Programa de Pós-graduação em Agronomia

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Tolerância do arroz de terras altas (Oryza sativa L.) ao declínio da produção de grãos causado por seu monocultivo
(Universidade Federal de Goiás, 1997-12-19) Costa, Sílvia Sobral; Castro, Emílio da Maia de; http://lattes.cnpq.br/9727201714596831; Castro, Emílio da Maia de; Chaves, Lázaro José; Soares, Antônio Alves
Upland rice presents great yield reductions when cultivated as a monocrop. This phenomenon is considered by traditional rice growers as a result of tired soils. The reasons for reduced grain production, however, may be of several causes (low soil fertility, diseases, pests, decline in organic matter content, etc.) but the most important of them emphasized in the related literature refers to the allelopatic reaction by the rice crop, mainly to the autotoxicity. The lack of knowledge about this subject in Brazil, has been the source of systematic economic damage. On one hand by continuous crop establishment in the same area for several years and, on the other, by returning the rice crop to the old area before allowing sufficient time to the soil to recuperate. Additionally, it is common, especially in the northern states, the traditional crop system of slash burn, on a migratory way to avoid soil sickness. This is a non sustainable and poluent way to explore the field. The objective of this study was to evaluate a representative germplasm of the japonica tropical rice for its tolerance to monocrop system and analyze the possibility to reduce the problem by breeding procedure. The tests were established in the three areas with different antecedents. System 1 - rice after four years of maize; System 2 – two years of rice after three years of maize; System 3 – Four years of rice (monocrop) after one year of maize. The 95 genotypes tested were divided into three groups: Group 1- 17 commercial varieties; Group 2 – 17 traditional varieties; Group 3 – 61 advanced lines. Highly significant differences were observed among the systems, with a decline in production of 43% due to monocrop on its most severe condition (system 3). The commercial varieties yielded as much as the advanced lines, but 47,34% and 32,88% more than traditional ones, respectively on systems 1 and 3. The monocrop system increased plant cycle up to one week, on the average, and reduced plant height in 11 cm. The observed differences among and within genotype groups, as well as its interactions with the crop systems show the existence of genetic variability and the genotypes do not react to monocrop on the same way. With the average heritability among groups of 0,67 and with a selection intensity of 30% it was possible to estimate an average gain of 24,4% on the system 3. These genetic parameters show the possibility to attain a better agronomic behavior of rice in monocrop through breeding approach.
Sistema integrado de diagnose e recomendação (DRIS) para a cultura da soja (Glycine max L. Merril) na região de Rio Verde-GO
(Universidade Federal de Goiás, 1998-08-28) Leandro, Wilson Mozena; Veloso, Ronaldo; Almeida Neto, José Xavier de
In order to diagnose the most limiting nutrients for soybean crop, in Rio Verde region, GO, farms were divided in distinct and homogeneous plots. Soil and leaf sampling were performed at the 50% soybean flowering stage. The third leaf from the top of 30 plants were sampled per plot. Yield was estimated from plants in 1m rows in 10 points per plot. Soil and tissue analysis were interpreted by critical levels and DRIS methods. The diagnosis precision was tested by different DRIS indices (expressions, ratios) calculation procedures. Plant nutrient condition diagnosis methods showed different interpretations. The original Beaufils method was the most precise. As related to DRIS use for soils, the resin-extracted P method was more precise than the Mehlich I extractor. Phosphorus was the most limiting nutrient for soybean crop. Potassium applied in excess caused exchangeable bases unbalance and induced a magnesium defficiency. The DRIS method showed higher sensitivity to diagnose nutrition problems, especially for micronutrients.
Espécies frutíferas nativas dos cerrados de Goiás: caracterização e influências do clima e dos solos
(Universidade Federal de Goiás, 1999-02-26) Naves, Ronaldo Veloso; Almeida Neto, José Xavier de; Almeida Neto, José Xavier de; Carvalho, Janice Guedes de; Rodrigues, João Domingos; Chaves , Lázaro José; Gonçalves , Vicente Antônio
Native fruit species represent an important role in the Brazilian State of Goiás. Due to the limited scientific knowledge on these species, the current work aimed the characterization of plants, soil and climate, with their inter-relationships for five Goiás-native fruit trees present in the cerrado (a type of Brazilian savanna) with potential for economic exploration. Studied fruit trees were: araticum (Annona crassíflora Mart.), caju-arbóreo-do-cerrado (Anacardium othonianum Rizz.), cagaita (Eugenia dysenterica D.C.), mangaba (Hancomia speciosa Gomez) and pequi (Caryocar brasiliense Camb.). Thirty seven Goiás cities were covered in about 200000 km2 , between 14° 31' 5.48" and 18° 44' 51.64" South Latitude and 47° 46' 13.95" and 52° 39' 53.42" West Longitude. Fifty sampling areas with 1 ha each were divided in four 0.25 ha quarters. At least one selected fruit tree was present in the chosen cerrado area, with the lowest possible human action. Area, plant and soil till 80 cm deep features were statistically analyzed and the results showed that E. dysenterica trees are distributed in a more gathered pattem, whereas A. crassfflora and mainly C. brasiliense trees are amply dispersed among Goiás cerrado. The studied species are generally short in size, present small basal area and show canopy shape varying from global on A. othonianum and C. brasiliense and columnar on E. dysenterica and A. crassiflora trees. Strong light competition is very frequent among these species. Greater densities are present in higher altitude areas with lower average annual temperatures. A. crassiflora and E. dysenterica trees are xxii more frequent in soil "Latossolo Vermelho Amarelo", while C. brasiliense and A. othonianum present higher densities on soil "Litossolo". Studied species show survival strategies that give them establishment and development ability on extremely soil-nutrient poor environments, with high toxic aluminum levels. Even in those conditions, leaf levels of nutrients are adequate. A. crassiflora and C. brasiliense trees tend to occur in soils with lower levels of potassium, calcium, magnesium and zinc when compared with soils where these species do not occur. E. dysenterica trees tend to occur in soils with potassium, calcium, magnesium, manganese and clay in higher levels than areas where the species is not present. A. othonianum and C. brasiliense densities increases with highest acidity and ~ basal area oi this frui! trees increases with lowest aluminum saturation. E.\~ dysenterica tree densities decrease with the increase of foliar leveis of potassium, while A. crassiflora tree densities decreases with foliar calcium increase. A. othonianum height is increased with the increment of foliar leveis of zinc, whereas C. brasiliense trees are taller when potassium and manganese are increased on the leaf. Areas with natural occurrence of the studied fruit trees are suffering an intense human action.
Avaliação comportamental de plantas de baru (Dipteryx alata Vog.) nos cerrados do Estado de Goiás
(Universidade Federal de Goiás, 1999-03-26) Corrêa, Gilmarcos de Carvalho; Zica, Lincoln Fonseca; Zica, Lincoln Fonseca; Rodrigues, João Domingos; Jesus, José Garcia de; Garcia, Antônio Henrique; Souza, Maurício de
This study was carried out with 150 plants of baru (Dipteryx alata Vog.) from three regions of Goiás State. It had 50 plants per region, and it were randomizes choiced at 1995. The purpose was to verify the occurence and distribution of genetic variation among tested populations. Fruits and seeds were analysed about morphological characters. Emersion and initial development of plantas were analysed too. The experiment was planted as hierarchal model with regions level, plants within regions and fruits within plants. There was variation to all morphological characters in fruits and seeds at regions and plants within regions levels. There was no variation about plant emersion percentage and emersion velocity index (EVI). There ws variation about emersion velocity (days). Plant height and basis diameter at 30 days after emersion showed variation at regions and plants within regions levels. The most variation proportion was founded at plants within regions level with high levels of transmission to all characters.
Avaliação de testadores para capacidade de combinação em linhagens endogâmicas de milho (zea mays l.)
(Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2001-08-30) Pimentel, Alexandre Lopes; Brasil, Edward Madureira; http://lattes.cnpq.br/6555744240223597; Brasil , Edward Madureira; Castro, Emílio da Maia de; Chaves, Lázaro José
The main objective of this work is to compare different testes to evaluate for combining ability a group of unselected lines. Twenty eight lines from the CMS 04C population and six testers were used. The testers were the BR105 population, three imbreed lines from the BR105, one single cross proceeding from crossing of two of the used lines as testers and the EMGOPA 501 population. Because of the limited amounts of seeds, the topcrosses of the 20 from the 28 lines were evaluated in two places. The incomplete block design with two common treatments and three replicates were used for the topcrosses evaluation. The trials were installed in 2000/01 season, in the experimental stations of the Planagri company, in Goianésia-Goiás, and at the Escola de Agronomia of Universidade Federal de Goiás, in Goiânia-Goiás.The diallel analysis followed the model of Griffing (1956), adapted by Geraldi & Miranda Filho (1988). The correlations of Spearman, percentage of coincidence based in selection intensity and the variances between topcrosses were used, to compare the testers. It wasn’t observed consistency of the lines rank among the testers and not even for each tester between the two places. The results were different for each place. In Goianésia, the BR105 population, that got greater estimative of General Combining Ability, was the most convenient tester to discriminate the lines. However, in Goiânia, the EMGOPA 501 population, that got the lowest estimative of General Combining Ability, was the most convenient tester to evaluate the lines. In the combined analysis of the two places, the EMGOPA was only able to discriminate the lines. Some lines were superior in hybrid combining and some crossings will have to be evaluated in other environments to confirm its good performance.
Avaliação de diferentes lâminas de água e de doses de nitrogênio na produção de matéria seca e composição bromatológica do capim Mombaça
(Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2003-02-27) RUGGIERO, Juliana Azevedo; NASCIMENTO, Jorge Luiz do; http://lattes.cnpq.br/1613681986702987; ROSA, Beneval; http://lattes.cnpq.br/4308152819345272
The best combinations of different sheets of water were evaluated and of doses of nitrogen in the production of dry matter (t/ha) in grass Panicum maximum Jaqc. cv. Mombaça. The grass was submitted to the following treatments: 5 irrigation sheets (portions L0, L1, L2, L3 and L4 corresponding her/it respectively without irrigation, 30%, 60%, 90% and 120% of the evaporation and potential perspiration of the culture (Etpc)), applied for leak, and to 4 doses of manuring of nitrogen (subportions 100, 200, 300 and 400 kg/ha/year of nitrogen) that were divided in 7 applied doses after the cuts. The period of used rest was of 28 days, being approximately the mass cut grass the 30 cm of the soil. The used complet randomized blocks in portions subdivided appraised in 6 different times understanding the period of the drought in the area. For the production of dry matter (t/ha) there was difference (P <0,05), in the irrigation in the months of April, May, June and October, not having difference (P>0,05) the months of July, August and September, due to fall in the production caused by the low temperatures. The matter accumulation dries in the months of deficit hidric for L3 and fertilized with 400 kg/ha/year of N was of 1,36 t/ha, corresponding her/it an increment of production of approximately 152% in relationship the portions without irrigation (0,54 t/ha). there was not significant difference (P>0,05) for the doses of manuring of nitrogen. The low temperatures and the irrigation handling interfered in the production of dry matter, could limit the use of this technique in certain areas. The use of the leak system in the pasture irrigation is not very defined having been had difficulties in the evaluation of the correct application of water.
Efeito de espaçamentos e épocas de plantio sobre caracteres agronômicos de híbridos de milho
(Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2003-03-31) GONÇALVES, Sara Lane Sousa; BRASIL, Edward Madureira; http://lattes.cnpq.br/6555744240223597
Every year, new corn hybrids and climatic and environmental variations in the different Brazilian regions require from research organizations, private companies, and farmers alternate management practices to improve corn productivity and profitability. As a result of spatial arrangement discussions and related corn growing recommended techniques, special attention has been given to row spacing reduction. As an example, in the Brazilian Central Plateau, about 50% of corn production has been harvested from double cropping after soybeans. In this situation, the same machinery adjustments used for soybeans are used for double cropped corn, reducing the time required between harvesting and sowing operations. Three experiments were conducted to study the effect of row spacing on corn hybrids agronomic characteristics in the Goiania region, Goias State, evaluating five commercial hybrids in four row spacings and three sowing dates. The experimental design was a 5x4 factorial in randomized blocks with four replications. Row spacing did not significantly affect plant height, ear, stalk and corncob diameter, yield, stalk rot and lodging. The hybrids behavior was significantly different in the four row spacings. The higher yields were obtained in the third planting date under irrigation.
Epidemiologia da ferrugem asiática da soja em ambientes do Estado de Goiás: efeito de fungicida e época de semeadura
(Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2005-02-28) CRUVINEL, Adriane Reis; OTTONI, Giselle; http://lattes.cnpq.br/4584420838543565
During the last crops, the soybean rust has been appeared as one of the most important problems in the national agriculture. The direct loses on the production and in the costs with fungicides have been increased the damages on this crop. Aiming to understand better the disease epidemiology, this work searched for answers by epidemic progress in two locations, the time of planting effect, the cycle of planting, the use of fungicide, and by different cultivars. The experiments were assembled in Experimental Stations from Agência Rural in Senador Canedo and in Anápolis. For each place were used three times of planting, six cultivars on the three crop cycles (Monsoy 6101 and BRSNina premature cycle; Emgopa 315 and BRSGO Santa Cruz middle cycle; Emgopa 313 and BRSGO Paraíso late cycle), with and without fungicide action, have been evaluated on the three parts of the plant (lower, middle and upper). Each time, to each one of the places, have been considered as an experiment with spli-split-plot. After the disease symptom observations, the split under chemical control were freaked each 21 days using pyraclostrobin+epoxiconazole on 66,5 g + 25 g a.i. ha-1. The evaluations, after the first symptom observation, have been done weekly up to the complete leaves took away. With the periodic severity data the Area Under Progress Disease Curve (AUPDC) and Relative Area Under Progress Disease Curve (RAUPDC), that is the area divided by the epidemic time duration, were calculated. The parameters were productivity, thousand-grains weight (TGW) and small grains percent (%SG). The delay on the start of the disease on Anápolis, comparing with Senador Canedo, increases the discussion on the results. The previous disease occurrence in Senador Canedo and the high level inoculate presented can be associated to the fact of experimental site in Senador Canedo has soybean cultivate all over the year. The delay on the start of the disease on Anápolis, compared to Senador Canedo has been resulted on productivity increase and fungicide effect decrease. Comparing the time of planting in both planting places, the second one presented the highest level of severity, but the highest level of productivity even. The use of fungicide decrease significantly the AUPDC, increase the productivity, the TGW and decrease the %SG. The premature cycle cultivars presented lowest disease severity. The cultivar Emgopa 315 although be a medium cycle presented results equals premature cycles cultivars. On each site the time of planting were differentiated. On high pressure inoculate condition the difference between evaluated factors was lower. On lower inoculate pressure the evaluated factors expressed better the changes. As conclusion we have: a) how early the disease appears higher is your effect on productivity; b) using premature cultivars the escape effect decrease the disease damages when compared to medium and late cycle; c) the disease decrease the soybean cycle by the defoliation; d) although all the cultivars presented susceptibility to rust, related to lower severity on partial resistance; e) the fungicide utilization pyraclostrobin+epoxiconazole on de 66,5 g + 25 g a.i. ha-1, used on first symptom and in 21 on 21 days decrease the disease progress and the effects on productivity; f) the disease progress decrease by fungicide utilization is better in late planting; g) under the fungicide effect pyraclostrobin+epoxiconazole with 66,5 g + 25 g a.i. ha-1 there s no variation time planting and site; h) under high inoculate pressure the variation between time planting on disease progress and productivity is lower; i) the time of planting must be considered but not lonely, always in association with others factors of fungus action; j) the use of RAUPDC is necessarily when there is variation the time of soybean cycle, affecting the rust epidemic duration; l) the highest disease level occurs on the part of the plant near the soil and the defoliation difficult the disease evaluation on this part of the plant; m) the most effective disease occurs on the highest parts of the plant.
Divergência genética entre acessos de açafrão (Curcuma longa L.) utilizando caracteres morfoagronômicos
(Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2005-05-20) Cintra, Maria Mônica Domingues Franco; Sibov, Sérgio Tadeu; http://lattes.cnpq.br/4627553641870284; Sibov, Sérgio Tadeu; Melo, Patrícia Guimarães Santos; Pinheiro, José Baldin
Two experiments were conducted in the experimental area of the Universidade Federal de Goiás for assessing the genetic divergence among 21 genotypes of turmeric cultivation in two years (EI) and 33 genotypes in cultivation of one year (EII) based on multivariate analyses, order to select divergent genotypes and find out the Mara Rosa producers use the same genotype. The accessions came from Goiás, Minas Gerais and São Paulo. The experiments were conducted in the 2001/2003 period (EI) and 2003/2004 (EII) using a randomized block design with four replications. The assessment of EI was based on production descriptors as total wet weight of rhizomes, dry weight and content of curcumin. The assessment of EII was based on shoot descriptors as tiller number, leaf number, leaf area, height and also production descriptors. Data were subjected to analysis of variance and means were compared by the Scott-Knott test at 1% and 5% probability. We used the Mahalanobis distance as the dissimilarity measure, and for groups delineation the method of Tocher. All analyzes were performed using the program GENES. In the analyzes it can be concluded that Mara Rosa farmers did not use the same genotype and there is variability in the selection of genotypes. The evaluated characteristics are strongly correlated, which justifies the use of measures of dissimilarities using the Mahalanobis distance. Multivariate techniques were effective for the study of genetic diversity and separated the accessions into groups. Methods of estimation of genetic diversity in turmeric accessions were equivalent. Curcumin content and dry weight were descriptors that contributed to divergence in EI. In EII were plants number and tillers number. It was found the increase in curcumin levels of after two years of cultivation. By Mahalanobis distances could be indicated the five most productive genotypes for breeding program and divergence genetic analysis showed the genotypes more indicated for hybridizations.
Caracterização da estrutura genética de populações de Caryocar brasiliense Camb. no estado de Goiás utilizando marcadores moleculares microssatélites
(Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2005-08-25) Chaves, Sivany Rodrigues; Sibov, Sérgio Tadeu; http://lattes.cnpq.br/4627553641870284; Sibov, Sérgio Tadeu; Cruz, Aparecido Divino da; Chaves, Lázaro José
The species Caryocar brasiliense Camb. (pequizeiro) is a common tree fruitful in the Brazilian savannah (Cerrado) with great economic and social potential. The objective of this study goals the increase of information for an efficient breeding program for specie domestication and conservation. Eleven natural populations of “pequizeiro”, 30 individuals each, was sampled on five different regions of Goiás state. The genetics structure of these natural populations was analyzed based on variability at eight microsatellite loci in about 330 individuals. The number of alleles per locus it varied of 22 to 32 (mean = 28). The waited and observed heterozigosity varied of 0,843 to 0,920 and 0,546 to 0,758, respectively. Measures of genetic differentiation indicated significant differences between most populations (FST = 0,064 and RST = 0,439). RST values among samples were high and much higher than FST indicating a divergence between the model that consider alleles to be identical by descent, and the model of identity by state in these populations. Estimated number of migrants was high, Nm = 3,63 (mean), and the existence of private alleles indicated reduced gene flow and a consequently possible damage to the metapopulations structure. Significant correlation was not found between geographical distance and measure of genetic divergence, suggesting the intense gene flow in the past that joined the populations that are separated today.
Caracterização genética de populações naturais de araticunzeiro (Annona crassiflora Mart.) pela análise de cpDNA
(Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2005-08-30) BLANCO, Angel José Vieira; COELHO, Alexandre Siqueira Guedes; http://lattes.cnpq.br/0840926305216925
The araticunzeiro (Annona crassiflora Mart.) is a tropical fruit tree species from the Cerrado (Brazilian Savannah) with high economic potential. The strong degradation of the Cerrado, allied to the predatory extractivism that threatens the species, points out to the necessity of development of research to support future conservation programs. With the aim to furnish information about the genetic status of this species and to guide future conservation strategies, 82 individuals from 11 natural populations were submitted to genetic analysis. The coalescent based analysis of the polymorphism present in the trn-L cpDNA allowed the detection of high levels of genetic diversity in the species. In spite of the high level of genetic similarity among different populations the results produced suggested that, , there is an incipient, but statistically significant, increasing differentiation process taking place due to current status of geographical isolation and genetic drift. The genetic differentiation coefficient estimated was equal to 7.3%. The spatial genetic divergence analyses suggested that the genetic distances are not associated to geographical distances between populations, evidencing the absence of current gene flow between adjacent populations. The coalescent based approach allowed the identification of different evolutionary scenes to the investigated populations. Among sampled populations cases from well conserved status to dangerous low levels of genetic diversity were detected. Results obtained by the use of coalescent models to infer the divergence time between populations suggested that natural populations of A. crassiflora were, until recently, part of a great regional continuum. These findings suggest that the low levels of genetic diversity among different populations must be due to the small time since isolation.
USO AGRONÔMICO DE LODO DE ESGOTO NA RECUPERAÇÃO DE ÁREA DEGRADADA: EFEITO RESIDUAL
(Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2006-01-31) GODOI, Emiliano Lobo de; LEANDRO, Wilson Mozena; http://lattes.cnpq.br/9052207260053937; BORGES, Jácomo Divino; http://lattes.cnpq.br/6694312790302062
The agricultural use of sewage sludge for recovery of degraded areas is one the main alternatives for final disposal of the resultant residue of cities treated sewer. The present work had the aim of evaluating the residual effect sewage sludge from the Sewer Treatment Station of Goiânia, after 41 months of its use on soil in increasing on length and diameter and in survival index of arboreous species mutamba (Guazuma ulmifolia), aroeira (Myracrodruon urundeuva), paineira (Chorisia speciosa) and pau-de-óleo (Copaifera langsdorffii). The following soil parameters were evaluated: pH, organic matter, cation exchange capacity, phosphorus, potassium, calcium, magnesium, copper, iron, manganese, zinc, cadmium, chromo, nickel and lead. The experimental design was randomized blocks, with four replications, including the following treatments: 1) control; 2) mineral fertilizer; 3) 20 Mg ha-1 of bio-solid; 4) 20 Mg ha-1 of bio-solid + bio-stimulator; 5) 40 Mg ha-1 of bio-solid; 6) 40 Mg ha-1 of bio-solid + bio-stimulator; 7) 60 Mg ha-1 of bio-solid; 8) 60 Mg ha-1 of bio-solid + bio-stimulator. The residual effect of bio-solid affected positively the increasing on length, diameter and in survival index of mutamba (G. ulmifolia); the increasing on length and diameter of aroeira (M. urundeuva); the diameter and in survival index of paineira (C. speciosa); and the diameter of pau-de-óleo (C. langsdorffii) only in the cases where bio-stimulator was associated. It was verified that the appliance of single doses of bio-solid enhanced significantly the increase of pH, cation exchange capacity, organic matter, phosphorus, calcium, iron, copper and zinc in the soil, and a reduced tendency in the total content of magnesium cadmium, lead and chromo. The total content of potassium, manganese and nickel in the soil did not affect until 41 months of bio-solid single doses application. The present work suggests that the agricultural use of sewage sludge from the Sewer Treatment Station of Goiânia as an organic manure is both environmentally and technically viable. However, there must be a persistent control over its effects on the chemical properties of the soil.
Estudos epidemiológicos do mal-do-pé (Gaeumannomyces graminis (Sacc.) von Arx & Olivier var. graminis) em arroz (Oryza sativa L.) de terras altas, no estado de Goiás
(Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2006-03-22) Peixoto, Cecília do Nascimento; Ottoni, Giselle; Prabhu, Anne Sitarama; http://lattes.cnpq.br/3913700456386036; Prabhú, Anne Sitarama; Rocha, Mara Rúbia da; Ottoni, Giselle; Faria, Josias Corrêa de; Filippi, Marta Cristina de
The morphological and cultural characteristics of G. graminis var. graminis isolates from rice and grasses were studied. The fungus forms two types of mycelia, dark macrohyphae that join laterally to form runner hyphae or rhizomorphs and hyaline or infectious microhyphae, as well as fan shaped hyphae characteristic of the pathogen. Pigmented and lobed hyphopodia on lower leaf sheaths were formed both under natural conditions and artificial inoculations of plants. The perithecia containing asci and ascospores were found on leaf sheaths lesions on field samples. The perithecia were produced on leaf sheaths of inoculated plants as well as on detached sterilized leaf sheaths and on culture medium, potato-dextrose-agar (PDA). Hyphae and hyphopodia were formed from germination tubes of ascospores, and the hyphae under moist stress conditions produced chlamydospores which were initially hyaline and later attained dark color. The culture of Ggg, was characterized by fluffy aerial mycelium, white in the initial stages of growth and later with age, the colony color changed from dirty-white or mouse gray to almost black. The marked diagnostic colony characteristic of whorled appearance was the curling back of marginal hyphae. The amount and time of formation of perithecia varied among the isolates tested. The virulence test conduced with 20 isolates of rice and grasses, showed differences in aggressiveness both on rice seedlings and adult plants. In general, isolates from rice were more aggressive on rice than isolates from grasses. The test with four levels of inoculum (0, 5, 1.0, 2.0, 4.0 g per plant of autoclaved sorghum grains) and two plant ages showed that 60-day old were more susceptible than 35-day old plants. The spontaneous infection of healthy plants was observed in the greenhouse indicating the role of ascospores in the dissemination of black sheath rot in rice. Furthermore, the pathogenicity of ascospores of Ggg on rice plants was confirmed by inoculations tests. Six fields of upland rice were surveyed in the advanced stages of maturation for the incidence of black sheath rot. The disease incidence on tillers, under natural conditions of infection, ranged from 68 to 100%. The pathogenicity of 20 isolates retrieved from rice and grasses were studied. All isolates were pathogenic to rice and grasses such as baranyard grass (Echinochloa crusgalli), fountain grass (Pennisetum setosum) signal grass (Brachiaria sp), crab grass (Digitaria horizontalis), plantain signal grass (Brachiaria plantaginea), indian goose grass (Eleusine indica) and southern sandbur (Cenchrus echinatus). Winter cereals such as wheat, oat, rye, barley and triticale as well as sorghum, corn, and millet exhibited different degrees of susceptibility to the isolate Ggg-a 01. Significant differences were observed in relation to characteristic symptoms on the culm, lesion height, number of tillers or dead plants, presence of characteristic mycelium, fan shaped hyphae, production of hyphopodia and perithecia. The formation of perithecia was not observed on leaf sheaths of inoculated plants of millet, sorghum, southern sandbur and maize. All inoculated wheat plants were killed indicating more susceptibility than other cereals. The resistance of 58 upland rice genotypes were tested in the greenhouse, utilizing rice isolate Ggg-a 01. Of the genotypes assessed, the lesion height of SCIA16 and SCIA08 was significantly shorter compared to the highly susceptible genotype CNAS10351. The progress and dissemination of black sheath rot in rice was studied during two years under field conditions in savanna sensu lato ‘cerrado’. The central line of each plot was inoculated with isolate of Ggg to establish the infection foci. The soil was infested with four levels of inoculum (5.0, 10.0, 20.0 and 40.0 g of autoclaved sorghum grains containing mycelium / 40 cm) and main tiller of plants (4, 8, 16 and 32, tillers per plot/ 40 cm) were inoculated with 2.0 cm-long detached leaf sheaths containing perithecia by insertion between the culm and leaf sheath of the tiller. There was no significant effect of inoculum level on the disease severity obtained by soil infestation with mycelium as well as the plants infected with perithecia. However, the total area under disease progress curve was significantly smaller for plant infection with perithecia than for soil infestation by mycelium, during 2002/2003. The evaluation of disease incidence for the analysis of gradients was based on infected tillers in 1.6 square meter area, five lines on either side of the inoculated 40 cm-long central line. The analysis according models of Gregory (1968) and Kiyosawa & Shiyomi (1972) showed the existence of gradients in the first year, both for levels of inoculum of soil infection by mycelium and plant infection with perithecia. In the second year (2004/2005), there was no well defined gradient for all the treatments. The disease progress was not affected by inoculum levels on soil or plant infections. Monomolecular model was found more adequate in tests conduced under greenhouse conditions while the models of Gompertz and monomolecular, better described the disease progress under field conditions.
Heterose entre linhagens de soja quanto aos teores de proteína e de óleo no grão
(Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2006-03-23) RIBEIRO, Keyla de Oliveira; OLIVEIRA, Jaison Pereira de; http://lattes.cnpq.br/7342298421214478; CHAVES, Lázaro José; http://lattes.cnpq.br/9990967290797379
The soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merrill) is one of the most important grain cultivated in the world, mainly because its high levels of grain protein and oil, and also due to its high yield. Soybean protein has become an important product in the food and feed industries, due to its nutritional value and technological properties. Agricultural business increasingly demands specific quality traits, creating the need for developing types of productive soybean, with high levels of protein and oil in the grain. Information about the genetic divergence among genitors allows the breeder to select that ones potentially able to generate greater variability, increasing the probability of getting superior genotypes in segregating generations. The purpose of this study was to evaluate inbred lines of soybean and its hybrids based on grain protein and oil content. The heterosis and its components were used as indicators for the genitors potential to generate by crossing segregating genotypes for these traits. Eighteen genitors and its hybrid combinations were evaluated to grain protein and oil content, in a partial diallel arrangement. The genitors were classified in two groups based on their flower color (white and purple) allowing us to detect the effective crosses. Physicochemical analyses were made in grains of F1 plants obtained in a green house. The Kjeldahl and Soxhlet methods were used to determine protein and oil content, respectively. The mean squares from the analysis of variance of the diallel model were significant (P<0.05) for all sources of variation based on the grain protein and oil contents, except for the genitor heterosis effect in the group 1 (white) for protein content. The groups of genitors presented distinct means for both protein and oil contents, with highest values for group 2 (purple). The presence of genetic variability shows that the selection of genotypes with greater contents of grain protein and oil can be effective in the final phase of a soybean breeding program. The significance of heterosis effect showed the presence of dominance in the loci that control grain protein and oil contents, allowing the use of genitors for the formation of promissory segregant population. The average heterosis were negative, so the hybrid means are significantly smaller than that of the genitors. This shows that genitors have gene frequencies sufficiently different at least in part of the loci with dominance effects, with the prevalence of dominant alleles that contribute to the decrease of contents for both traits. Genitors showed to be heterogeneous in their heterotic contribution to the formation of hybrids, except for protein content in the group 1. The significance of specific heterosis showed that the genitors of each group are sufficiently different in order to cause gene complementation in the dominant loci for protein and oil contents. The presence of genetic divergence allows the selection of parental inbred lines for use in breeding programs using hybridization methods, with the goal of gathering alleles that are favorable to the increase of grain protein and oil content. For the evaluated genotypes, it can be concluded that the additive and non-additive gene effects are important in the determination of the contents of grain protein and oil
Sistema integrado de diagnose e recomendação para a cultura do milho em espaçamento reduzido na região de Hidrolândia, Goiás
(Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2006-04-20) ROCHA, Anisio Correa da; LEANDRO, Wilson Mozena; http://lattes.cnpq.br/9052207260053937
Soil and leaves samples were collected and grain yield were evaluated in a commercial crop in order to diagnostic the limiting nutrients, deficiency or excess, on corn planted in 0.45 m row spacing, at Hidrolândia, Goiás. For the diagnosis of soil and leaves samples, were utilized sufficiency range approach, currently used in Brazil and the DRIS. The DRIS procedure for assessing nutritional status of plants by leaf and soil analysis utilizes standard values ( norms ) for nutrient rations rather than the nutrient itself. With the results of the analyses of corn leaves and soil, the population was divided in low and high yielding groups. DRIS norms were established using a yield of 5000 kg ha-1 to divide the data set into high and low yield subpopulations. The locally calibrated norms used to evaluate the nutritional status of the corn, from the leaves analysis, were compared to the others authors in several places. The geographic differences in DRIS norms were identified. For the calculation of indices DRIS differents procedures were used. The interpretation of the soil and leaves analyses by the different procedures of the DRIS methods and by the sufficiency range showed different responses with relation to the deficiency and/or excess of nutrients. The P and K in the soil analysis and B in the leaves analysis, in the majority of the procedures, were the most limiting nutrients by deficiency.
Efeito da poda e da cobertura do solo no crescimento e produção da figueira cv. Roxo de Valinhos, em Goiânia, GO
(Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2006-06-06) Alves, Elizete Rodrigues; Meneguci, João Luiz Palma; http://lattes.cnpq.br/5017133081301003; Silva, Natan Fontoura da; http://lattes.cnpq.br/3473956896381897; Silva, Natan Fontoura da; Meneguci, João Luiz Palma; Neves, Ronaldo Veloso
Among the fruit trees options to the region, it comes the fig tree culture (Ficus carica L.) which has an easy adaptation, comparing to other fruit trees, it shows a great option because of the possibility to have not only unripe figs to industry, but also good conditions to the ripe figs to be consumed in natura. Goias fig tree cultivation is an unknown activity, despite of fig being widely used as in natura and industrialized. The most of the fig consumed in Goiás and Distrito Federal is imported from São Paulo or Rio Grande do Sul, which becomes the product expensive due to the transportation taxes. Moreover, one is about a highly perishable product. With the objective then to evaluate the behavior of the culture of the fig in the conditions of Goiânia. verifying the effect of the type of distribution of the covering deceased in the ground, of the amount of branches left after the pruning, in the vegetative development and the production of figs and on the basis of to define the length of the foliar limb, a half not-destructive fast and esteem, through mathematical model, the foliar area of the fig in the field conditions. The work was developed EMBRAPA in Goiânia-GO. Had been evaluated 100 plants of fig and in as the 60. In the first experiment the plants had been submitted the three treatments in the parcel: covering deceased in the base of the plant, covering deceased in the plantation line and covering deceased in total area. In subparcelas to the treatments the pruning had been the amount of branches left after: 12, 18 and 24 branches. In as the experiment the pruning was evaluated the amount of branches left after that had been: 24, 36 and 48 branches. Also three mathematical models for the determination of the foliar area had been evaluated. The plants submitted to the treatments with covering deceased in the base of a plant and covering in the plantation line, had had one better vegetative development (leaf diameter, length and number) in relation to the treatment with covering deceased in area total. Amount of branches left after the pruning influenced in the amount of leves for plant, the more left branches bigger were the amount of leves. The length and the diameter of the branches had not been influenced by the amount of branches left after the pruning. The use of mathematical model, using the linear measures of fig leves if showed efficient in the determination of the leaf area.
Plantas de cobertura e atributos físico-hídricos de um latossolo vermelho distrófico em sistema de produção orgânico
(Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2006-06-29) Tolentino, Elizabeth Rigo de Sousa; Moreira, José Aloísio Alves; http://lattes.cnpq.br/7669845180132761; Stone, Luis Fernando; http://lattes.cnpq.br/0233514913817700; Stone, Luís Fernando; http://lattes.cnpq.br/0233514913817700; Moreira, José Aloísio Alves; Borges, Jácomo Divino
This work had the objective to evaluate the effect of different soil cover plants on the physical and hydrical attributes of a Rhodic Haplustox in an organic production system, under two tillage systems, no-tillage (SPD) and conventional tillage (SPC). In each soil tillage system, were evaluated the following cover plants: velvet bean (Mucuna aterrima), sunn hemp (Crotalaria juncea), pigeon pea (Cajanus cajan), sorghum (Sorghum technicum), and fallow. It were analyzed the soil physical and hydrical attributes and its aggregation status in the soil layers of 0-10, 10-20 , and 20-30 cm deep. The experiments were carried out at the experimental area of Embrapa Rice and Beans, in Santo Antônio de Goiás, GO. The experimental design was a randomized blocks, in 2x5x3 factorial scheme, with four replications. The soil cover plant management was done at flowering. The cover plant straw stayed on the soil in SPD and it was incorporated at soil profile in SPC. The soil water retention, evaluated by retention curves, was affected by soil tillage systems and cover plants. In the superficial layer, 0-10 cm deep, there was higher soil water retention in notillage system. In this system, at 0-30 cm deep, the soil cultivated with leguminous showed higher soil water retention than that cultivated with sorghum or in fallow. The soil aggregation status was influenced by soil tillage system. The percentage of aggregates with diameter higher than 2 mm and the mean weight diameter of aggregates was higher in SPD than in SPC, at 0-10 cm and 10-20 cm soil layers. It was observed a positive correlation between these variables and soil organic matter in SPD. In two tillage systems, soil organic matter content decreased with soil depth.
Adubação potássica via solo e foliar na produção e qualidade da fibra do algodoeiro
(Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2006-08-15) FREITAS, Roberto José de; LEANDRO, Wilson Mozena; http://lattes.cnpq.br/9052207260053937
Cotton as a crop in Brazil has undergone significant changes in production technology and geographical location in recent years. Cultivation has shifted from traditional producing zones in the southeast of Brazil and the south region of the State of Goiás to the cerrados of the country's central-western region and the western part of Bahia. These technological changes were triggered by the adoption of exotic cultivars (American and Australian), with higher yield potential, better fiber quality, but also greater nutritional requirements. During this process, more demanding cultivars were consequently adopted, concurrently with the occupation of soils of lower natural fertility. During this period, a productivity increase in excess of 100% was verified. The conjunction of these factors has disorganized the fertilization recommendation practices adopted for this crop, since they were no longer adequately supported by the existing calibrations, generated under different soil conditions and at a different technological level. The use of fertilizers was then greatly intensified, in a most disorderly manner. Within this context, potassium was the nutrient whose use increased the most, due to the specific characteristics of this nutrient on the plant's metabolism and to its high degree of absorption by cotton plants. The potassium fertilization of cotton in the cerrados has therefore been performed in the various producing areas with great variation in rates and application modes, from total applications in the soil at pre-planting, to split applications in the soil, to supplementary foliar applications, still without the proper support from current experimental results. In this work, we evaluated the effect of combined soil and foliar applications of potassium on the productivity and quality of ginned cotton, under the cerrado conditions of the State of Goiás, by the installation of two experiments, combining different potassium rates in both application modes, organized in random blocks with split-plots. One assay was installed in Ipameri, with the application of five treatments to the soil (0, 60, 120, 180, and 240 kg ha-1 K2O ha-1) combined with four foliar treatments ( 0; 7.2; 14.4; and 21.6 kg K2O ha-1). Another assay was installed in Santa Helena de Goiás, in which four potassium levels were evaluated in the soil (0, 80, 160, and 240 kg K2O ha-1), combined with foliar rates similar to those used in the Ipameri assay. Significant productivity gains were observed for the soil applications in both assays, and for the foliar applications in the Ipameri assay. No interactions were observed between application modes. Also, no significant potassium fertilization effects were observed on the technological quality of the fiber.
Caracterização genética de populações naturais de Palicourea coriacea (Cham) K. Schum utilizando marcadores moleculares
(Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2006-08-24) BARBOSA, Taryana Coelho Sales; SIBOV, Sérgio Tadeu; http://lattes.cnpq.br/4627553641870284
The Species Palicourea coriacea (Cham) K,Shum is a species little know, it is belonging to the Rubiaceae family, popularly known as douradinha. The popular use medicine in the therapy of kidneys illnesses. The popular name douradinha is associated with the color of the bracts and of the stem and the species occurs in Cerrado s Bioma, however in different environments. Studies about the genetic diversity and its distribution in natural populations of P. coriacea are of extreme importance for the definition of adequate strategies of handling and cultivation, however they do not exist in literature, studies of this nature. This work had as objective to evaluate the genetic structure from nine natural populations of P. coriacea, collected in States of Goiás and Bahia and to evaluate the genetic diversity of these populations through markers RAPD. The P. coriacea species presented one high level of genetic diversity, or heterozygosity waited by Nei (1972) that it varied between 0,259 and 0,338 in the populations, with equal on average value the 0,296. The AMOVA disclosed that 23% of the total variability is meeting each other between populations. Although the estimates of apparent gene flow (Nm) have disclosed values inferior to one, on the other hand, equal the 0,83. The analyses of Bayesian Statistics had disclosed to a value of f (FIS) equal the 0,98 suggesting the possibility of this species has behavior like autogamous species. The analyses of grouping of the populations using Bayesian and AMOVA statistics disclosed that it does not exist a correlation between geographic distance and genetic distance all the nine populations they grouping, eventually, not obeying its geographic origin. Then, the hypothesis previously formulated of that geographically next populations would be genetic next, was discarded for the results gotten for the Mantel test where it got a correlation of 0,155. In addition, this relatively high inter populations differentiation allows to recommend to a strategy ex situ of the genetic variability using the biggest possible number of populations. In what, the conservation says respect in situ must be taken in account characteristic genetic and demographic of this species considering that this fact implies in the possibility of a continuous evolution and in the development of new adaptable strategies. It is necessary to have conscience on the distribution of the genetic diversity of these areas with intention to not only promote polities for preservation of found natural populations in national parks, but yes to private preservation of the legal reserves and properties.
Indicadores de sustentabilidade em sistemas de rotação e sucessão de culturas com algodoeiro em plantio direto
(Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2006-08-30) MENEZES, Luiz Antonio Silva; OLIVEIRA JÚNIOR, Juarez Patrício de; http://lattes.cnpq.br/3493497589009413; LEANDRO, Wilson Mozena; http://lattes.cnpq.br/9052207260053937
The objective of this wok was to monitor sustainability indicators of soil involving the cotton plant in different crop rotation and succession systems, as well as to evaluate cover crop species which best adapt and that have longer longevity of decomposition as well as their effects on the physical and chemical properties and characteristics of soil. The field trials were developed in two sites. One experiment was conducted on the experimental Farm of Campus II of the UFG, in the town of Goiânia-GO and the other in the experimental area of the Fundação GO, in the town of Santa Helena de Goiás- GO. Both plant mass yield and decomposition longevity were evaluated in Goiânia by the litterbag process as well as also the physical and chemical characteristics of soil and cotton seed yield kg ha-1 and grain soybean kg ha-1, upon the effect of different cover crop species. The single covers which provided increased dry plant mass yields were grain sorghum followed by feather-grass, Crotalária + Millet and Brachiaria and in longevity, the decomposition of the plant mass was maximum in the first 22 days standing out the mixture Mucuna + grain sorghum which showed highest residual plant mass yield. Most of the treatments involving the cover plant species in Goiânia presented the values of resistance to penetration (RP) within the ranges considered from high to low. Crotalária (Crotalária juncea) presented in Goiânia the lowest RP in solo, this being able to be the best option for the farming system management. The lowest values of RP found at Santa Helena were obtained by the cover crops Pigeon pea, Millet and grain sorghum. The crop rotation systems studied did no differ as to the effect of soil density, total porosity, macroporosity, microporosity and average diameter of aggregates. The elements P and Ca proved limiting as well as pH, V% and CEC for the cotton crop. There was no influence of the cover crop species on yield of the cotton plant and soybean.

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