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Item Análise da comunidade de peixes e da teia trófica de um trecho do rio corrente - go(Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2006-07-18) ALOÍSIO, Gustavo Ribeiro; ANGELINI, Ronaldo; http://lattes.cnpq.br/6739463859587165In this work, fishes of Corrente river, affluent of Paranaíba River (Paraná basin, Brazil), were studied. Five surveys in the period of June of 2003 had been carried out until June of 2005. The sampling was executed in 8 points distributed in the stream, riverbed and lagoon. In each point had been used a set of gillnets with different mesh size (between 12 and 60mm opposite knots). The nets were inspected in the morning and the end of the day. The results had shown that 8 species were captured and the most abundant specie is Astyanax altiparanae; Shannon-Wienner index demonstrated diversity low; Morisita index indicated that there are high similarity between river, stream and lagoons; all species reproduce in the rainy season with exception of the Brycon nattereri; it is demonstrated the existence of piscivores species, herbivores, insectivores and detritus feeders.Item A Teoria Neutra pode explicar a diversidade de insetos aquáticos em riachos?(Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2009-04-07) ALMEIDA, Mirian Cristina de; MARCO JÚNIOR, Paulo de; http://lattes.cnpq.br/2767494720646648The generality of Unified Neutral Theory of Biodiversity and Biogeography was evaluated across its support for diversity structure of Odonata adults and predators, shredders and collectors insect guilds in streams. The evaluation of Neutral Theory was done in two levels of theory s hierarchical structure. One evaluation in the level of yours assumptions, the zero sum assumption, and other in the level of yours predictions to abundance models in communities and metacommunities, ZSM and logseries respectively. The variations predicted to ZSM abundance model, in accordance to dispersal limitation that community are subjected, was evaluated in insect guilds through the streams distance. In Odonata adults the dispersal limitation was evaluated indirectly through regional frequency of species body size. In this case, the ecological equivalence was restricted for body size guilds. Communities of Zygoptera adults have low density and richness within streams. Individuals distribution was grouped, not consistent to linear relation under zero sum assumption. Local abundance of Odonata adults and predators, shredders and collectors guilds didn t fit ZSM model. Geometric series models and logseries models were better in explain the abundance for all groups. Moreover, the occurrence of fit to these models isn t in according to dispersal limitation level that is expected in each region, not supporting the Neutral predictionsItem Grupos substitutos, correspondência de assembléias aquáticas em relação a esquemas de classificação regional, e determinantes de diversidade beta em uma planície de inundação neotropical(Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2010-01-25) PADIAL, André Andrian; BINI, Luis Mauricio; http://lattes.cnpq.br/0931860042124079A general goal in community ecology is to understand how communities are organized in space and time. An aspect of great interest is to evaluate how concordant are the patterns of beta diversity depicted by different biological groups. If two taxonomic groups present a similar spatial/temporal structure, only one of these groups can be used as a surrogate group in conservation efforts or bioassessments. Also, a strong correspondence between biological groups and physical classifications of the habitat could help us to understand the reasons for spatial organization of communities. Moreover, if communities respond to a priori classifications based on geological and environmental features of the habitats, the selection of priority areas for conservation distributed on the classes of a classification scheme could maximize the conservation of overall biodiversity. Finally, to understand the main processes driving the organization of communities, the relative role of different set of predictor variables can be simultaneously evaluated. If species compositions are mainly predicted by environmental variables then one can conclude that species sorting mechanisms are the main drivers of community structure. On the other hand, if variables that represent spatial structure of the environments are the main predictors of variation in species composition, then neutral processes may be invoked to explain the structure of the biological group under analysis. Therefore, the main goals of this thesis are: (i) to evaluate the concordance among distinct biological groups; (ii) to evaluate the correspondence between a priori physical classifications of the habitat and the composition of assemblages and; (iii) to evaluate the relative role of environmental and spatial predictors on the structure of local assemblages in a Neotropical floodplain. For that, we used data sets on six biological groups (fish, benthic macroinvertebrates, aquatic macrophytes, zooplankton, phytoplankton, and periphyton) which were gathered during 2000 and 2001 in up to 36 aquatic environments of the Upper Paraná River floodplain. Patterns of assemblage concordance were frequently observed. The main mechanisms responsible for cross-taxon concordance were a similar response to environmental/spatial gradients and biological interactions between species. The mechanisms were identified after controlling for the effect of environmental/spatial variables on the cross-taxon concordance and after evaluating the level of concordance between species from each group that most likely are linked by biological interactions. However, the levels of assemblage concordance were weak and varied conspicuously with time. These results highlight that the use of surrogate groups is a flawed strategy to support conservation efforts in the Upper Paraná River floodplain. Nevertheless, the classification scheme of the floodplain, considering mainly limnological and geological aspects, was efficient to represent the structure of different aquatic assemblages. Thus, conservation efforts and bioassessments of the aquatic flora and fauna can use this classification scheme. However, the temporal variability also affected the consistency of the correspondence and this issue should be further investigated. On the other hand, temporal variables were not effective in predicting the structure of different biological assemblages. Environmental and spatial variables were generally more important, but also with low predictive power. Spatial variables were particularly important for large organisms with low dispersal ability, such as sedentary fish and aquatic plants. On the other hand, compared to spatial predictors, environmental variables were more important to explain the structure of small-bodied organisms with high dispersal ability (such as micro-algae) and organisms with migratory behavior. Nevertheless, all variables had a low predictive power, probably due to the low extent of the environmental and spatial gradients and to the lack of variables that represent relevant processes for determining the structure of aquatic assemblages in floodplains.Item Ecologia reprodutiva de Cardiopetalum calophyllum (Annonaceae) em fragmentos de Cerrado do Brasil Central(Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2010-03-31) ELIAS, Marcos Antonio da Silva; FRANCESCHINELLI, Edivani Villaron; http://lattes.cnpq.br/8863732932277904Habitat fragmentation is one of the main causes of environmental degradation and a great threat to world biodiversity. Fragmentation can disrupt pollination processes, affecting directly or indirectly pollinators and plants. In Brazil, the Cerrado Biome has lost most part of its vegetation cover in the last four decades, becoming a highly fragmented landscape with many small fragments, several medium-size and a few continuous areas of vegetation. Those remnants have high biological diversity with high level of endemism, but very little is known about the reproductive success of their species. Cardiopetalum calophyllum Schletdl. (Annonaceae) occurs in the Cerrado of Central Brazil, has dicogamy and is pollinated by small beetle called Lobiopa insularis. The reproductive success of C. calophyllum and the abundance of its pollinator were analyzed in fragment of different size from July 2009 to January 2010. The reproductive success was estimated using fruit and seed set rates. Flowers in anthesis were collected to quantify the pollinator abundance inside them. A positive correlation between reproductive success of C. calophyllum and the fragment size was found. However, no correlation was found between pollinator abundance and fragment size. The small fragments are more isolated than the larger ones. This can decrease the pollinator dispersion and gene flow among fragments, increasing inbreeding within population of small fragments. The abundance of Lobiopa insularis seems to be more related to its generalist habits than to the fragment size. In our study, the effect of fragment size and reproductive success of C. calophyllum was stronger in fragments smaller than 10 ha. However, fragment smaller than 20 ha also showed decrease in their productive success.Item Ecologia de insetos aquáticos em córregos do Cerrado: do nicho hutchinsoniano ao distúrbio intermediário(Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2010-06-18) GODOY, Bruno Spacek; COELHO, Alexandre Siqueira Guedes; http://lattes.cnpq.br/0840926305216925; OLIVEIRA, Leandro Gonçalves; http://lattes.cnpq.br/8837912214958454The Cerrado region is the second largest biome in Brazil, covering nearly 22% of the national territory. Due to a facility provided this biome for handling and cultivating the soil, the Cerrado has been suffering an intense change in its landscape, increasing the impact in all it s natural systems. Thru a systemized sampling of 101 streams in the Rio das Almas River Basin region, center of Goias, it was observed how such change in landscape changes the community of benthonic water insects. Initially it was not observed changes in the number of genres for different river sizes. Impact raise, especially in the riparian zone leads to a reduction in the number of genres of Ephemeroptera, Plecoptera and Trichoptera. The communities in impacted streams are subsets of communities in pristine localities, showed a nestedness pattern. Despite the number of genres reduction in impacted locations, the expected richness expressed by the sum of the probability of genre occurrence in certain integrity value, is larger in preserved and degraded locations. Therefore, the genre substitution rate tends to be larger in very impacted and well preserved areas. The environmental matrix of the Cerrado is composed largely of already impacted areas, which explains this large number or genres that live in degraded locations thru simple area effect. Ultimately, we compared the results of two indexes used for ecological monitoring proposes of streams, that aim to observe different impacts in the environment. There was no relation between the Index of Habitat Integrity and an index that measures the pollution in the water (BMPW ), indicating that there is a need to use the two together for an effective monitoring.Item Avaliação de modelos de distribuição de espécies e sua aplicação na conservação da onça-pintada (Panthera onca)(Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2010-11-19) TÔRRES, Natália Mundim; MARCO JÚNIOR, Paulo de; http://lattes.cnpq.br/2767494720646648; DINIZ FILHO, José Alexandre Felizola; http://lattes.cnpq.br/0706396442417351Recently, Species Distribution Modelling (SDM) has been widely used as base for several types of analyses, including evaluations of climate changing impact on species distribution and conservation strategies settlement. This methodology enables the prediction of potential geographic distribution based on species ecological requirements, extrapolating data from known occurrences to unknown areas. There is a wide variety of methods which presents different capabilities to synthesize the significant relationships between species data and the environmental variables used as preditors. These variations are consequences of a series of factors that influence model s performance, such as species characteristics, the kind and quantity of data available, and the scale of the analyses. In this study we adopted the jaguar as a model to evaluate eleven SDM. It was evaluated the spatial autocorrelation effects between presence records on model s performance, and the relationship between environmental suitability obtained through these methods and jaguar population density. The obtained results were used as a basis for the evaluation of jaguar conservation topics, including analyses of how global climate changing and land use predictions will affect its distribution and evaluation of protected areas system in maintaining suitable areas for species occurrence in the future. It was demonstrated that depending on the model applied, the species data amount can be more influential than the spatial autocorrelation between presence points, and that the expected positive relationship between model-based suitability estimate and jaguar density was found only for four SDM, but always with a low coefficient of determination showing a weak data fitness. The analyses also showed that suitability values inside protected areas are greater than expected by null model, and this difference tend to increase with the global climate change scenario evaluated, demonstrating that it is not expected that environmental suitable areas for jaguars will shift out from the existing protected areas. Considering future predictions, the main conclusion is that some regions which must go through an environmental suitability increase for jaguar occurrence in the future will be converted from natural vegetation to agricultural land, indicating that the opportunities for jaguar s effective conservation actions are daily becoming more restricted, in such a way that the calling for a proactive conservation approach is urgent.Item Grandes rios e a distribuição de Odonata na Amazônia: similaridade de composição, limitação à dispersão e endemismo.(Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2011-02-15) JUEN, Leandro; MARCO JÚNIOR, Paulo de; http://lattes.cnpq.br/2767494720646648The forests of Amazon Basin contain the most part of species diversity in the world. Many hypotheses have been proposed to explain the origin and maintenance of this great diversity, based mainly in mechanisms of migration, speciation and environmental constraints imposed by environment to the organisms. One of these hypotheses is the Theory of River Hypothesis, proposed by Alfred Russell Wallace during his studies in the Neotropical region, which relates variation in species richness with large rivers, suggesting that these rivers serve as a barrier preventing the dispersal of organisms. Thus, this study aimed to know the distribution and pattern of species diversity of Odonata community present in the interfluve areas of large rivers of Amazon Basin, and evaluate if this distribution corresponds to the Theory of Rivers Hypothesis, testing 1) the relative importance of the biogeographic history and of ecological hypotheses to explain the endemism patterns in interfluve areas of Amazonian biome in Brazil; 2) if the pattern of species distribution in interfluve areas of large Amazonian rivers is supported by the Theory of Rivers Hypothesis; and 3) the relative importance of spatial and environmental features in variation of adult Odonata community composition. To test this, were carried out samplings in 92 igarapés distributed in five interfluve regions, and occurrence data of species based in recent literature compilations, museums and other studies carried out in the region were also collected. Results showed that: 1) the environmental similarity can be considered the main feature in the Odonata distribution, possibly due to environmental specificity developed during the long history of some clades in this system. The group with the smaller dispersal ability, Zygoptera, retained more biogeographic information on possible historical features that determine the current distribution. The great vagility of Anisoptera may have facilitated the crossing of rivers. The transport of larvae through macrophyte banks, the lateral change of river course and the inversion of basin drainage system can be explanations for the absence of isolation effect on species groups studied. 2) Rivers did not show any effect of dispersal barrier to the distribution of species, probably because of the dispersal ability of species, mainly Anisoptera, together with the lateral migration of river channels, macrophyte banks, and rivers with presence of many meanders, which would promote dispersal, diluting the barrier effect. 3) Environmental and geographical features are important to determine the patterns of beta diversity among studied sites. The effect found varied considerably between the two suborders. The initial similarity was higher for Zygoptera. For the geographical distance necessary to reach the half of similarity (halving distance), the results were higher for Anisoptera. Ecological requirements and dispersal ability of species can explain the environmental and spatial effects on beta diversity. Variation found between the suborders can be due to the different requirements of species, which can be related to body size. Smaller species may be more sensitive to environmental variations by ecophysiological constraints. If we consider the frequency of endemism between these groups (Chapters 1 and 2), Zygoptera and the families with species with smaller body size (Coenagrionidae and Protoneuridae) may be considered as priority focus for conservation strategies or as surrogates for selection of priority areas for conservation of this group, and, assuming the scarce amount of biogeographical information of Amazonia, also for other invertebrate groups.Item Avifauna em áreas de mineração: diversidade e conservação em Niquelândia e Barro Alto GO(Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2011-03-25) CURCINO, Alexandre; KLEIN, Vera Lúcia Gomes; http://lattes.cnpq.br/6477452328378345In the fixed point methodology, the observer remains for a predetermined time, recording all birds registered by observation or hearing. Widely used in temperate regions, the methodology has been used in Brazil, where it has suffered adaptations through the years. Whereas the current studies show different sampling times of methodology (10, 15 and 20 min), the aim of this survey was to compare the birds richness estimated for the sampling times of 10 and 20 minutes, in cerrado, gallery forest and vereda, in the regions of Niquelândia and Barro Alto - Goias and verify the effectiveness of bird detections per hour of study for different sampling situations and travel times between fixed points. The survey in Niquelândia occurred in 2007 and 2008. Barro Alto, in the years 2008 and 2009. At each location were established 20 point counts, and sampled five points between 6h00min and 8h40min. The points were drawn for 10 min and 20 min sampling . The results suggest that the researcher who remains 10 min at each point obtain the same statistical results that the researcher who remains 20 min at each point. The species detection efficiency is related to the balance in the choice of sampling time and displacement in order to increase the chances of finding rare species, and at the same time, maximize the number of detections.Item A dinâmica do fitoplâncton em uma várzea Amazônica variações sazonal e nictimeral (Várzea do Lago Grande de Curuai Pará, Brasil)(Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2011-03-28) ALVES, Carla Patrícia Pereira; NOGUEIRA, Ina de Souza; http://lattes.cnpq.br/3877834258990173The river-floodplain systems are environments submitted a lateral overflow of river channel due the rains and/or underground waters. They are controlled by the type of climate, morphology and local effects. The lowland lakes are also highly productive because of the rich sources of primary carbon. The sediments transport and suspended and dissolved matter are done by the rivers between the land and aquatic phases. These phases strongly influence nutrient cycling, primary and secondary production and decomposition. The phytoplankton dynamics in tropical floodplain lakes is as variable as the seasonal and isolation patterns of flooding. For this reason, the aims of this work were i) to assess the rotation influence of potamophase and limnophase upon the phytoplankton of the Curuai Lake (PA, Brazil) and about the connectivity between other lakes, and ii) to evaluate the phytoplankton dynamics in a nictemeral cycling related to changes in CO2 in water, and what phytoplankton groups which were most important in this process. The phytoplankton community and environmental variables of the floodplain lakes of the Curuai Lake were sampled in the potamophase and limnophase (2009) and in a nictemeral cycling (2010). The informations summarized were obtained through the principal component analysis (PCA), canonical correspondence analysis (CCA), redundancy analysis (RDA) and nonmetric multidimensional scaling (MDS). The community structure was different among the periods with greater richness, density and phytoplanktonic biovolume in limnophase. There was predominance of Cryptophyceae (mainly Cryptomonas brasiliensis Castro, Bicudo & Bicudo) in potamophase and Cyanophyceae [Dolichospermum circinalis (formerly Anabaena circinalis) (Rabenh. ex Bornet et Flah.) Wacklin et al.] in limnophase, both influenced by environmental variables. In addition, the high phytoplanktonic biomass was favored by the highs temperatures and also responsible by the CO2 depletion in water caused by photosynthesis, which is reflected for the high carbon content in phytoplankton organisms. Despite the entry of water in the floodplain that connects the lakes, these environmental were distinct in relation a phytoplankton composition and a limnological variables. The phytoplanktonic community in Curuai Lake showed daily variation of biovolume because of high temperature and light availability. The development of persistent cyanobacteria bloom, with species predominance of Dolichospermum genius [functional group H1, D. spiroides (formerly A. spiroides) (Klebahn) Wacklin et al.] and Microcystis protocystis Crow (functional group M) caused the CO2 depletion in lake surface layer during the period of increased photosynthesis. The cyanobacteria bloom occurred mainly due to the attributes of group, which became it expressive competitors in relation another microalgae ones.Item Influência do fogo na alometria e assimetria de espécies vegetais do cerrado sensu stricto(Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2011-04-28) Diniz, Vania Sardinha dos Santos; Franceschinelli, Edivani Villaron; http://lattes.cnpq.br/8863732932277904Sem resumo em outra línguaItem Bionomia de Odonata: implicações ecológicas na distribuição de riqueza, na diversidade Beta e no uso como indicadores ambientais(Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2011-04-28) DUTRA, Silvia Leitão; MARCO JÚNIOR, Paulo de; http://lattes.cnpq.br/2767494720646648Item Estrutura de comunidades de macroinvertebrados em riachos: efeitos de diferentes condições de perturbação sobre os processos de colonização e recolonização de substratos(Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2011-08-29) Holanda, Luis Fernando Rabelo; Godoy, Bruno Spacek; Oliveira, Leandro Gonçalves; http://lattes.cnpq.br/4995825091971711; Oliveira , Leandro Gonçalves; Roque, Fábio de Oliveira; Garro, Francisco Leonardo TejerinaDisturbance events affect the colonization and re-colonization process of streams by benthic macroinvertebrates. The Intermediate Disturbance Theory predicts distinct community patterns resultant by disturbance, where we can found coexistence or species loss. Such patterns vary with intensity and frequency of disturbance plus species trait, which can provide resistance or resilience to the community. An experiment was carried out to test the immediate and during time effects of two intensities and three frequencies of disturbance on the benthic macroinvertebrates community at five Cerrado streams, at Goiás State, Brazil. We tested two hypothesis: 1) Disturbance affect the permanency probabilities of species on substrates along time, but it’s more likely for cylindrical body and high mobility groups of species than to hydrodynamic body and short life cycle species group; and 2) Disturbance events change the community composition of aquatic invertebrates, such a way that through time there’s a tendency of increasing similarity of community. The low intensity disturbance did not have an immediately effect on the occurrence probabilities of hydrodynamic body, large body or grabbing species group. However, increasing on disturbance intensity drove to a negative effect of all groups, except the Elmidae larvae with flattened body. Through time, we observed resilience of R-strategists groups, seeing that their permanency probabilities weren’t affected by disturbance intensity and frequency through time. Furthermore, high intensity disturbance caused an immediately effect on community composition between control and treatment differing the proportion off spatial turnover and nesting process, driving dissimilarities resultant from species loss. Nevertheless, there was no support for the increasing similarity resultant of replacement or species loss through time hypothesis. These results indicate that, despite of the distinguished immediate effect of disturbance, there’s a fast pattern of re-colonization of substrates, which results in non discrepant community structure pattern. The more likely effect of disturbance is a redistribution of individuals between the different habitats, generating unpredictability on detection of species by traditional methodologies.Item Macroecologia do zooplâncton continental: padrões latitudinais e componentes locais e regionais na determinação da diversidade global(Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2012-02-13) PINESE, Olívia Penatti; DINIZ FILHO, José Alexandre Felizola; http://lattes.cnpq.br/0706396442417351One of the oldest and best known global biological patterns in ecology is the latitudinal gradient of richness, characterized by a decrease in the number of species from Equator toward the poles. Several hypotheses, even today, attempt to explain the variation that occurs in the pattern of diversity of many animal and plants. Despite the advances that have been followed in Biogeography and Macroecology in recent decades, studies on biodiversity at a global scale have yet targeted mainly terrestrial and marine groups. This study presented three main objectives, first, to create a representative database of continental zooplankton diversity at global scale, that could demonstrate the distribution of richness patterns for their major groups (Total Zooplankton, Microcrustacea, Copepoda, Cladocera, Rotifera); second, to analyze the adequacy of global richness data to the Metabolic Theory of Ecology (MTE); and third, to establish the balance between local and regional components which determined the observed gradients. In this research, data collection was made from scientific papers concerning the diversity of continental zooplankton around the world. The sampling methodology effect on richness data was controlled through regressions, whose residuals were assumed as being the corrected richness. Latitudinal patterns analyses were performed with the corrected richness, developing latitudinal distribution graphs and global maps with color-weighted richness. The MTE was tested basically by analyzing the adequacy of the theory to angular coefficients, generated by multiple regressions between logarithm of raw richness, temperature (1/kT) and methodological variables. The contribution of local and regional components in determining richness was accessed through partial regressions. The results showed variation in the latitudinal patterns observed for different groups of zooplankton. Zooplanktonic crustaceans diversity peaked outside of Equator, while Rotifera diversity showed the classic latitudinal gradient, often found for many organisms around the world. Concerning the MTE, all groups showed different patterns from the one predicted by the theory. The local components were more crucial for crustaceans diversity while the regional components most strongly influenced total zooplankton richness and rotifers, which corroborates the observed results of latitudinal global patterns. This work represents a viable macroecological approach for access diversity patterns of biological groups whose taxonomic data and global geographical coverage about diversity knowledge are scarce, as they are for continental zooplankton organisms.Item Biogeografia da conservação frente à expansão agrícola: conflitos e prioridades(Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2012-04-10) DOBROVOLSKI, Ricardo; LOYOLA, Rafael Dias; http://lattes.cnpq.br/7649189080736923; DINIZ FILHO, José Alexandre Felizola; http://lattes.cnpq.br/0706396442417351Agriculture is the human activity with the greatest impact on the environment. Specifically, it represents the greatest threat to biodiversity. In the future, this activity should expand due to population growth, increased consumption and production of biofuels from food. To understand the possible impacts of this expansion on biodiversity, we used scenarios of land use change between 1970 and 2100 from IMAGE (Integrated Model to Access Global Environment) to test the following hypotheses: (i) areas considered as global priorities for conservation by international NGOs will be preferentially impacted by agricultural expansion in the XXI century, (ii) there is a conflict between the priority areas for carnivores conservation and agricultural expansion, and this conflict can be reduced by incorporating information on agricultural expansion in the prioritization process, (iii) the integration among countries for conservation planning may benefit both biodiversity and agricultural productivity, (iv) Brazilian protected areas will be impacted by agricultural expansion in the future and this impact will differ between protected areas of integral protection and those of sustainable use. We found that: (i) the impact on priority areas for conservation depends on the criteria by which they were set, so that areas defined by its high vulnerability are currently most affected than those of low vulnerability. Throughout the XXI century this impact is expected to increase, although the difference between the two types of priorities remains, except for High Biodiversity Wilderness Areas, defined by their low vulnerability in current time, but for which most pessimistic scenarios forecast an impact similar to priority areas of high vulnerability, (ii) there is a high spatial congruence between areas with high agricultural use in the future and priority areas for conservation of carnivores. This conflict can be reduced if the prioritization process include information on agricultural expansion; this incorporation, however, causes a profound change in the distribution of priority areas and reduces the number of protected carnivore populations, (iii) the integration of countries to create a set of priority areas for conservation that represents 17% of the land surface can protect 19% more mammal populations without reducing food production, compared to a strategy in which each country seeks to protect its territory independently, and (iv) the impact of agriculture in Brazil is expected to increase until the end of the century, threatening even the protected areas and their surroundings. This impact, however, should not be different between areas of sustainable use and those of integral protection. We conclude that agricultural expansion should remain a major threat to biodiversity in the future, even in areas of special interest for conservation. Conservation actions should be planned taking into account this threat in order to reduce their potential impacts. For this, countries like Brazil should strengthen its surveillance on agricultural expansion and on how this activity is developed. Furthermore, the integration of international conservation efforts should be pursued, given its benefits for biodiversity and food production. Finally, humanity must choose methods of agricultural production that reduce its impacts, including avoiding its future expansion, so as to meet the increasing needs of a human population globally.Item Riqueza e composição de mariposas Arctiinae (Lepidoptera, Noctuidae) em diferentes formações vegetais em uma área de cerrado(Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2012-05-17) Santos, Carolina Moreno dos; Ferro, Viviane Gianluppi; http://lattes.cnpq.br/4073294502295550; Ferro, Viviane Gianluppi; http://lattes.cnpq.br/4073294502295550; Vasconcelos, Heraldo Luiz de; Almeida Neto, MárioThe Cerrado Biome presents a mosaic of vegetation ranging from open areas with no shrub component (grassland) to areas with a high density of tall trees (forests formations). This mosaic of vegetation that occurs in the Cerrado harbors a high biodiversity of different groups of animals and enables to this biome presents high beta diversity in the region. However, data of species occurrence are lacking for most groups of animals, especially for the invertebrates. In this work, Arctiinae moths were sampled in different vegetation formations of the Cerrado. Arctiinae are one of the richest subfamilies of Lepidoptera. About 11.000 species were described in worldwide, 6.000 in the Neotropics, 1.400 in Brazil and 720 in the Cerrado. Most larvae of Arctiinae are polyphagous. In addition to eating the green angiosperm and gymnosperm tissues, their ranks include species that consume algae, lichens, liverworts and mosses. Despite being polyphagous, the most species of Arctiinae feed mainly on the plant species that provide secondary metabolities (mainly pyrrolizidine alkaloids) that offer to them chemical protection against natural enemies. Thus, variations in the host plant species composition reflect at least partially in the variations in the moths species composition. In the first chapter of this dissertation, the Arctiinae moth fauna was characterized in four vegetation formations (dirty grassland, closed grassland, cerrado sensu stricto and semideciduous forest). Moths species richness was significantly higher in vegetation formations more structurally complex. The moth species composition in semideciduous forest was significantly dissimilar from the others vegetation formations. There was a positive correlation between the moths similarity patterns and the plants similarity patterns. In the first chapter was also tested the premise that structurally simple habitats presents a higher intensity of predation because they available less quantity of refuges for prey. This premise was corroborated because the predation intensity on artificial caterpillars was twice higher in the dirty grassland than in the structurally complex vegetation. In the second chapter of this dissertation was tested which environmental variable best determines the variation in Arctiinae species richness and composition between the vegetation formations of the cerrado sensu lato (dirty grassland, closed grassland and cerrado sensu stricto). The trees richness was the most determinant of moths species richness. The moth species composition was influenced by the trees richness, followed by herbs density, predation intensity and by the variation coefficient of tree height. The results that the vegetation characteristics are the best predictors of the variations in the moths species richness and composition indicate that it is necessary to invest in conservation measures of all vegetation formations that occurs in the Cerrado.Item Determinantes da estrutura de comunidades de Trichoptera Kirby, 1813 (Insecta) de riachos de cabeceira em múltiplas escalas espaciais(Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2013-05-20) Ferreira, Juliana Simião; Angelini, Ronaldo; http://lattes.cnpq.br/6739463859587165; Angelini, Ronaldo; http://lattes.cnpq.br/6739463859587165; Roque, Fábio de Oliveira; Teresa, Fabrício Barreto; Nabout, João Carlos; Almeida Neto, MárioHeadwater streams biodiversity is very important to the maintenance of the biological integrity found in the whole hydrological basin. Therefore, understanding the processes generating and/or influencing biodiversity in such environments may contribute to future aquatic integrity monitoring programs and to the strategic planning for both species and community conservation found within the every stream networks. The main goals of the current study were to: i) identify landscape and spatial environmental predictors responsible for the structure of aquatic insects communities (Trichoptera); ii) identify which hierarchical scale within the hydrologic basins is responsible for the highest biodiversity variation, what may provide subsidies for future studies and planned conservation of lotic environments. In order to achieve such goals, we did different studies with specific objectives directed to (i) measure the contribution of environmental and spatial variables while determining species richness and composition within Trichoptera communities, separately considering species with wide and narrow spatial distribution; (ii) measure the influence of landscape attributes such as vegetation cover in different spatial scales on species richness and bet diversity, as well on the different trophic functional groups found within the Trichoptera community; (iii) evaluate the effects of nested headwater streams community structure embedded within superior hierarchical levels (e.g. microbasins, subbasins, and the whole catchment), as well as the effects of the environmental and spatial predictors on alpha, beta and gamaTrichoptera diversity considering different spatial scales. All studies were performed with a set of biological data sampled in 48 headwater streams within two hydrographic basins locate within the state of Goiás, Brazil, with different land use regimes. Within those streams, local environmental variables (physical-chemical variables and habtat integrity), landscape attributes (vegetation cover, and land use classification), and also the biological data regarding the Trichoptera insects were sampled. In the first study, we observed that compositional changes within the Trichoptera communities was determined by local processes, especially for genus with wider distribution, while the communities of those species with narrower distribution were probably structured by other factors not measured here. This study reinforces that the use of community deconstruction related to specific species attributes (e.g. spatial distribution) contributes to a better comprehension of the processes determining the metacommunities structure. In the second study, we verified that landscape attributes within the hydrologic basin, such as vegetation quality around the streamlet and vegetation cover up to 200m from the streamlet, are important predictors to the structure and functioning of Trichoptera communities. In the third study, results indicate that the variation in alpha, beta and gama diversities depend on the spatial scale considered and that the environmental degradation affects distinctly such patterns. We were able to verify that the structure of Trichoptera communities is determined by environmental factors, mainly in the local scales, such as water physical-chemical parameters and vegetation cover. Additionally, we observed that that the spatial scale within which the diversity is maximized is on catchment scale, reinforcing the need to increase the spatial scales considered in such studies in order to obtain a higher diversity for the Trichoptera in headwater streams. Finally, these studies confirm the vulnerability of Trichoptera communities to the variability on water quality and landscape changes, supporting the use of these organisms as indicators and reinforcing the need of conservation strategies which consider the aquatic diversity within each streamlet embedded in hydrologic basin elsewhere.Item Importância das interações bióticas na distribuição geográfica das espécies e suas aplicações em modelos de distribuição potencial(Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2013-06-14) Santos, Thiago; Diniz Filho, Jose Alexandre Felizola; http://lattes.cnpq.br/0706396442417351(Sem resumo em outra língua)Item Variabilidade e estrutura genética espacial em Glossophaga soricina com ocorrência no cerrado(Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2013-06-19) Oprea, Monik; Collevatti, Rosane Garcia; Telles, Mariana Pires de Campos; http://lattes.cnpq.br/4648436798023532; Telles, Mariana Pires de Campos; Ditchfield, Albert David; Nabout, João Carlos; Aguiar, Ludmilla Moura de Souza; Maciel, Natan MedeirosMicrosatellite markers are important tools for molecular ecology studies, particularly for bats, whose information is difficult to obtain through direct observations. In the first chapter, we conducted searches for scientific articles about the use of microsatellite markers in bats in order to evaluate the current knowledge about the genetic patterns and also to unravel sociological aspects of this knowledge. We found that the use of microsatellite markers to study bats is quite new and little spread. Many questions in molecular ecology can be addressed with a limited number of polymorphic markers, such as microsatellites. This will not only contribute to the knowledge of the species biology, but also to design effective strategies for conservation of bat species. In the second chapter, we report the development and characterization of ten microsatellite loci for the bat Glossophaga soricina isolated from a shotgun genomic library. Among 67 individuals, the number of alleles per locus ranged from 2 to 20, and the observed and expected heterozygosity ranged from 0.015 to 0.606 and from 0.016 to 0.915, respectively. The high combined probability of genetic identity (4.369x10-8) and probability of paternity exclusion (0.996) showed that the microsatellite loci are useful for population genetic structure and detailed parentage studies in natural populations of G. soricina. In the third chapter, we used the nine developed microsatellite loci and spatially explicit analysis to unravel population genetic structure and how landscape features affected genetic diversity of G. soricina at 17 localities in the Brazilian Cerrado. Our results showed that G. soricina populations already have higher inbreeding in fragmented landscapes in small geographic scales. Also, some pairs of populations showed genetic discontinuity as the outcome of landscape modification.Item Características de história de vida de árvores do Cerrado direcionando o futuro e a adaptação aos impactos das mudanças climáticas(Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2013-06-28) Côrtes, Lara Gomes; Cianciaruso, Marcus Vinicius; De Marco Júnior, Paulo; http://lattes.cnpq.br/2767494720646648The speed of climate change nowadays brings unprecedented challenges to biodiversity conservation. As environmental conditions are important factors in determining the geographical distribution of species, the latter should change their distribution with changes in climate, rearranging communities with gains and losses of species. Aiming to identify vulnerabilities and propose proactive conservation to increase the adaptation of species to climate change we did an approach with species distribution models, an essential tool to predict the species potential distribution in different climatic scenarios. An important understanding in this changing scenario is the knowledge of what life history traits may make species more susceptible to changes in climate and then, may be possible, if such characteristics are related to specific environmental conditions, defining the ecological niche breadth of species as well as their geographic distribution. We sought to identify whether simple life history traits of trees occurring in the Cerrado could be related to the size of the niche and distribution area, and if the species with characteristics associated with a small area distribution and restrict niche breadth would be more predisposed to extinction due to climate change. It was found that the evergreen generalist species have lower potential distributions, evergreen species from broad sense cerrado have smaller latitudinal ranges and height proved to be related to the geographic distribution of broad sense cerrado species. Still trying to identify potential impacts on biodiversity and ecosystem function, assuming the environmental conditions as selective filter of species with life history traits that guarantee a higher performance in a new climate, it was tested if climate change reduces the functional diversity of communities in sub-basins of the Cerrado. There was a large reduction in richness, but an increase in functional diversity, since most communities lost species functionally redundant, but which can act as an insurance against loss of ecosystem functions. Thus, the future communities will be more vulnerable to other disturbances, such as habitat loss and fragmentation. In this context, proactive a that can increase the connectivity of ecosystems will be essential for the biodiversity conservation to climate change. Thus, we propose a systematic planning of restoration to complement the establishment of protected areas and, simultaneously, selected areas of lower socioeconomic conflict and climate stability. The restoration should be understood as an important proactive conservation action in a changing world that is full of increasingly fragmented ecosystems as the Brazilian Cerrado.Item Comunidades aquáticas do reservatório de Serra da Mesa (GO): distribuição, influências e a pesca esportiva sobre o tucunaré azul (Cichla piquiti)(Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2013-07-31) Silva, Leo Caetano Fernandes da; Angelini, Ronaldo; http://lattes.cnpq.br/6739463859587165; Angelini, RonaldoThe objective of this work was explore the relationships between diet, morphology and taxonomy in 30 species from Serra da Mesa Reservoir. The relationships between diet and morphology, diet and taxonomy and morphology e taxonomy were examined using Mantel test. And we test the relationships between diet and morphology after retire the effect os taxonomy using Partial Mantel Test. We used RDA to explore relevant attributes to diet. Results show that, independently of Taxonomy, some of the trophic guilds could be grossly predicted from few relevant morphological attributes (i.e mouth width and mouth Height especially for piscivores and carnivores) and thus suggest a significant link between diet and morphology. In other words, species having similar diet tend to converge to some extent on some morphological attributes.