterposed species climatic suitable areas with spatial data about habitat loss and fragmentation in Cerrado. We predicted species vulnerability creating scenarios in which they were sensitive to habitat loss and/or fragmentation, furthermore we showed an overview of species suitable areas exposure to land-use changes to eight bat species. We observed idiosyncratic patterns of responses to habitat loss and fragmentation in bats. Abundance is positively related to habitat amount, whereas species richness, variance in body mass and number of guilds is negatively related to fragmentation. Occupancy probability of Sturnira lilium is positively related to habitat amount, whereas occupancy probability of Myotis nigricans is negatively related to fragmentation. Six other species did not show any clear relationship between occupancy and landscape structure. South areas of Cerrado are locales with higher climatic suitability, while still having higher exposure level to land-use changes. Our results strengthen the view that species response patterns to habitat loss and fragmentation are species-specific and also diversity metric specific. Such assertion reinforces that it is necessary an improvement in knowledge about factors that determine those responses, however it does not mean that the development of regional conservation strategies is unfeasible when using the current available knowledge in literature.
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    A conservação da diversidade de anuros no cerrado brasileiro
    (Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2014-07-28) Lima, Luciana Signorelli Faria; With, Kimberly; Bastos, Rogério Pereira; http://lattes.cnpq.br/6015137404238990; Nomura,Fausto; http://lattes.cnpq.br/9506582657045983; Maciel, Natan Medeiros; http://lattes.cnpq.br/2116561844584292; Oliveira, Arthur Angelo Bispo de; http://lattes.cnpq.br/1100433822757573
    Land use activities have been frequently transforming broad native areas into pastures or plantations. This process turned out to be a global problem and is known as one major responsible for declinesin various taxonomical groups. Frogs are one of the most threated groups among vertebrates, from which species with aquatic larvae are more susceptible. Such populations follow metacommunity dynamics and can be structured in function of combined processes, such as patch dynamics, species ordination dynamics, mass effect and neutral dynamics. Nevertheless, the lack of knowledge with respect to anuran species occupation and richness patterns in local and regional scale poses as a threat to their conservation. The aim of my work is to provide relevant information to the conservation of anurans in the Brazilian Cerrado. I investigated regional and local scale patterns and identified factors related to richness and occupation of anuran species that breed in Cerrado ponds. For that, I have collected data in the state of Goiás, which is the only Brazilian state totally inserted in the Cerrado biome and that follows that same tendency of habitat loss as the whole biome (due to agriculture expansion). In Chapter I present the first official list for the whole state of Goiás, with the objective to cover inventory gaps. In Chapter II, I explore local and landscape factors that determine local and regional diversities of anurans. I also assess the effects of area, heterogeneity, productivity and local and landscape habitat complexity over alpha and beta diversities of anurans. In Chapter III, I approach one of the most classic and controversial models for the conservation of the species, known as "SLOSS" (single large or several small). This model should be considered especially when the goal is to preserve as many frog species associated with ponds.Finally, in Chapter IV, I built occupation models to assess the effects of amount of remaining habitats, isolation between remnants as well as local characteristics on the occurrence of some species of amphibians typical Brazilian Cerrado.
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    Conservação e risco de extinção em primatas
    (Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2018-05-28) Machado, Flávia de Figueiredo; Silva, Daniel de Brito Candido; http://lattes.cnpq.br/5139765780779893; Oliveira, Leonardo de Carvalho; Morais, Alessandro Ribeiro de; Ribeiro, Matheus de Souza Lima; Terrible, Levi Carina
    (Sem resumo em outra língua)
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    Conservação filogenética de interações em redes antagonistas bipartidas
    (Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2017-05-26) Bergamini, Leonardo Lima; Almeida-Neto, Mário; http://lattes.cnpq.br/1000297113793647; Melo, Adriano Sanches; Cianciaruso, Marcus Vinícius; Andreazzi, Cecília; Carvalheiro, Luísa Gigante; Almeida-Neto, Mário
    This thesis comprises three chapters presented in the form of scientific articles, and approaches phylogenetic conservatism of ecological interactions under different aspects. Citations and bibliographic references are formatted in accordance with the norms from the journal Oikos, where a version of the first chapter was published. Supplementary materials cited in the text can be found in the anexes at the end of the thesis. I begin with the text from my qualification exam, that gives a brief overview about community phylogenetics. By presenting this more general literature, this introduction gives a point of view that complements the specific discussions of each chapter. In the first chapter, my coauthors and I explore the correlation between phylogenetic similarity and the similarity between counterpart sets of plants and herbivores in a regional Asteraceae-flowerhead endophages. By using different measures of counterpart similarity and different subsets defined by herbivore lineages I tried to detect how the evolutionary history of plants and herbivores is reflected in their interactions, both at the specific level as at the modular structure of the network. We show that, beyond the compositional similarity previously reported, closely related species also share a greater proportion of the phylogenetic history of their partners, both for resources and consumers. The comparison between patterns found in the entire network with those found in the subsets provides evidence that resource sharing happens mainly at deeper phylogenetic levels, so that phylogenetic sinal is detectable even among closely related consumers. Asymmetry in signal strength between trophic levels is more evident in the way how network modules reflect host plant phylogeny, both in the entire network and the sub-networks. Taken together, these results show that evolutionary processes, such as phylogenetic conservatism and independent colonization history may be the main forces behind phylogenetic structure observed in this particular plant-herbivore system. In the second chapter, I test with more detail the relative contributions of different ecological processes and the evolutionary history in the formation of the Asteraceae-Tephritidae interaction network. By uniting a previously used approach with a coevolutionary analysis method and some new methods proposed in this work I have shown the striking effect of phylogeny in this system and discuss how the patterns in this antagonistic network differ from other systems. In the third chapter I used a data set compiled from the cophylogeny literature to test the generality of the phylogenetic conservatism observed in other systems. I used a meta-analytical approach to estimate overall effect sizes for the correlations between phylogeny and interactions, as well as the asymmetry in signal strength. I have found a general pattern of phylogenetic conservatism in interaction patterns for both trophic levels along with considerable between-study heterogeneity. On the other hand, the asymmetry in signal strength was consistently small and non-significant in each individual study, with a positive albeit small overall effect size. My results provide compelling evidence that phylogenetic consevatism of ecological interactions is common in nature, togheter with a quantitave picture of its heterogeneity and of the asymmetry between trophic levels. Taken togheter, the results from the three chapters highlight the important role of specialization in structuring antagonistic interactions and the striking presence of phylogenetic constraints in the establishment of this interactions. I hope that the contributions presented here, the questions they raise, and the new approaches I have used help to improve our understanding of the processes that mediate the formation of ecological networks.