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Item Efeito do manejo do solo com plantas de cobertura, cultivares/híbridos e nitrogênio na cultura do milho(Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2008-02-26) AGUIAR, Renata Alves de; SILVEIRA, Pedro Marques da; http://lattes.cnpq.br/4242408931816325The corn is the main cereal produced in Brazil and its productivity is very affected by the improper use of nitrogen, which is the nutrient absorbed in larger quantities and therefore responsible for a significant share in production costs. Due to the importance of nitrogen for the corn crop becomes necessary studies to reduce the amount of nitrogen applied to the crop, reducing losses and increasing the efficiency of its use, beside minimize environmental risks. One way have been studied to reduce the amount of nitrogen applied and increase the efficiency of use of inorganic nitrogen, from the fertilizer, it is the combination of plants that cover the ground with nitrogened fertilizer. The study aimed to determine the economic viability and the effect of soil management with the use of soil cover plants, hybrids and nitrogen doses in coverage in the vegetative and reproductive characteristics, related to productivity of corn. The corn, in the experiment, was planted at begning of February in the field trial of Embrapa Arroz e Feijão, Red Latosol Distrophic. The experimental design was a randomized complete block with three replicates the arrangement of plots in sub-sub-divided. The plots were formed by four types of soil management: direct planting of corn on the black mucuna stubble (Mucuna aterrima Merr.); direct planting of corn on the of crotalária juncea stubble (Crotalaria juncea L.); direct planting of corn on vegetation spontaneous (aside) and planting corn in the system of conventional tillage (arado of aiveca). The subplots were formed by five doses of nitrogen in coverage: 0, 45, 90, 180 and 360 kg ha-1 of nitrogen in coverage, and the sub-sub-plots of four hybrids of corn: BRS 3003, AG 1051, Green Corn HT-1, HT-2 Green Corn. The analysis of the benefit / cost was performed on the basis of prices of materials and services raised in April 2007. The benefit / cost in the various systems was held in the Excel spreadsheets, and economically viable a relationship exceeding 1.0. It was concluded that: there is effect of hybrid and soil management on vegetative characteristics such as plant height and the first spik and on productive characteristics as income from pulp and grain and mass in a thousand grains of corn, and there is no interaction between hybrid, soil management and dose of nitrogen in coverage of the productivity of corn. The best soil management as the benefit / cost is the fallow without any addition of nitrogen in coverage, followed by the system of conventional tillage with 45 kg ha-1 and without the addition of nitrogen.Item Distribuição espacial do percevejo-do-colmo (Tibraca limbativentris Stål) em arroz irrigado(Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2012-11-09) ALVES, Tavvs Micael; BARRIGOSSI, José Alexandre Freitas; http://lattes.cnpq.br/5377957113836597The injury imposed by Tibraca limbativentris Stål in plants of rice can negatively affect the production and reduce grain yield. Knowing the spatial arrangement of this species allows fast and accurate sampling and identifies focuses of infestation determining the ideal moment of decision-making for the control. The aim of this study was to investigate the spatial and probabilistic distribution of adults and nymphs of T. limbativentris in irrigated rice. Fifteen fields with plants of 50-80 days after emergency were sampled on approximately regular grids in 2008, 2010, and 2011. Poisson and Negative binomial distributions were tested and Pearson chi-squared test was used to determine a probability distribution with the best fit. Polynomial regressions of the number of individuals versus geographical coordinates were used to try detecting trends related with macroscale. Later, semivariograms were used to interpret the spatial dependence and distribution of insects. The semivariance of the samples obtained with nymphs showed patterns grouped in 13% of fields sampled. Similar pattern was also obtained by semivariograms of adults in 26% of fields sampled. However, there were no spatial dependence in the most of the sampled fields with adults (74%) and nymphs (87%). In conclusion, adults and nymphs of T. limbativentris are randomly distributed in irrigated rice fields, though rarely clustered pattern can occur. The probability distribution that best fits the data sampling is the Negative binomial. Adults and nymphs do not inhabit the same local in the rice field. Population levels above the value of economic damage may occur, but individuals are not present in about 2/3 of the units sampled. Polynomial regression models tested are not appropriate to fit the trends related to macro-scale in irrigated rice fields.Item Quantificação de machos e fêmeas de Heterodera glycines (Ichinohe, 1952) em cultivares de soja resistentes e suscetíveis(Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2009-11-17) ARAÚJO, Fernando Godinho de; ROCHA, Mara Rúbia da; http://lattes.cnpq.br/4660306671671575Soybean cyst nematode, Heterodera glycines Ichinohe, is one of the major phytopathological problems affecting the soybean, in the major producing countries of this legume. Eradication of H. glycines from contaminated areas is practically impossible. Thus, the soybean growers have to adapt control measures in order to maintain low population levels. The main control measures are crop rotation, soil management and use of resistant cultivars. With the purpose to evaluate the development of H. glycines and male/female ratio on soybean resistant and susceptible cultivars two trials were conducted during the years 2007 and 2008. Susceptible cultivars BRS Aracu, BRSGO Jatai, BRSGO Luziania, BRS Favorita RR, BRS Valiosa RR, BRS Silvania RR and resistant cultivars BRSGO Ipameri e BRSGO Chapadoes were evaluated. Soybean seedlings were transplanted to pots containing naturally infested soil with H. glycines, race 14, and, 10 days later, part of the plants remained in the pots to evaluate the females, while the other part was removed for hydroponic growth to evaluate the males. In the trial of 2008 the plants were divided in three lots, with the last one having the roots stained to count the juveniles and to evaluate survival rate. Resistant cultivars always maintained a small number of females and males, except for cultivar BRSGO Ipameri that had high countings of males. Only cultivars BRS Favorita RR and BRS Silvania RR had the expected sex ratio 1:1. All other susceptible cultivars had greater number of males than females, with ratios varying from 5:1 to 11:1. Survival rate was nil for both resistant cultivars, and varied from 6.75% to 35.00% for the susceptible cultivars. Regarding the number of cysts in 100 cc of soil the only cultivar that differed significantly from the others was the BRSGO Jatai on experiment conducted in 2007. The number of eggs per cyst varied, in both experiments, and the resistance did not influence the averages foundItem Eficiência agronômica de um fertilizante fonte de micronutrientes nas culturas da soja e milho(Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2010-08-03) BARBOSA, Juliano Magalhães; FERNANDES, Eliana Paula; http://lattes.cnpq.br/7324619074753727; LEANDRO, Wilson Mozena; http://lattes.cnpq.br/9052207260053937The present work aimed to value the agronomic efficiency of different doses of a fertilizer fount of micronutrients applied through the soil in soy culture and the residual answer in culture rotation with the corn, by the determination of chemical attributes related with the productivity. The study was performed in field s condition in a Distrofic Red Latosoil in the experimental area of the School of Agronomy and Food Engineering, in Goiânia Goiás. The experiment was performed in the harvests 2007/2008 and 2008/2009 in randomized complete blocks design with five treatments and four repetitions. Fertilizer was used as fountain of micronutrients in the form of powder containing 6,8% of manganese (Mn), 3,9% of zinc (Zn), 2,1% of iron (Fe), 1,2% of copper (Cu) and 1,1% of boron (B), in four doses and as reference the testimony: D 0 0 kg ha-1, D 0,5 33,33 kg ha-1, D 1 66,66 kg ha-1, D 2 133,32 kg ha-1 and D 1C - 66,66 kg ha-1 plus 1,4 t ha-1 of calcium oxide. The fount of micronutrient was applied only in the harvest 2007/2008 associated to the soil preparation, in the harvest of 2008/2009 there was no reapplication and the system of planting was direct, without the soil preparation. The geeting of soil and leaf were carried out in the florescence of the cultures. It can be concluded that the cultures appears to be responsive to the fertilizer by considering the productivity of both the soy and the corn and that the fertilizer doses of 128,63 kg ha-1 and 69,08 kg ha-1 showed to have the best efficiency for the productivity of the soy to the corn, respectively.Item Interação entre herbicidas e cultivares de soja sobre o desenvolvimento populacional de Heterodera glycines em campo(Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2010-11-29) BARBOSA, Kássia Aparecida Garcia; ROCHA, Mara Rúbia da; http://lattes.cnpq.br/4660306671671575This study evaluated the effect of herbicides on the population density of H. glycines in soybean cultivars, (one resistant and three susceptible) in natural infestation conditions. Experiments were done in Campo Alegre de Goiás and Gameleira de Goiás, agricultural year 2006/07, using randomized blocks, with three repetitions. The treatments were arranged in a factorial design 4 x 4 + 1, with four cultivars (BRSGO Ipameri, BRSGO Luziânia, BRSGO Jataí BRS Silvânia RR), four forms of weed control (hand weeding, chlorimuron-ethyl + lactofen, chlorimuron-ethyl and haloxyfop-methyl), and additional treatment represented by the combination of transgenic cultivar BRS Silvânia RR and herbicide glyphosate. In agricultural year 2009/2010, another test was conducted in Gameleira de Goiás, with four repetitions, in a factorial design 2 x 4 + 2, involving two cultivars (BRSGO Chapadões and BRSGO 8360), four forms of weed control (hand weeding, lactofen, chlorimuron-ethyl; haloxifop-r), and two additional treatments represented by the combination of transgenic cultivar BRS Valiosa RR with control manual weed and chemical control via herbicide glyphosate. In the agricultural year 2006/07, in Campo Alegre de Goiás, eighty days after planting, there was less formation of viable cysts in cultivar BRS Silvânia RR associated with the application of clorimuron + lactofen, compared to manual control. In Gameleira de Goias, it was found, forty days after planting, increase in the number of viable cysts using herbicides, compared with manual control, in cultivar susceptible BRSGO Luziânia, BRSGO Ipameri, resistant to H. glycines, the number of viable cysts was lower when applied herbicides clorimuron+lactofen or haloxyfop, compared the application of clorimuron. The herbicides had no effect on the number of females in susceptible and resistant cultivars in the year 2009/10. In cultivar susceptible BRSGO 8360, the herbicide haloxifop led to a smaller number of females, in comparison with clorimuron, 45 days after sowing. The herbicide lactofen, in the cultivar BRSGO Chapadões (resistant) was associated with increase in the number of viable cysts 45 days after sowing. This herbicide affects negatively the biomass of leaves, fresh green beans and dry bean in the cultivars BRSGO Chapadões and BRSGO 8360.Item Caracterização genética de populações naturais de Palicourea coriacea (Cham) K. Schum utilizando marcadores moleculares(Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2006-08-24) BARBOSA, Taryana Coelho Sales; SIBOV, Sérgio Tadeu; http://lattes.cnpq.br/4627553641870284The Species Palicourea coriacea (Cham) K,Shum is a species little know, it is belonging to the Rubiaceae family, popularly known as douradinha. The popular use medicine in the therapy of kidneys illnesses. The popular name douradinha is associated with the color of the bracts and of the stem and the species occurs in Cerrado s Bioma, however in different environments. Studies about the genetic diversity and its distribution in natural populations of P. coriacea are of extreme importance for the definition of adequate strategies of handling and cultivation, however they do not exist in literature, studies of this nature. This work had as objective to evaluate the genetic structure from nine natural populations of P. coriacea, collected in States of Goiás and Bahia and to evaluate the genetic diversity of these populations through markers RAPD. The P. coriacea species presented one high level of genetic diversity, or heterozygosity waited by Nei (1972) that it varied between 0,259 and 0,338 in the populations, with equal on average value the 0,296. The AMOVA disclosed that 23% of the total variability is meeting each other between populations. Although the estimates of apparent gene flow (Nm) have disclosed values inferior to one, on the other hand, equal the 0,83. The analyses of Bayesian Statistics had disclosed to a value of f (FIS) equal the 0,98 suggesting the possibility of this species has behavior like autogamous species. The analyses of grouping of the populations using Bayesian and AMOVA statistics disclosed that it does not exist a correlation between geographic distance and genetic distance all the nine populations they grouping, eventually, not obeying its geographic origin. Then, the hypothesis previously formulated of that geographically next populations would be genetic next, was discarded for the results gotten for the Mantel test where it got a correlation of 0,155. In addition, this relatively high inter populations differentiation allows to recommend to a strategy ex situ of the genetic variability using the biggest possible number of populations. In what, the conservation says respect in situ must be taken in account characteristic genetic and demographic of this species considering that this fact implies in the possibility of a continuous evolution and in the development of new adaptable strategies. It is necessary to have conscience on the distribution of the genetic diversity of these areas with intention to not only promote polities for preservation of found natural populations in national parks, but yes to private preservation of the legal reserves and properties.Item Efeitos da aplicação de glifosato na química de solos alagados(Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2010-09-10) BELTRÃO, Danielle Silva; FERNANDES, Eliana Paula; http://lattes.cnpq.br/7324619074753727; CAMPOS, Alfredo Borges de; http://lattes.cnpq.br/3249635044992714This study aimed to evaluate the effects of the herbicide glyphosate in the chemistry of the flooded soils in two humid tropical areas included in the Brazilian savanna, observing these effects in the solid fraction and the soil solution. We used soil from an area of lowland irrigated rice cultivation and a preserved area of path, constituting, respectively, a disturbed area under agriculture and a preserved area with natural vegetation. The soils were subjected to varying periods of saturation, and applying different doses of glyphosate. The treatments were: a) Dosage: Dose 0, dose 1 (1.6 mg L-1), Dose 2 (16.0 mg L-1), Dose 3 (1600.0 mg L-1) and b) periods of saturation solutions: 1, 7, 15, 30 and 60 days. The soils were previously saturated with solutions of glyphosate prepared with distilled and deionized water, and only distilled and deionized water to dose 0, for 2 hours. After that time the volume was completed with distilled deionized and deoxygenated water. At the end of each period of saturation of soil redox potential was determined in intact experimental units, as well as the pH of the solutions after separation by centrifugation. Proceeded to freezing at - 20 ° C of the soils and soil solutions for chemical analysis and a fraction of the solutions was wrapped and refrigerated at 4 º C for later, perform the analysis of dissolved organic matter. The freezing and cooling were performed to inhibit the biological activity in the degradation of glyphosate and organic matter according to the literature. Before the analysis of the solutions we proceeded to filter membrane syringe filter to 0.45 mm in PVDF (polyvinylidene fluoride), 33 mm in diameter. Chemical analysis of soil were taken for determination of pH 0.01 M CaCl2, micronutrients (Cu, Fe, Mn and Zn), P, K, available Ca and Mg, Al, H + Al and organic matter. Chemical analysis of the solutions were limited to the determinations of Cu, Fe, Mn, Zn, K, Ca, Mg and Al and was carried out to determine the E4/E6 ratio for the humification of DOM in UV-Vis spectrometer. The different effects of glyphosate were used as the ground, showing the influence of soil characteristics and attributes in the interaction with the herbicide. The solid fraction in the analysis highlighted the effects of doses 2 and 3 in lowland soil and dose 3 in solo path. Glyphosate conferred resistance to the reduction of metals in soil and floodplain had the highest effect on the availability Eh redox sensitive elements as Fe and Mn. In the path the herbicide soil favored the reduction of metals from soil and has provided these elements. In soil solution, for the more concentrated doses, there was decreased solubilization of Fe and Mn and other elements, and affect differently the organic matter in soils, occurring in the path of higher aliphatic DOM, ie, less degradation of biological effect of dose 3. The two three doses of glyphosate and, occasionally, the first dose, influenced the chemistry of the lowland soil. The dose 3 showed more significant effects on the soil of trail. The effects of doses 1 and 2, corresponding to the doses used in the field, are highlighted as important outcomes of this study.Item Uso de reguladores de crescimento e controle biológico de fungos no feijoeiro cultivado em sucessão à dife-rentes culturas de cobertura(Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2008-02-25) BERNARDES, Tatiely Gomes; SILVEIRA, Pedro Marques da; http://lattes.cnpq.br/4242408931816325In order to increase the productivity of the common bean crop several technologies are offered, but there is lack of studies to verify their efficiency. The objective of this work was to evaluate the effect of growth regulator and the biological control of fungi of the soil through Trichoderma sp., seeking larger productivity of the commom bean plant irrigated in succession to different cover crops. The experiments were conducted in Fazenda Capivara - Embrapa Arroz e Feijão, in the municipality of Santo Antônio de Goiás, GO, in a Dystrophic Red Latosol. The experimental design was a randomized complete block on split-plot, with four replications. The plots of the two experiments consisted of cultures used as soil cover, as the leguminous: pigeon pea (Cajanus cajan L. Millisp), Stylosanthes guianensis cv. Campo Grande, and Crotalária spectabilis Roth., and the grasses: millet (Pennisetum glaucum L. R. Br.), Panicum maximum cv. Mombaça, Brachiaria brizantha cv. Marandu, B. brizantha associated with corn (Zea mays L.) and sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L. Moench). To the 84 days after the cut of the cover crops common bean cultivar BRS Valente was sown under central pivot. Experiment 1: the subplot treatments were: a) control; b) 500 ml of growth regulator (RC - commercial product Stimulate) in 100 kg of seeds; c) 1250 ml of biological fungicide (FB - commercial product Trichodermil) in 100 kg of seeds; and, d) 500 ml of RC plus 1250 ml FB in 100 kg of seeds. They were evaluated severity of root rot, incidence of fusarium wilt, grain yield, mass of 100 grains, number of beans for plant, number of grains for bean and initial and final stand of the commom bean. Experiment 2: the subplots consisted of the following treatments: a) control; b) 500 ml of growth regulator (RC - commercial product Stimulate) in 100 kg of seeds; c) 250 ml of RC for hectare in the V4 development stage, foliar treatment; and, d) 500 ml RC in 100 kg of seeds and 250 ml of RC for hectare via foliar, in the V4 development stage. They were evaluated the grain yield, mass of 100 grains, number of beans for plant, number of grains for bean and initial and final stand of the commom bean. The obtained data of the studied variables were submitted to the variance analyses being applied the F test, and when there were differences among the averages, these were compared by the Tukey test at 5% of probability. Experiment 1: The treatments with Trichoderma sp. and growth regulators applied via seeds did not showed significant effect in the analyzed variables. The sorghum straw favored the increase of the severity of the root rot and of the fusarium wilt in the common bean crop, causing a lower grain yield. The highest grain yield was obtained in the millet straw. Experiment 2: The treatments with growth regulator applied via seeds and foliar did not significantly influenced the common bean grain yield. The predecessor cover crops influenced the common bean grain yield, and the millet was that provided the largest common bean grain yield.Item Caracterização genética de populações naturais de araticunzeiro (Annona crassiflora Mart.) pela análise de cpDNA(Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2005-08-30) BLANCO, Angel José Vieira; COELHO, Alexandre Siqueira Guedes; http://lattes.cnpq.br/0840926305216925The araticunzeiro (Annona crassiflora Mart.) is a tropical fruit tree species from the Cerrado (Brazilian Savannah) with high economic potential. The strong degradation of the Cerrado, allied to the predatory extractivism that threatens the species, points out to the necessity of development of research to support future conservation programs. With the aim to furnish information about the genetic status of this species and to guide future conservation strategies, 82 individuals from 11 natural populations were submitted to genetic analysis. The coalescent based analysis of the polymorphism present in the trn-L cpDNA allowed the detection of high levels of genetic diversity in the species. In spite of the high level of genetic similarity among different populations the results produced suggested that, , there is an incipient, but statistically significant, increasing differentiation process taking place due to current status of geographical isolation and genetic drift. The genetic differentiation coefficient estimated was equal to 7.3%. The spatial genetic divergence analyses suggested that the genetic distances are not associated to geographical distances between populations, evidencing the absence of current gene flow between adjacent populations. The coalescent based approach allowed the identification of different evolutionary scenes to the investigated populations. Among sampled populations cases from well conserved status to dangerous low levels of genetic diversity were detected. Results obtained by the use of coalescent models to infer the divergence time between populations suggested that natural populations of A. crassiflora were, until recently, part of a great regional continuum. These findings suggest that the low levels of genetic diversity among different populations must be due to the small time since isolation.Item Uso de nitrogênio no cultivo de arroz irrigado e seus efeitos no solo, na planta e na emissão de óxido nitroso(Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2011-02-15) CARVALHO, Glaucilene Duarte; FAGERIA, Nand Kumar; http://lattes.cnpq.br/1794909905335127; CAMPOS, Alfredo Borges de; http://lattes.cnpq.br/3249635044992714In wetland soils are countless electrochemical changes, among the most influenced by anaerobic conditions is nitrogen. The rice crop also determine changes in the process, either by the nutrient uptake or by changes in the rhizosphere. The nitrogen can guarantee high yields of rice, however, due to the inadequate use of nitrogen can have nitrous oxide, which is a greenhouse gas. In this context, the research aimed to determine the effects of nitrogen fertilizer in flooded lowland soils in soil chemistry and soil solution on the plants and the emission of nitrous oxide. The experiment was conducted in pots at Embrapa Rice and Beans. The treatments consisted of two rice genotypes (BRS Tropical and BRA 051130) and three nitrogen (0, 150 and 300 mg N kg-1 soil). The experimental design was randomized blocks with split plots. The flooding of the vessels took place on the fifteenth day after planting. The collection solution was given 1, 3, 7, 14, 28, 39, 59, 67, 102 days after flooding. The collection system consisted of a perforated plastic pipe and secured in the vessel walls, being closed at the ends. The solution was suctioned through a syringe and then analyzed on Ca, Mg, K, P, Fe, Mn, NO3 -, NH4 +, pH and Eh (directly to the pots). After the experiment was made at the soil sampling vessel, comprising all the other treatments being performed analysis of Ca, Mg, K, P and soil pH. The yield components studied were: plant height, tiller number, panicle number per plant, panicle length, spikelet sterility, dry weight of 1000 grains, shoot dry weight, root dry mass, grain yield, root length, grain harvest index, the contribution of the shoot dry weight total contribution of root dry weight total. The method of collection of nitrous oxide was a closed chamber in PVC material. Collections were undertaken throughout the rice cycle and N2O concentration was measured by reading in a gas chromatograph. The results were subjected to analysis of variance, treatment means compared by Tukey test. The pH, exchangeable Ca, Mg, K and P in soil increased after the implementation of the experiment. The values of Eh in soil solution decreased with time of flooding and consequently the pH increased. The concentration of Ca and Mg in soil solution increased with time of flooding and the K, Mn, NO3 -, NH4 + declined over the period. The rice genotypes showed differences in dry weight of 1000 grains. The dry weight of shoots showed responses to nitrogen fertilization, since the height of the trees showed responses to genotypes and N levels The total emission of N2O showed differences in nitrogen use and for the rice genotypes. We observed that the genotype BRA 051130 showed significantly higher total emission in relation to the treatment without plants.Item Retenção de metais pesados em solos agricultáveis do Estado de Goiás(Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2009-07-31) CASTRO, Mara Lucia Lemke de; BORGES, Jácomo Divino; http://lattes.cnpq.br/6694312790302062The intensification of the use of land for farming has caused great concern, mainly due to the impacts that these activities are causing the environment, particularly with regard to it s contamination by chemicals. The application of chemicals and waste ground and in several, or in plants in order to take agronomically solid waste, improve productivity and increase agricultural production has been growing in the practices of cultivation. The form of improper disposal of waste in the soil, without any control of dose and form of application, and without knowledge of their ability to assimilate the different soil types, possibly predisposing the occurrence of contamination and pollution along the profile these soils and may reach the water table and contaminate groundwater. This work aimed the analysis of the retention of some heavy metals in Ultisol, Oxisol Typic Acrustox, Quartzipsamment and Kandic Oxisol found in savannah soil of the Goiás. Heavy metals in tests were Cadmium (Cd+2), lead (Pb+2), copper (Cu+2), chromium (Cr+3 and Cr+6), nickel (Ni+2) and zinc (Zn+2). The sorption of the heavy metals in soil was evaluated by batch method and described by potential and linear models of the Freundlich isotherm. For the establishment of sorption isotherm were added in 5,0 cm3 of soil and 50,0 cm3 of solution containing the heavy metal being assessed with different concentrations within the limits acceptable soil. The potential and linear sorption isotherm submitted a good adjusted to describe the behavior of adsorption of heavy metals in different classes of soil studied. The detention of heavy metals in descending order was the Ultisol: Cr+3 > Cr+6 > Ni+2 > Zn+2 > Cu+2 > Pb+2 > Cd+2; Oxisol Typic Acrustox: Cr+3 > Cr+6 > Ni+2 > Cu+2 > Cd+2 > Zn+2 > Pb+2; Quartzipsamment: Cr+6 > Cr+3 > Cu+2 > Pb+2 > Ni+2 > Zn+2 > Cd+2; Kandic Oxisol: Cr+3 > Cr+6 > Pb+2 > Cu+2 > Zn+2 > Ni+2 > Cd+2. The Quartzipsamment presented a less retention metal comparison other classes of soil, and therefore more vulnerable to contamination of groundwater.Item Produção de óxido nitroso de solo cultivado com feijoeiro comum irrigado em sistema plantio direto no cerrado(Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2011-02-24) COSTA, Adriana Rodolfo da; MADARI, Beata Emoke; http://lattes.cnpq.br/0302689027695014The loss of nitrogen from the soil-plant system has economic and environmental repercussions, especially when nitrous oxide is emitted to the atmosphere. The aim of this study was to evaluate the emission of nitrous oxide (N2O) in the production system of irrigated commom beans under no-tillage, with brachiaria grass as cover plant (green manure), as affected by the application of different N sources. The experiment was conducted at Embrapa Rice and Beans, in a clayey Haplic Ferralsol. Six areas planted with common beans in no-till system, with sprinkler irrigation, center pivot, were evaluated in the fall/winter period of 2009. In each area (150 m2) a different source on N (treatments) was applied. The total area of the study was 1000 m2. The treatments were: no N (control), urea, ammonium sulfate (A.S.), urea + urease inhibitor (Ur.+Inhi.), urea combined with charcoal (Ur.+Car.), biological fixation nitrogen (B.F.N.), Cerrado (Cer). One hundred kg of N ha-1 was applied in all areas: 20% at sowing together with the seed at the same depth and 80% as top dressing, 25 days after planting. Periods, whose N2O fluxes were more important, were selected for more detailed study, including soil biological variables. The N2O concentration was determined by gas chromatography. Concurrently, soil moisture, temperature, water filled pore space (WFPS), pH and parameters related to the microbial biomass were also measured. The variables that influence soil N2O fluxes during the growing cycle of the bean are: the levels of nitrate in the soil, pH, moisture and WFPS, indicating conditions that favor the denitrification process. The highest emissions of N2O, occur in the following treatments: urea with urease inhibitor, biological nitrogen fixation and urea associated with charcoal, 70%, 36% and 32% higher then that observed in the control, respectively. The emission factors observed in this study are below the lowest levels suggested by IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change). After fertilization at sowing, the variables that control the emission of N2O are basal respiration, microbial biomass carbon (MBC), microbial biomass nitrogen (MBN), total organic carbon (TOC), soil moisture and WFPS. The charcoal combined with urea provides better conditions for microorganisms, increasing MBC and microbial quocient. After topdressing N2O fluxes are lower than at sowing, possibly due to higher N losses through volatilization or increased demand for N by the plant and consequent higher N uptake by plants. The ammonium sulfate source shows the highest N2O fluxes in this period. The variables that control N2O emission in this period are: MBN, pH, moisture and WFPS. During the senescence of the bean plants urea combined with urease inhibitor and biological fixation nitrogen are the treatments that most emitt N2O. The variables that controll the fluxes are soil temperature and TOC.Item Manejo da irrigação do feijoeiro cultivado em plantio direto no sistema integração lavoura-pecuária(Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2009-02-26) CUNHA, Paulo César Ribeiro da; NASCIMENTO, Jorge Luiz do; http://lattes.cnpq.br/1613681986702987The water is becoming a resource more and more scarce, with growing strategic importance in the sections environmental, economical, social and political. The irrigated agriculture is responsible for considerable portion of the agricultural production, however, it is the activity that more it demands water. In the irrigated areas, one of the most important factors is the determination of the water levels for replacement of the losses happened in function of the evapotranspiration, with consequent it gets better of the productive efficiency. Inside of this context he becomes evident the need of administration of the applied water for the irrigation. The objective of this work was to evaluate the acting of three irrigation management methods in beans crop cultivated in direct planting in the system integration farming-cattle; the methods were appraised as for the estimate of the evapotranspiration, levels and irrigation frequency, productivity of grains and their components. It was also evaluated in the periods annual, dry and rainy season, the acting of methods of determination of the coefficient of the class A pan (Kp), and still, the possibility of adoption of a fixed value for such variable. The evaluation was made within the dear evapotranspiração with class A pan using the appraised coefficients and the dear for the standard method Penman-Monteith (FAO 56). The work was driven in the experimental area of Capivara farm, Rice and Beans Research Center in Santo Antônio de Goiás, Goiás State, Brazil. In the evaluation of the irrigation management methods the common bean crop was used (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) cv. BRS Supremo; the appraised methods were tensiometry, class A pan and Penman-Monteith. There were significant differences as for the productivity, number of grains for plant and height of plants in relation to the irrigation management methods, tends the class A pan propitiated the obtaining of larger yield, due to the largest total water, and of the largest irrigation frequencies, the management for tensiometry caused reduction of 40% in the total demand of water of the beans crop, however, with significant reductions in the productivity, tends the class A pan overestimated and of the underestimated tensiometry the total water esteemed by the standard method FAO 56 Penman-Monteith. Independent of Kp, the method of the class A pan overestimated the evapotranspiration obtained with Penman-Monteith. For the climatic conditions in which he took place the work, the best method of determination of Kp, for the estimate of ET0 in the annual period was it of Pereira et al. (1995). For the dry season it was it proposed by Cuenca (1989). In the rainy season all of the methods presented low actings, however, Pereira et al. (1995) method it was shown more efficient. It was observed that the method of the class A pan is not efficient to esteem ET0 in the rainy season. The analyses showed that the adoption of a fixed and constant Kp in 0,70 showed in high acting, mainly in the annual and dry seasons.Item Otimização da detecção de raquitismo da soqueira e escaldadura das folhas em cana-de-açúcar utilizando PCR(Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2012-03-02) DIAS, Vanessa Duarte; DIANESE, Erico de Campos; http://lattes.cnpq.br/2503998782869167; CUNHA, Marcos Gomes da; http://lattes.cnpq.br/2006008625763742The sugarcane production areas are increasing in Brazil due to increased ethanol consumption by flex fuel cars. The planted area is growing, but productivity has been declining in recent years, and factors such as incidence of diseases in the crop may be contributing to this situation. Among the diseases, bacteria such as scald of the leaves and ratoon stunting disease, are of great importance to the crop because they can reduce productivity by up to 30% and the symptoms are not always displayed in the field, thus requiring advanced techniques to detect such bacterial diseases. Among the most used techniques for diagnosis serological tests are quite common, which has as main advantage the capacity of quantitative detection of the presence of bacteria in the culms. However, this detection is only possible if the bacterial title is relatively high. The PCR technique method is more sensitive for detecting low levels of bacteria in stems, but the DNA extractions should be performed in order to purify the DNA to reduce the presence of inhibitory substances in the extract. Thus in this study five different methods of DNA extraction of Xanthomonas albilineans and Leifsonia xyli subsp. xyli were tested and performed in three steps: pure bacteria, bacteria inoculated directly in the extract from five different varieties of sugarcane, and extract from a stem knowingly infected with these bacteria. The results indicate that the amplifications occur more frequently when the products and repeatability of the extractions are diluted by 10-4 in the Leaf Scald. Without this diluition steps, the amplification does not occur, even with the method of DNA extraction considered as a standard. Thus, it is concluded that the detection does not happen if the DNA extraction product is not diluted at least 1000 times, which should prevent the action of inhibitory factors that can hinder the PCR reactions. As for the ratoon stunting disease additional studies are needed to enable its detection by PCR.Item Reação de genótipos de soja e milho ao nematóide das lesões radiculares Pratylenchus brachyurus(Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2010-03-01) FERREIRA, Anderli Divina; ROCHA, Mara Rúbia da; http://lattes.cnpq.br/4660306671671575The soybean crop (Glycine max L. Merr.) is present in practically every Brazilian state occupying an area of 23 million ha. The Central West Region is considered the greatest grain producer. The annual losses due to diseases are estimated around 15% and 20%. Among the main crop diseases in the Cerrados region, the ones caused by nematodes, especially H. glycines and P. brachyurus, are very important. Occurrence of P. brachyurus has been increasing, especially in areas of no till and pastures. The corn crop usually planted in crop rotation with soybean is also susceptible to P. brachyurus, which makes more difficult the nematode management. The use of genetics resistance is one of the most important control strategies due to its compatibility with other practices and for not being environmentally harmful. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the soybean and corn genotypes reaction to the nematode P. brachyurus, aiming the identification of resistance that could be of immediate use for growers in crop rotation system or to identify sources of resistance that could be used in plant breeding programs. The reaction of 50 soybean genotypes and 38 corn genotypes to P. brachyurus was studied under naturally infested field conditions. The experiments were conducted in 2008/09 in a randomized block design with split plot scheme, with evaluations at 30 and 60 days after emergence (DAE). Soybean experiment had eight replications and corn experiment, ten replications. The root samples were collected and taken to the laboratory for nematode extraction. The results were expressed as number of nematodes/ 10 g of roots. The reproduction factor (RF) was calculated considering the evaluation at 30 DAE as the initial population and the evaluation at 60 DAE as the final population. The soybean cultivars were separated into two groups with high and low susceptibility to P. brachyurus. Twelve genotypes presented interaction with the evaluation timing. Ten out of these twelve genotypes had the P. brachyurus population reduced from 45% to 70% at 60 DAE. The cultivars BRSGO Luziania RR, BRS Juliana, M-Soy 7211 RR, M-Soy 8411, TMG 103 RR and Emgopa 316 had 70%, 62%, 61%, 58%, 58% and 57% reduction in the population densities at 60 DAE. The cultivars were also separated into to groups according to the RF. The corn genotypes were separated into three groups. Seventeen corn genotypes had significant interaction with the evaluation timing and only the genotype Agromen 30A06 had the population density reduced (57%) at 60 DAE. All the other 16 genotypes had the nematode population increased between 30 and 60 DAE with increasing variation from 42% to 85%. The genotypes with lowest population density at the final evaluation (60 DAE) were: P 30F80, P30S31, Agromem 30A06, AS1575, DKB 499, GNZ 2500, DKB 350, DG 501 e NK Impacto. The soybean and corn genotypes that presented lower population density and RF along the evaluation period must be preferred for planting in infested areas and can be considered for future investigation for genetic resistance.Item Eficiência do inseticida thiamethoxam aplicado no momento da colheita da cana-de-açúcar para controle de Mahanarva fimbriolata (Stål.,1854) (Hemiptera: Cercopidae) e seus efeitos na produtividade(Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2009-06-29) FERREIRA, Henrique de Jesus; FERNANDES, Paulo Marçal; http://lattes.cnpq.br/9497281141847296The objective of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of the insecticide thiamethoxam in simultaneous application with sugarcane harvest, under mulch, using a mounted sprayer system in the harvester machine and manual application method to control of Mahanarva fimbriolata. The experiments were carried out in the municipal district of Goianésia, Goiás State, in the period from October 2007 to September 2008. Two experiments were carried out set up side by side, in the same area. One experiment was applied using the sugarcane harvester, with a mounted sprayer system set up behind of the harvester, spraying the insecticide over the crop line and covering with mulch right after. The second experiment was applied in the manual method using a backpack sprayer pumped by CO2. The trials were set up in randomized blocks with six replicates. It was tested four rates of thiamethoxam, commercial brand named Actara 250 WG®. The tested rates were: 0 (untreated check), 100, 150 e 200 grams of active ingredient per hectare. The root froghopper infestation in the experiments was evaluated at 35, 75, 127 e 191 days after application. The parameters evaluated at the harvest timing were stalks diameter and yield increase. It was adopted the biometry method to estimate the yield. The M. fimbriolata infestation fluctuated during the evaluated period and the higher infestation level occurred in December and April. It was observed a negative significant correlation between the rates of thiamethoxam and the infestation level of M. fimbriolata to the two application modality. Thiamethoxam provided significative reduction of M. fimbriolata until 191 DAA for all rates, compared to untreated check (dose 0). Regarding the influence of the insecticide in stalks diameter it was observed a significant increment of 10,46% at rate of 100 g of active ingredient per ha when applied in the harvester machine. The treatments did not affect the yield (t ha-1). The application modality of insecticide under mulch, at harvest timing, using a mounted sprayer in the harvester machine showed to be a viable option in the sugarcane crop.Item Adubação potássica via solo e foliar na produção e qualidade da fibra do algodoeiro(Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2006-08-15) FREITAS, Roberto José de; LEANDRO, Wilson Mozena; http://lattes.cnpq.br/9052207260053937Cotton as a crop in Brazil has undergone significant changes in production technology and geographical location in recent years. Cultivation has shifted from traditional producing zones in the southeast of Brazil and the south region of the State of Goiás to the cerrados of the country's central-western region and the western part of Bahia. These technological changes were triggered by the adoption of exotic cultivars (American and Australian), with higher yield potential, better fiber quality, but also greater nutritional requirements. During this process, more demanding cultivars were consequently adopted, concurrently with the occupation of soils of lower natural fertility. During this period, a productivity increase in excess of 100% was verified. The conjunction of these factors has disorganized the fertilization recommendation practices adopted for this crop, since they were no longer adequately supported by the existing calibrations, generated under different soil conditions and at a different technological level. The use of fertilizers was then greatly intensified, in a most disorderly manner. Within this context, potassium was the nutrient whose use increased the most, due to the specific characteristics of this nutrient on the plant's metabolism and to its high degree of absorption by cotton plants. The potassium fertilization of cotton in the cerrados has therefore been performed in the various producing areas with great variation in rates and application modes, from total applications in the soil at pre-planting, to split applications in the soil, to supplementary foliar applications, still without the proper support from current experimental results. In this work, we evaluated the effect of combined soil and foliar applications of potassium on the productivity and quality of ginned cotton, under the cerrado conditions of the State of Goiás, by the installation of two experiments, combining different potassium rates in both application modes, organized in random blocks with split-plots. One assay was installed in Ipameri, with the application of five treatments to the soil (0, 60, 120, 180, and 240 kg ha-1 K2O ha-1) combined with four foliar treatments ( 0; 7.2; 14.4; and 21.6 kg K2O ha-1). Another assay was installed in Santa Helena de Goiás, in which four potassium levels were evaluated in the soil (0, 80, 160, and 240 kg K2O ha-1), combined with foliar rates similar to those used in the Ipameri assay. Significant productivity gains were observed for the soil applications in both assays, and for the foliar applications in the Ipameri assay. No interactions were observed between application modes. Also, no significant potassium fertilization effects were observed on the technological quality of the fiber.Item Teores de metais pesados e de enxofre no solo em áreas de influência de canais e reservatórios de vinhaça de fertirrigação(Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2008-07-21) GONÇALVES, Helenice Moura; BORGES, Jácomo Divino; http://lattes.cnpq.br/6694312790302062This study aimed to evaluate the values of pH and the levels of cadmium, chromium, nickel, lead, copper, iron, manganese, zinc and sulphur in the soil profile, beyond the behavior of those elements with respect to the acidity of soil in tropical climate, in areas of influence of channels and reservoirs of vinasse used in fertigation of sugarcane plants (Saccharum officinarum L.). Adopted as treatment witness the soil under a natural untouched savannah area. The treatments of the first test consisted of vinasse channels with three periods of use: one, three and 20 years, totaling seven treatments (control and three channels, considering the parts internal and external), with four repetitions each. The second test consisted of four vinasse tanks with different periods of use, and found two seasons: three years (R3A and R3B) and 20 years (R20A and R20B) followed, constituting nine treatments (control and four tanks, measuring up the soil of the parties internal and external), with four repetitions each. In witness and on the outside of channels and reservoirs were collected samples of soil at depths of 0-25 cm, 25-50 cm, 50-75 cm and 75- 100 cm. On the inside (bottom) of channels and reservoirs, soil samples were collected at depths of 0-50 cm, 50-100 cm, 100-150 cm and 150-200 cm, in four different points in areas of Red Latosol Distrophic. The experimental design was sub-divided plots. The results from the soil analyses were subjected to analysis of variance and testing F and Tukey (P < 0.05). The use of vinasse channels and temporary reservoirs over the years didn t significantly alter the levels of heavy metals, suggesting that their contents accumulated in the soil are acceptable. However, channels and reservoirs should be covered with waterproofing material to prevent the leaching of these elements and therefore the contamination of the groundwater.Item Efeito de espaçamentos e épocas de plantio sobre caracteres agronômicos de híbridos de milho(Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2003-03-31) GONÇALVES, Sara Lane Sousa; BRASIL, Edward Madureira; http://lattes.cnpq.br/6555744240223597Every year, new corn hybrids and climatic and environmental variations in the different Brazilian regions require from research organizations, private companies, and farmers alternate management practices to improve corn productivity and profitability. As a result of spatial arrangement discussions and related corn growing recommended techniques, special attention has been given to row spacing reduction. As an example, in the Brazilian Central Plateau, about 50% of corn production has been harvested from double cropping after soybeans. In this situation, the same machinery adjustments used for soybeans are used for double cropped corn, reducing the time required between harvesting and sowing operations. Three experiments were conducted to study the effect of row spacing on corn hybrids agronomic characteristics in the Goiania region, Goias State, evaluating five commercial hybrids in four row spacings and three sowing dates. The experimental design was a 5x4 factorial in randomized blocks with four replications. Row spacing did not significantly affect plant height, ear, stalk and corncob diameter, yield, stalk rot and lodging. The hybrids behavior was significantly different in the four row spacings. The higher yields were obtained in the third planting date under irrigation.Item Desempenho de famílias s0:2 da população CNA9 do programa de melhoramento de arroz de terras altas para a agricultura familiar(Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2012-03-15) GUEDES, Janine Magalhães; MORAIS, Orlando Peixoto de; http://lattes.cnpq.br/2175152793170778; MELO, Patrícia Guimarães Santos; http://lattes.cnpq.br/1508679345970114Rice (Oryza sativa) stands out in Brazil for its economic and social importance, being an important source of protein and energy. Selecting lines of upland rice adapted to different environments is critical to the success of breeding programs targeted to family farmers in the state of Goiás, The objective of this work was to evaluate S0:2 families drawn from CNA9 population of the upland rice breeding program in greenhouse and in the field, aiming to select families for recombination and obtainment of a new selecting cycle. 50 families from CNA9 population from recurrent selection were used, in four experiments, with N, P, and inoculant combinations, in a randomized bloc design arrangement with two replicates in greenhouse. Traits evaluated were: plant height, chlorophyll content, canopy dry matter, roots dry matter and volume. The field experiment was arranged in a 14 X 14 square lattice, with 194 families, two controls, and three replicates. Traits evaluated were: plant height, flowering and yield, besides the following diseases: leaf and neck blast, scald, brown spot, grain spot, and narrow leaf spot. Results obtained from greenhouse indicate that families studied performed similarly in the absence of the inoculant, but responded differently for plant height, dry matter, and root volume, regarding nitrogen and phosphorus combinations. Field data showed that the families drawn from CNA9 population showed superior performance when compared to controls and to the original population, especially regarding neck blast and yield. It was possible to select 48 families from the field to recombine in the next breeding cycle.
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