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Item A Teoria Neutra pode explicar a diversidade de insetos aquáticos em riachos?(Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2009-04-07) ALMEIDA, Mirian Cristina de; MARCO JÚNIOR, Paulo de; http://lattes.cnpq.br/2767494720646648The generality of Unified Neutral Theory of Biodiversity and Biogeography was evaluated across its support for diversity structure of Odonata adults and predators, shredders and collectors insect guilds in streams. The evaluation of Neutral Theory was done in two levels of theory s hierarchical structure. One evaluation in the level of yours assumptions, the zero sum assumption, and other in the level of yours predictions to abundance models in communities and metacommunities, ZSM and logseries respectively. The variations predicted to ZSM abundance model, in accordance to dispersal limitation that community are subjected, was evaluated in insect guilds through the streams distance. In Odonata adults the dispersal limitation was evaluated indirectly through regional frequency of species body size. In this case, the ecological equivalence was restricted for body size guilds. Communities of Zygoptera adults have low density and richness within streams. Individuals distribution was grouped, not consistent to linear relation under zero sum assumption. Local abundance of Odonata adults and predators, shredders and collectors guilds didn t fit ZSM model. Geometric series models and logseries models were better in explain the abundance for all groups. Moreover, the occurrence of fit to these models isn t in according to dispersal limitation level that is expected in each region, not supporting the Neutral predictionsItem Análise da comunidade de peixes e da teia trófica de um trecho do rio corrente - go(Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2006-07-18) ALOÍSIO, Gustavo Ribeiro; ANGELINI, Ronaldo; http://lattes.cnpq.br/6739463859587165In this work, fishes of Corrente river, affluent of Paranaíba River (Paraná basin, Brazil), were studied. Five surveys in the period of June of 2003 had been carried out until June of 2005. The sampling was executed in 8 points distributed in the stream, riverbed and lagoon. In each point had been used a set of gillnets with different mesh size (between 12 and 60mm opposite knots). The nets were inspected in the morning and the end of the day. The results had shown that 8 species were captured and the most abundant specie is Astyanax altiparanae; Shannon-Wienner index demonstrated diversity low; Morisita index indicated that there are high similarity between river, stream and lagoons; all species reproduce in the rainy season with exception of the Brycon nattereri; it is demonstrated the existence of piscivores species, herbivores, insectivores and detritus feeders.Item A dinâmica do fitoplâncton em uma várzea Amazônica variações sazonal e nictimeral (Várzea do Lago Grande de Curuai Pará, Brasil)(Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2011-03-28) ALVES, Carla Patrícia Pereira; NOGUEIRA, Ina de Souza; http://lattes.cnpq.br/3877834258990173The river-floodplain systems are environments submitted a lateral overflow of river channel due the rains and/or underground waters. They are controlled by the type of climate, morphology and local effects. The lowland lakes are also highly productive because of the rich sources of primary carbon. The sediments transport and suspended and dissolved matter are done by the rivers between the land and aquatic phases. These phases strongly influence nutrient cycling, primary and secondary production and decomposition. The phytoplankton dynamics in tropical floodplain lakes is as variable as the seasonal and isolation patterns of flooding. For this reason, the aims of this work were i) to assess the rotation influence of potamophase and limnophase upon the phytoplankton of the Curuai Lake (PA, Brazil) and about the connectivity between other lakes, and ii) to evaluate the phytoplankton dynamics in a nictemeral cycling related to changes in CO2 in water, and what phytoplankton groups which were most important in this process. The phytoplankton community and environmental variables of the floodplain lakes of the Curuai Lake were sampled in the potamophase and limnophase (2009) and in a nictemeral cycling (2010). The informations summarized were obtained through the principal component analysis (PCA), canonical correspondence analysis (CCA), redundancy analysis (RDA) and nonmetric multidimensional scaling (MDS). The community structure was different among the periods with greater richness, density and phytoplanktonic biovolume in limnophase. There was predominance of Cryptophyceae (mainly Cryptomonas brasiliensis Castro, Bicudo & Bicudo) in potamophase and Cyanophyceae [Dolichospermum circinalis (formerly Anabaena circinalis) (Rabenh. ex Bornet et Flah.) Wacklin et al.] in limnophase, both influenced by environmental variables. In addition, the high phytoplanktonic biomass was favored by the highs temperatures and also responsible by the CO2 depletion in water caused by photosynthesis, which is reflected for the high carbon content in phytoplankton organisms. Despite the entry of water in the floodplain that connects the lakes, these environmental were distinct in relation a phytoplankton composition and a limnological variables. The phytoplanktonic community in Curuai Lake showed daily variation of biovolume because of high temperature and light availability. The development of persistent cyanobacteria bloom, with species predominance of Dolichospermum genius [functional group H1, D. spiroides (formerly A. spiroides) (Klebahn) Wacklin et al.] and Microcystis protocystis Crow (functional group M) caused the CO2 depletion in lake surface layer during the period of increased photosynthesis. The cyanobacteria bloom occurred mainly due to the attributes of group, which became it expressive competitors in relation another microalgae ones.Item Estimativa do valor de não-uso dos recursos naturais da planície de inundação do Rio Araguaia(Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2010-03-25) ANGELO, Priscila Garcia; CARVALHO, Adriana Rosa; http://lattes.cnpq.br/1951710128353552Economic valuation through willingness to pay method has the assumption that tourists personal features, preferences and opinions concerning to the environment affect their willingness to pay by conservation of the area visited. The aim of this study were estimate the non-use value of Araguaia River through willingness to pay method and obtain its total economic-ecologic value, testing the hypothesis that tourist willingness to pay is influenced by personal features, preferences and opinions. From two hundred and one tourists interviewed the majority were married men, with mean age of 35 years (s.d. = +10), high instruction degree and monthly income of R$1.500,00 (s.d. = +424,26). The environmental service valuated was Araguaia River´s scenic beauty to which majority of tourists do not have substitutes (51%) despite the use of mainly the river, the beach and fishes. However tourists are not aware of existence, function and localization of Araguaia River floodplain (72%) despite majority recognize about Fishban (63%) influenced by recreational fishing activity (r = 0,98) and comprehension of fishes use as resource (r = 0,98). The note attributed to environment by interviewed (p = 0,02) determined that majority (79%) pay US$4.3/month (R$10,00/month) to hypothetic foundation for Araguaia River existence (54%) and for future generations pleasure (22%). However the interviewed expressed protest bids mainly for economic reasons (35%) and due to conservation programs disbelieve (25%). The non-use value estimated was US$27,2 millions/year (R$62.9 millions/year) and the total economic-ecologic value was US$7,5 billions/year (R$17.3 billions/year). The theoretical present value at a discounting rate of 5.4%/year to the next five years was US$9,6 millions (R$22.2 millions) and represent the loss in economic-ecologic benefits associated to the risk of variation in economy and in the quality of resource available due to inadequate use. Therefore the integrity of Araguaia River has high economic value associated to non use value and negative environmental impacts from its degradation could generate economic loss which could be reflected in the total ecological economic value as well as in the importance attributed by the users.Item Efeito de distúrbio causado pelo despejo de efluente orgânico sobre a comunidade de insetos aquáticos(Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2011-04-28) ARAÚJO, Cecília Santiago do Carmo; CARVALHO, Adriana Rosa; http://lattes.cnpq.br/1951710128353552Among several environmental impacts caused by human activities, the release of domestic and industrial effluents has been major disturbances that cause degradation of water quality in natural systems by altering their physical, chemical and biological features. For this reason, the aim of this work was to evaluate the effect of discharging organic waste from five Sewage Treatment Plants (STP) on abundance, richness and composition of aquatic insect fauna present in streams receiving sewage, in addition to test the hypotheses that i) disturbance caused by the discharge of effluents from STP alters the abundance of some groups of aquatic insects in the site downstream when compared to the upstream of site and ii) the taxonomic composition of the downstream impact of STPs is modified by the presence of resistant taxa.Thus, the sampling of aquatic insects and measures of some limnological variable was carried out during the drought of 2010, with the Surber sampler, 100m upstream and 100m downstream from the effluent discharge. Chironomidae and EPT larvaes (Ephemeroptera, Plecoptera and Trichoptera) were identified to genus. To test the hypothesis, a paired t test was performed with logarithmic data of total abundance, a paired t test with the richness of taxa identified at family and genus level. To evaluate the composition of the taxa sampled in two parts in relation to environmental variables were carried out two CCA separately, one with the taxa of Chironomids and one with the EPT. The results showed that abundances recorded downstream (μ = 4523.8 ± 2578.9) was higher than that recorded upstream (μ = 863.4 ± 508.4) on all STP. The results of paired t test using values of total abundance of taxa showed significant differences between upstream and downstream (paired t test: t = 4.21, d.f. = 4, p = 0.01), indicating the elimination of sensitive taxa and the increase abundance of dominant taxa, favored by the physical and chemical changes of water, such as Chironomus, resistant to high concentrations of organic debris. Both genera richness (paired t test: t = 0.791, d.f. = 4, p = 0.473) as the families (paired t test: t = 1.537, df = 4, p = 0.199) were not different in two sites, showing that this indicator is not the most appropriate in cases in which there is replacement of taxa.The ordinations produced by the CCAs were complementary, confirming the replacement of taxa between upstream and downstream, where larvaes like Farrodes, Tricorythodes, Alisotrichia and Mortoniella were favored by more oxygenated water. Thus, it was evident that the organic sewage discharge by STP modified the community structure of aquatic insects found in streams increasing the abundance, altering the dominance order and causing replacement of taxa between upstream and downstreamItem Padrões de diversidade de insetos galhadores no Cerrado: a importância da comunidade de plantas(Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2011-02-16) ARAÚJO, Walter Santos de; SANTOS, Claudia Scareli; http://lattes.cnpq.br/3000305136161931; GUILHERME, Frederico Augusto Guimaraes; http://lattes.cnpq.br/6514433986706275The idea that host plants influence the richness of galling is widespread and has several approaches in literature. Many of these approaches take into account the hosts richness, the density of vegetation, plant species composition and architecture of plants, as factors that influence the diversity patterns of gall-inducing insects. In this study we investigated the importance of structure, richness and community composition of plants to the distribution of galling. Inventories on the diversity of gall morphotypes and host plants were conducted in various areas of the Brazilian Cerrado, in the states of Distrito Federal, Goiás, Minas Gerais and Tocantins. Altogether we sampled 1882 plants belonging to 131 species and 43 plant families, among which 64 species (48.8%) and 31 families (72.1%) had galling. We recorded 112 species of galling that occurred mainly in Vochysiaceae (with 19 species), followed by Fabaceae and Malpighiaceae (with 13 and 12 species respectively). Were recorded five genera and 13 species of plants, considered as a super-host of galling. These taxa housed together 45 morphotypes of gall, which represents 40% of the total diversity sampled. The genus Qualea (Vochysiaceae) alone sheltered 18 morphotypes of gall. No specific level Qualea parviflora was the species with the greatest richness of gall (eight types). At the structural level, the vegetal cover hypothesis was the best predictor of the richness of galling, explaining 45%. We also find results which show that factors such as the density and architecture of plants positively influenced the diversity of galling. The richness of plant species and plant community composition were also important for the distribution of galling. For example, where the super-host taxa were present occurred two times more galls than where they were absent. Our results indicate that both the structure and the richness and composition of the flora influenced the diversity of galling. Thus, the results provide an expanding knowledge of the diversity of gallinducing insects, under the botanical point of view.Item Estrutura e riqueza de hepáticas (Marchantiophyta) epifíticas em áreas fragmentadas de Cerrado com borda natural e antrópica(Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2010-06-08) ASSAD, Lailah Luvizoto; GUILHERME, Frederico Augusto Guimaraes; http://lattes.cnpq.br/6514433986706275The damage caused by the proliferation of edge in forest cover, referred to as edge effects are extensive, may occur over large spatial scales influencing species composition, structure and ecological processes in boundaries of ecosystems. However, studies have shown highly variable response patterns of the taxonomic group studied in relation to the landscape. In this context, bryophytes are an ideal group for assessing the impacts of habitat fragmentation because of their sensitivity to changes in microclimate resulting from the loss and degradation of habitats. This study aimed to assess how the communities from epiphytes liverworts (Marchantiophyta) respond to forest edges originated of anthropogenic fragmentation and the natural edges in the grassland-forest transitions in the Cerrado. The study areas are located in the Parque Estadual da Serra de Caldas Novas and in surroundings, including Caldas Novas and Rio Quente cities, state of Goiás. We sampled three habitat types: (1) forest valleys on the slopes of the mountain with abrupt transitions to rocky fields, (2) edge (0 to 10 m) and (3) interior (100 to 110 m) of semideciduous forest fragments surrounded by a matrix of grass. These were the three treatments considered in the analysis, designated for: BN (natural edge), BA (anthropogenic edge) and IF (interior of the fragment). Four plots (10´10m) were randomly delimited along transects (10´200m) for each treatment in each area. For the sampling in the plots, were selected all trees with perimeter at breast height (PAP) ≥ 20 cm and with minimum coverage of bryophytes of 300cm2. For the quantitative survey of liverworts the interception line method was utilized. Between vegetation parameters, the number of individual trees had positive relationship with richness and abundance in liverworts, whereas basal area had positive relationship with coverage demonstrating the importance of these parameters in liverworts community struture. The richness of liverworts was higher in natural and anthropogenic edges in relation to the interior of the fragments demonstrating that the type of edges do not seem to influence the richness of the liverworts and this increased richness at the edges may be related with the intermediate disturbance hypothesis. Coverage of liverworts was higher in BN than BA, while the BN had distinct floristic composition of BA and IF, that may reflect the environmental peculiarities (moisture, temperature and solar radiation). The evaluation of edge effects on life forms and preference of habits shows some important trends to understand the responses of the liverworts, mainly due to increased frequency of pendant life-forms with low tolerance to desiccation and higher frequency of epiphytes shadow in natural edges. This indicates that the use of functional groups in monitoring the effects of fragmentation can provide a large generalization for the evaluation of responses the liverworts.Item Estudo sobre o comportamento de apetência de diferentes estágios do carrapato Amblyomma cajennense (Acari: Ixoidae)(Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2008-02-25) ASSAL, Flávio Ezzeddine El; MARCO JÚNIOR, Paulo de; http://lattes.cnpq.br/2767494720646648; BORGES, Lígia Miranda Ferreira; http://lattes.cnpq.br/2591106734434348This paper evaluates the behavior of appetite expressed in different stages of the ticks Amblyomma cajennense testing the hypothesis that nymphs and adults of this species have strategy of game play while the larvae ambush. To this end, through observations, we sought to describe and propose a classification of appetite expressed by these different stages comparing strategies appetite displayed by different instars of the species with the express adult Rhipicephalus sanguineus on the same environmental conditions. Experimentally, the expressions of these behaviors face of different stimuli (CO2, equine odor, shading, radiant heat, and the 'air control') were evaluated. For this, we collected ticks of the species in horses and dogs naturally infested Center for Zoonosis Control in Goiânia-GO, which were created in rabbits and multiplied in the vivarium of the Center for Veterinary Parasitology, Federal University of Goiás (CPV / UFG ). The ratings of the behaviors that occurred in a room of the Centre -CPV/UFG were held in a glass box with removable cover, having a dozen plastic rods for the expression of search strategies. This glass chamber showed temperature conditions (25 º C + / -3 ° C), relative humidity (80%Item Evidências experimentais para a associação entre o nível de relação filogenética e a intensidade de competição entre espécies de gramíneas exóticas e nativa(Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2009-06-05) AZEVEDO, Rodrigo Carvalho de; PORTES, Tómas de Aquino; Tómas de Aquino Portes; BINI, Luis Mauricio; http://lattes.cnpq.br/0931860042124079Biological invasions has been a major threat to whole biomes around the world, affecting communities and ecossistems with consequences to the trophic web. At the same time it is a huge biogeographical experiment that allows the formulation of hypotheses about the rules for communitie assembly. This study tested the hypothesis that the level of phylogenetic relationship is positively correlated with the magnitude of competitive interactions, being stronger for closer species. We used two exotic African species (Panicum maximum and Andropogon gayanus) and a native of South America (Paspalum atratum-focal species) in a partial additive design for the mix of native-exotic, with an increase in density of the exotic. The results showed greater competitive effect on the focal species when in the presence of P. maximum (closer to the focal), suggesting that predictions can be made on potential invasive species based on the Darwin s Naturalization Hypothesys.Item Padrões de distribuição de mamíferos de médio e grande porte em paisagens fragmentadas(Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2012-04-03) BERNARDO, Paulo Vitor dos Santos; OLIVEIRA, Arthur ângelo Bispo de; http://lattes.cnpq.br/1100433822757573; MELO, Fabiano Rodrigues de; http://lattes.cnpq.br/6863533704023271Habitat fragmentation is defined as the breaking of a continuous habitat in patches or fragments. This process leads to environmental changes capable of affecting communities in different ways, causing species composition changes. Beta diversity measures can show the variation between the composition of different communities, where two ecological patterns can be found: turnover and nestedness. In turnover the variation in community structure is a consequence of species replacement, while in the nestedness poor communities are nested in richer communities. Here I tested: (I) how habitat fragmentation affects the presence of large e medium sized mammals in different functional groups; (II) if the variation in beta diversity in fragmented landscapes is caused by turnover or nestedness, and (III) if the variation observed was due to habitat fragmentation. I used 19 Semidecidous Forest patches in the Brazilian Cerrado, from the State of Goiás. Landscape metrics from 2.5 km around the patches were obtained from classifications and measurements. For the analyses, I made four sets based in diet, size, diet amplitude and all previous three together. I calculated the beta diversity with Sorensen indices, turnover with Simpson indices and nestedness with Nestedness indices. The natural area size influenced the group B3- felines and the core area percentage, the groups A1-carnivores, larges and B3-felines. The core area percentages were the most important character in fragmented landscapes for mammal communities. The felines were the most sensible group. This group was affected by natural area availability and by the core area percentage. The beta diversity pattern in the fragmented landscapes was turnover, but it was not related to environmental variation or spatial distances between the landscapes. Both nestedness and beta diversity were affected by spatial distance, but beta diversity was also affected by environmental variation linked to landscape connectivity. The changes in different landscapes cause different responses in species and allow the creation of a fragmentation gradient, driving the turnover phenomenon. The carnivores were the species most sensible to habitat fragmentation, mainly because they need large home ranges. Thus, an understanding of how diversity reacts to habitat fragmentation may provide support to the implementation of conservation areas and research upgrading which focus specific species groups. Managed areas with large core areas and good connectivity should bring desirable results for large and medium sized mammals conservation status. This affirmative is true, especially for larger mammals and carnivores.Item Priorização espacial para conservação de Carnívoros (Mammalia) no Brasil(Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2012-03-02) BRAGA, Rosana Talita; DINIZ FILHO, José Alexandre Felizola; http://lattes.cnpq.br/0706396442417351; TERRIBILE, Levi Carina; http://lattes.cnpq.br/0833667862532867Changes of natural landscape caused by antropic activities are currently the main threats for biodiversity. Thus, the identification of priority areas has become a challenge for conservation biology. The scarcity of financial resources for conservation involves studies for emergency actions, considering important biological aspects, and different components of diversity in order to better allocate the available resources. Furthermore, the costs incorporation of potentially priority areas can display a favorable balance for minimize possible conflicts of interest. Hence, our objectives in this study were to identify priority areas for Carnivore species conservation in Brazil, considering social-economic variables as cost measure for conservation. We also investigate how the taxonomical, functional and phylogenetic diversities of the Carnivore are distributed in the Brazilian territory, in order to identify the set of regions that best represent this three diversity measures. In both cases, we investigate the efficiency of currently established conservation units (CUs), examining whether the current distribution in space of these is better than if they were randomly distributed in Brazil. Our results showed that regions of interest for conservation of species are also important in the social-economical development. Thus, other regions that were not at first priority will be considered important in order to minimize conflicts of conservation. We also found that taxonomic diversity was not the better predictor of functional and phylogenetic diversity. It is necessary the combination of a set of areas to represent these three diversity measures. The UC s are not efficient for all species to represent phylogenetic diversity. In the latter case even the UC s were distributed randomly in Brazilian territory, representing the largest indices of phylogenetic diversity. Thus, it is necessary the addition of new protected areas that complement the previous one. We concluded that it is important to include socio-economic analysis in prioritization, and that studies considering different measures of diversity are important since the species richness may not well represent the other measures of diversity. In conservation plans that incorporate such analysis, the results are more satisfactory for the long-term species protection.Item A utilização da paisagem fragmentada por mamíferos de médio e grande porte e sua relação com a massa corporal na região do entorno de Aruanã, Goiás(Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2009-02-25) CALAÇA, Analice Maria; MARCO JÚNIOR, Paulo de; http://lattes.cnpq.br/2767494720646648; MELO, Fabiano Rodrigues de; http://lattes.cnpq.br/6863533704023271The species are behaving differently to the process of fragmentation and this behavior will depend on the relationship between behavioral, morphological and ecological traits with the physical attributes of the landscape. The body size is a major ecological factors and some links are made between the size and dispersal ability, capacity for perception of the environment and likelihood of occurrence. In this way, the objective was evaluate as is the distribution of mammals in fragmented landscape of Aruanã, Goiás, Brazil testing the following hypotheses: 1) Fragments larger and less isolated have high species richness, 2) species of greater body mass are less affected by fragmentation due to greater dispersal ability; 3) species of greater body mass are distributed more homogeneous in the landscape. We recorded 19 species of mammals, the area but not isolation, was a significant predictor to explain variation in species richness of mammals with larger areas being richer than smaller areas. Large species like jaguar and puma, red brocket deer and gray brocket deer, collared peccary, ocelot and agouti were sensitive to the effect of the area and therefore the effect of fragmentation, which is not confirmed the second hypothesis. However, these species were not restricted only to larger areas, being found also in small fragments used as a temporary source of resources. The puma was the only species that showed significant incidence-isolation relationships. There was no pattern of a homogeneous distribution for these species, but for the tapir, with higher body mass recorded, the results were exactly the opposite of what was observed. The minimum area estimated that 50% or more of the populations of sensitive species occurs in fragmented landscape was 520 hectares. These results reinforce the importance of maintaining forest fragments, almost all belonging to private lands in the conservation of species.Item Suficiência taxonômica, resolução numérica e grupos substitutos: uma análise para a comunidade fitoplanctônica de ambiente lótico(Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2007-12-11) CARNEIRO, Fernanda Melo; BINI, Luis Mauricio; http://lattes.cnpq.br/0931860042124079Classification systems are necessary to organize the huge complexity of biological systems. Frequently, these systems are useful to studies focusing on environmental monitoring, conservation plans and biodiversity assessments. Studies on phytoplankton ecology are, in general, conducted with the identification of organisms up to the species level. This is a costly, laborious and complex task that demands experienced biologists. However, for some purposes, higher taxonomic levels may be enough, mainly when main trends are identified by either data at low or higher resolution (taxonomic and numeric). In this study, it was evaluated if the temporal trajectories described by a lotic phytoplankton community, which were first summarized by an ordination technique, were dependent or not on the taxonomic/numerical resolution used to represent the data. The phytoplankton classification system in functional groups was also contrasted against simple taxonomic classifications in order to verify if they really offer distinct patterns of ordination. Procrustean analyses indicated that patterns of ordination generated by incidence data of genus were significantly concordant with the patterns generated by density of species. Temporal trajectories of scores derived from functional groups significantly matched those derived from analyses based on the quantitative data (density or biovolume) of genus or family. Thus, at least for the system investigated here, the complexities associated with this classification criterion may be unwarranted. In general, the results indicated that some simplifications were justifiable, mainly when one takes into account the need of uninterrupted biomonitoring programs over large spatial scales in a continental-sized country, with increasing environmental problems, and with a paucity of scientistsItem Padrões de riqueza e diversidade de peixes de riacho e a relação local-regional, bacia Tocantins-Araguaia, região Centro-Oeste(Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2011-04-18) CARNEIRO, Luciano Lajovic; TEJERINA-GARRO, Francisco Leonardo; http://lattes.cnpq.br/6719234350740061This research aims to assess the fish biodiversity of the streams of the Tocantins and Araguaia basin and test the relative influence of local and regional processes in determining local species richness by examining the relationship between local species richness and regional species richness. For this purpose were sampled 18 streams in the basin of the Araguaia River and 16 streams in the basin of the Tocantins River in the state of Goiás using trawls. For analysis of richness observed was used and linear regression to assess the relationship of local and regional richness. The average value of diversity index of Shannon-Wiener were similar (p> 0.098) to the streams of the Tocantins (H`= 1.784) and Araguaia (H` = 2.254), uniformity also showed similar values (p> 0.962), but the average richness values were different (p = 0.039) for the basin of Tocantins S = 7.12 and S = 11.38 for Araguaia basin. Species richness of the Araguaia streams was strongly related to regional richness (r² = 0.826, p <0.0001) indicating a linear relationship and suggesting that local assemblies are unsaturated. For Tocantins streams was obtained a weak relationship (r²= 0.251, p = 0.047) and it was not possible to infer the shape of the relationship, several factors may be involved in the result. The diversity index was not an efficient descriptor of biodiversity, the test of the relationship between local and regional richness is a good predictor of ecological processes that influence species richness, has the disadvantage of the need to obtain a large amount of data.Item Efeitos de borda sobre comunidades de musgos (Bryophyta) epifíticos em área de Cerrado no Brasil Central(Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2009-02-24) CARVALHO, Maria Adriana Santos; GUILHERME, Frederico Augusto Guimaraes; http://lattes.cnpq.br/6514433986706275Microclimatic changes enhanced by the proliferation of edges in fragmented landscapes, known as "edge effects" may result on shifts in species composition, structure of communities and ecological processes. Despite the dramatic increase in edge areas caused by anthropogenic habitat fragmentation, the edges and their areas of influence is a relevant structural feature also in the natural landscape. This is evident in the Cerrado biome, which is suffering an accelerated degradation and habitat loss and is composed of mosaics of vegetation types which are common boundaries or ecotones. The bryophytes are an ideal group for assess the edge effects because are vulnerable to microclimatic changes promoted by their physiological conditions, making them particularly useful as indicators of the adverse fragmentation effects. Thus, this study aimed to assess how the communities of epiphytes mosses (Bryophyta) respond to forest edges originated of anthropogenic fragmentation and the natural edges in the grassland-forest transitions in the Cerrado. The study areas are located in the Parque Estadual da Serra de Caldas Novas and its surroundings, including municipalities of Caldas Novas and Rio Quente, state of Goiás. Sampling was done in three habitat types: (1) gallery forests on the slopes of the mountain with abrupt transitions to rock outcrops fields, (2) edge (0 to 10 m) and (3) interior (100 to 110 m) of seasonal forest fragments surrounded by a matrix of grazing. These were the three treatments considered in the analysis, described by the abbreviations: BN (natural edge), BA (anthropogenic edge) and IF (interior of the fragment). For each treatment four replicates were selected. Four plots (10´10m) were randomly delimited along transects (10´200m) for each treatment in each area. For the sampling of mosses in the plots, were selected all trees with perimeter at breast height (PBH) ≥ 20 cm and with minimum bryophytes coverage of 300cm2. For the quantitative survey of mosses was employed the interception line method. The comparison of Jackknife richness estimates (33.56 to IF, 30.56 to BA and 25.63 to BN) showed that there were differences between IF and BN. The coverage of mosses was significantly higher in BN than in BA (F2,45 = 5.34, p = 0.008). The analysis of similarities (ANOSIM) showed that the community of mosses was more distinct in BN, and the composition of species in this environment was significantly dissimilar to BA in IF (R = 0.198, p < 0001). Two factors may explain the fact that the edge effect on species richness and coverage of epiphytic mosses has not been shown in this study: (1) The homogeneity of the vegetation structure observed between edge and interior and (2) the fact that the study had considered only the mosses, 8 whereas many studies confirm a higher sensitivity to disturbance of the liverworts. Clearer effects were observed between BA and BN, both in coverage and in species composition, which is probably due to differences in spatial and temporal development of these edges, or topographic features of the gallery forests, particularly the fact of being located in depressions with creeks, which probably provides more moisture in these environments. The chi-square test showed significant differences in the frequency of occurrence of life forms in the different treatments, except for the tuft form. The greatest value of chi-square occurred to the flabelliform life form, which predominated in BN, collaborating with the evidence already presented of microclimatic conditions more favorable to mosses in BN, since the flabelliform habit are intolerant to desiccation. This indicates that the use of functional groups of bryophytes, such as life forms can generate more generalization and get clearer answers than species richness in the evaluation of the edge effects.Item Modelagem de nicho em espécies de plantas do Cerrado e distribuição espacial da variabilidade genética(Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2010-09-30) CAVALCANTI, Fábio André Gomes S; NABOUT, João Carlos; http://lattes.cnpq.br/3335844675689429; TELLES, Mariana Pires de Campos; http://lattes.cnpq.br/4648436798023532Ecological and evolutionary factors may explain the patterns of intrapopulation variability across the geographic distribution of a species. More suitable habitats, in ecological terms, allow the survival of greater number of individuals, which increases the genetic variability in the population, while in less suitable habitats, because of smaller population size, individuals have lower reproductive rate and higher mortality rate, these populations may lead to loss of genetic variability and extinction. In this context, the goal of this study was to use meta-analysis techniques to relate the genetic variables (observed and expected heterozygosity and inbreeding) with the models of potential geographical distribution of nine species of Cerrado plants. In addition, genetic variables were correlated with human occupation at sites where plant species occurred. For this work were used 11 studies, in which genetic data were obtained from literature and the points of occurrence in databases and also the literature. Five species distribution models (Maxent, Mahalanobis, Euclidian, Domain and Bioclim) were used and then superimposed on a combined basis (i.e Ensemble forecasting). Were performed Pearson correlations between genetic variables and environmental and human occupation. The coefficients of these correlations were matched using a meta-analysis to find a general correlation studies. The correlations between genetic variables with the ecological variable (i.e environmental suitability) and human occupation tended to zero. Although significant values have been obtained with studies of isozymes for the human index (r = 0.57 P = 0.01) related, independent, with the observed heterozygosity. A positive relationship exists between the human and the expected heterozygosity index (r = 0.27, P = 0.01) was found in the relationship between all the studies together. We also found significant values for studies with isoenzymes in ecological indices (r = 0.39, P = 0.04) and human (r = 0.50, P = 0.01) and the distance from the center of the potential distribution species (r = -0.44, P = 0.05) between the expected heterozygosity. The results of the mean effect between heterozygosity and occupation indices suggest that the plants were evaluated in studies with isozymes show a high heterozygosity in places with high human occupation. Due to the occupation of the Cerrado be intense, but recent, and due to plant species have long life cycles of species populations may not yet be genetically structured in this new landscape of the Cerrado. The results of studies with isozymes, correlation between heterozygosity and distance from the center of potential distribution of species have confirmed our predictions. Plants tend to lose more distant genetic variability by having a lower population density. The relationship between habitat suitability and distance from the center indicated a relationship is also negative (r = -0.35, P <0.05), suggesting that adequacy is also lower in peripheral regions. In general, the methodology used to conduct preliminary assessments of the distribution of the population structure of Cerrado plants related to genetic variables proven very useful and practical.Item Componentes geográfico, ecológicos e evolutivos do nicho das espécies de carnívoros (Carnivora: Mammalia) do Novo Mundo(Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2009-06-22) CRUZ, Mary Joyce Ribeiro da; DINIZ FILHO, José Alexandre Felizola; http://lattes.cnpq.br/0706396442417351The questions around species niche have sought to unveil why a species is where it is and it is not where it is not, so it is well known that a lot of factors can be determinant in this discussion. Thus, in this study we examined the relationship between niche and geographical distance, life history and phylogenetic components to the New World carnivores. The data used in our analyses were obtained from datasets available online and from literature sources. We used Mantel s test to evaluate the correlation among the data matrices in NTSys software. Significant correlations were found between niche and geographical distance (r =-0,4068 e P <0,0001) and between life history and geographical distance (r = -0,1136 e P= 0,0024). These results suggest that species that are spatially close are more similar in terms of niche and life history. We also observed that, among others factors, interespecific interactions has an important effect in structuring ecological communities. New tests are still necessary in future to generate new information about carnivore s niche and their components.Item Ecologia reprodutiva de Cardiopetalum calophyllum (Annonaceae) em fragmentos de Cerrado do Brasil Central(Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2010-03-31) ELIAS, Marcos Antonio da Silva; FRANCESCHINELLI, Edivani Villaron; http://lattes.cnpq.br/8863732932277904Habitat fragmentation is one of the main causes of environmental degradation and a great threat to world biodiversity. Fragmentation can disrupt pollination processes, affecting directly or indirectly pollinators and plants. In Brazil, the Cerrado Biome has lost most part of its vegetation cover in the last four decades, becoming a highly fragmented landscape with many small fragments, several medium-size and a few continuous areas of vegetation. Those remnants have high biological diversity with high level of endemism, but very little is known about the reproductive success of their species. Cardiopetalum calophyllum Schletdl. (Annonaceae) occurs in the Cerrado of Central Brazil, has dicogamy and is pollinated by small beetle called Lobiopa insularis. The reproductive success of C. calophyllum and the abundance of its pollinator were analyzed in fragment of different size from July 2009 to January 2010. The reproductive success was estimated using fruit and seed set rates. Flowers in anthesis were collected to quantify the pollinator abundance inside them. A positive correlation between reproductive success of C. calophyllum and the fragment size was found. However, no correlation was found between pollinator abundance and fragment size. The small fragments are more isolated than the larger ones. This can decrease the pollinator dispersion and gene flow among fragments, increasing inbreeding within population of small fragments. The abundance of Lobiopa insularis seems to be more related to its generalist habits than to the fragment size. In our study, the effect of fragment size and reproductive success of C. calophyllum was stronger in fragments smaller than 10 ha. However, fragment smaller than 20 ha also showed decrease in their productive success.Item Ecologia reprodutiva de Cardiopetalum calophyllum (Annonaceae) em fragmentos de Cerrado do Brasil Central(Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2010-03-31) ELIAS, Marcos Antonio da Silva; FRANCESCHINELLI, Edivani Villaron; http://lattes.cnpq.br/8863732932277904Habitat fragmentation is one of the main causes of environmental degradation and a great threat to world biodiversity. Fragmentation can disrupt pollination processes, affecting directly or indirectly pollinators and plants. In Brazil, the Cerrado Biome has lost most part of its vegetation cover in the last four decades, becoming a highly fragmented landscape with many small fragments, several medium-size and a few continuous areas of vegetation. Those remnants have high biological diversity with high level of endemism, but very little is known about the reproductive success of their species. Cardiopetalum calophyllum Schletdl. (Annonaceae) occurs in the Cerrado of Central Brazil, has dicogamy and is pollinated by small beetle called Lobiopa insularis. The reproductive success of C. calophyllum and the abundance of its pollinator were analyzed in fragment of different size from July 2009 to January 2010. The reproductive success was estimated using fruit and seed set rates. Flowers in anthesis were collected to quantify the pollinator abundance inside them. A positive correlation between reproductive success of C. calophyllum and the fragment size was found. However, no correlation was found between pollinator abundance and fragment size. The small fragments are more isolated than the larger ones. This can decrease the pollinator dispersion and gene flow among fragments, increasing inbreeding within population of small fragments. The abundance of Lobiopa insularis seems to be more related to its generalist habits than to the fragment size. In our study, the effect of fragment size and reproductive success of C. calophyllum was stronger in fragments smaller than 10 ha. However, fragment smaller than 20 ha also showed decrease in their productive success.Item Prioridades espaciais para a conservação de mamíferos do Cerrado em um mundo em mudança(Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2012-03-28) FALEIRO, Frederico Augusto Martins Valtuille; LOYOLA, Rafael Dias; http://lattes.cnpq.br/7649189080736923The human actions has triggered many threats to biodiversity like land-use and climate changes, overexploitation, pollution, and introduction of invasive species, which can affect organisms both at local and global scale. The science of spatial conservation prioritization emerged as a quantitative approach to support the spatial decisions in face of these threats, while minimizing the socioeconomic and political conflicts. Here we developed spatial solutions to the conservation of non-flying mammals from Brazilian Cerrado considering the socioeconomic costs and the opportunities of environmental governance (first objective). Further, we generated solutions to face the land-use and climate change taking into account the dispersal abilities of species and uncertainties in the species distribution modeling (SDM) process (second objective). We considered the current network of reserves of the Cerrado in both objectives. We built SDMs for 154 species combining model projections weighted by their statistical fit to produce consensus maps of species distribution grouped in three distinct types of models (envelope, statistical and machine-learning models), for both current future scenarios of climate (used only in the last aim). For the first goal, we used the current predicted distribution to run spatial prioritization analyses indicating the best sites for the conservation investment considering human population density, land cost, anthropogenic land use, level of environmental governance, and the distribution of species in trade-off analyses. For the second goal, we used both current and future predicted distribution to run optimization procedures and propose priority sites for conservation, while minimizing species climate-forced dispersal distance , the mean uncertainty associated to the SDM process, and taking into account the future changes in the landscape (by our land use model). SDMs indicated that species-rich sites converge to regions with high population density, high land cost, high anthropogenic land use, and with diverse levels of environmental governance. There was a significant change in spatial priorities when socioeconomic and political dimensions were included in analyses: top priority sites moved towards the north. This spatial change reduced by 68% the potential conservation conflicts with human population, by 72% the likely conflicts arising from land cost and by 68% anthropogenic land use. It also increased by 51% the beneficial effect of environmental governance. Including land-use changes and the modeling uncertainty in the conservation planning process changed significantly the spatial distribution of priority sites in the region. While the inclusion of land-use models altered the spatial location of priority sites at the regional scale, the effects of climate change tended to take place at the local scale. Note that, our solutions already include possible dispersal corridors linking current and future priority sites for mammal conservation, as well as a formal risk analysis based on planning uncertainties. Our results allowed dealing with both complex nature of conflicts among socioeconomic and political dimensions, and the dynamic problem imposed mainly by land-use and climate change. Thus, our analyses figure as a methodological prospect supporting the decision-make process and the consequent translation of conservation planning outcomes into conservations actions
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