Doutorado em Ecologia e Evolução (ICB)

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Padrões geográficos e temporais na riqueza de espécies de quirópteros: mecanismos ecológico-evolutivos e incertezas
(Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2017-04-10) Alves, Davi Mello Cunha Crescente; Villalobos, Fabricio; http://lattes.cnpq.br/9691616509605593; Diniz-Filho, José Alexandre Felizola; http://lattes.cnpq.br/0706396442417351; Diniz Filho, José Alexandre Felizola; Ribeiro, Matheus de Souza Lima; Rangel, Thiago Fernando Lopes Valle de Britto; Teresa, Fabrício Barreto; Quental, Tiago Bosisio
não consta.
Efeito da estrutura da paisagem na diversidade genética neutra e adaptativa de Caryocar brasiliense Camb. (Caryocaraceae)
(Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2018-10-26) Amaral, Tatiana Souza do; Ribeiro, Milton Cezar; http://lattes.cnpq.br/4158685235743119; Collevatti, Rosane Garcia; http://lattes.cnpq.br/9979596352166630; Collevatti, Rosane Garcia; Soares, Thannya Nascimento; Marco Júnior, Paulo De; Lima, Natacia Evangelista de; Chaves, Lázaro José
Understanding how the human-caused impacts and environmental heterogeneity caused by these changes affect genetic variability is essential for the preservation and planning of animal and plant species management. The main objective of this work was to investigate the effects of landscape changes on diversity and on the adaptive and neutral genetic differentiation of Caryocar brasiliense Camb. (Caryocaraceae), an endemic species and tree symbol of Cerrrado. To do so, we selected five landscapes in regions near Goiânia, in the state of Goiás. Within each landscape, we selected two sample sites. To measure the structure of the landscape, we calculated metrics related to the amount of habitat, connectivity and heterogeneity in buffers of 2km, 4km and 6km that delimited the landscapes and in buffers of 500m around the sampling sites. In each site, we collect fruits of, on average, 10 mother-trees. The seeds of these fruits were measured (longitudinal diameter, transverse diameter and mass) and planted in a greenhouse. Afterwards, we performed character measurements of that were known to be important for the early stages of the plant, such as: percentage and germination time, initial and final heights, height growth rate, initial and final diameters, growth rate of diameter, number of leaves, leaf length and width, fresh and dry mass of root and shoot, root and shoot length. The experiment carried out in the greenhouse allowed us to access the quantitative genetic variability and the evolutionary potential of C. brasiliense in the sampled sites. Thus, in the first chapter, we evaluated the evolutionary potential of C. brasiliense in each sampled site and the effects of landscape structure on quantitative genetic variability. In the second chapter, we analyzed the effects of landscape structure on the diversity and genetic differentiation of adults and juveniles of C. brasiliense and verified if there is a time-lag of the effects of habitat change on the loss of genetic diversity in these landscapes. For this, in the same sites where we sampled the fruits, we collected leaves of adults and juveniles for DNA extraction. From the genotypes obtained using nine microsatellite loci, we access the neutral genetic diversity of C. brasiliense and relate it with the landscape metrics and the population effective size. From these analyzes, we found that functional connectivity was an important variable to explain the patterns observed in the quantitative genetic variability of most of the characters studied, such as those related to seeds, seedling diameter and leaf characters. The amount of habitat (%) was the variable that determined the patterns of genetic-quantitative differentiation for the growth rates of height and diameter, as well as being important to explain the neutral genetic diversity of juveniles. Intermediate levels of the amount of habitat had the highest values of allelic richness and heterozygosity expected for juveniles, while loss of genetic diversity, measured as the difference between adult and juvenile genetic diversity, was influenced by functional connectivity. The reduction of the genetic diversity detected mainly in juveniles evidences a time-lag effect, and corroborates with studies that affirm that species of long life, as C. brasiliense, require a long period of fragmentation so that the changes in heterozigosity are detected. In general, the movement of the pollinators and dispersers, and consequently the gene flow, is an important process in the maintenance of the evolutionary potential and genetic diversity of this species since functional connectivity was the most important variable influencing the neutral and adaptive genetic diversity of C. brasiliense. In this way, our results demonstrate that restoring or conserving habitat areas in key places that allow the connectivity of the landscape are essential for the conservation of this species.
Invasões biológicas: indo além dos modelos de distribuição na busca de predições realistas sob restrições energéticas
(Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2020-03-25) Andrade, André Felipe Alves de; De Marco Júnior, Paulo; http://lattes.cnpq.br/2767494720646648; De Marco Júnior, Paulo; Diniz Filho, José Alexandre Felizola; Silva, Alessandra Bertassoni da; Vieira, Marcus Vinícius; Paglia, Adriano Pereira
Biological invasions are one of the mains threats to biodiversity in the Anthropocene. The introduction of new exotic species might have serious consequences to native communities, being responsible for modifications to the established biotic relations up to the extinction of native species. Apart from serious ecological consequences, invasive species are also relevant form the economic point of view, as many species reach high populational levels which can lead to losses for several economic activities, such as agriculture and hydroelectric energy generation. Given the relevance of invasive species, an essential aspect to reduce the losses caused by biological invasions is to get ahead of the invasion process and prevent a potential invasive species from ever reaching a new region. In order to reach this goal, the different methods should be effective in anticipating possible invasions, by accurately defining target regions and also how the invasive species will interact with the native community. In this thesis we built and tested several models that seek to improve our capability to anticipate the results of an invasion process in its several stages. In the first chapter we explored the capability of ecological niche models (ENMs) in identifying suitable areas for the occurrence of a potential invasive species. ENMs are commonly used for establishing areas of interest, based on species’ suitability. However, as we demonstrate in this first chapter, mismatches between the realized and the fundamental niche may lead to patterns of consistent under-or overprediction of the areas considered as harbouring suitable climatic conditions for an invasive species. At the second chapter we explored how the interaction between the different life-history strategies of invasive species and the native community determine invasion success. We’ve built a realistic system in which individuals compete for energy and have priorities for allocating the obtained energy. The whole system is regulated by allometric relations and energetic budgets. We found that invaders that share a common life-history strategy with the native species were more successful in establishing in the system, being that the strategy with the higher gains was of living longer, accumulating reserves while reducing the reproductive output (less offspring with longer gestation periods). At the third chapter we explored how those life-history strategies behave under a realistic landscape, with a real land-use and fluctuations in the energy within the system. In this chapter we’ve improved the chapter developed at the chapter 2 and focused on answering questions related to the landscape configuration and invasive-native co-occurrence under different levels of landscape heterogeneity. We also evaluated our model under classical hypothesis related to the invasion process. We’ve evaluated invasion success over 18 years in a landscape undergoing a rapid agriculture expansion and found that invasion success was highest at the end of this period, when the landscape is with its highest agriculture coverage. Agriculture expansion, by itself, was responsible for the extinction of native species, besides increasing invasion success and the co-occurrence between invasive and native species. There was also a difference in successful life-history strategies, in a way that the spatial configuration plays a big role in determining invasion success.
Sobre a ecomorfologia de girinos: as implicações funcionais da variação nas estruturas orais
(Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2019-03-26) Annibale, Fabiane Santana; Rossa-Feres, Denise de Cerqueira; http://lattes.cnpq.br/6863776138321135; Nomura, Fausto; http://lattes.cnpq.br/9506582657045983; Nomura, Fausto; Bastos, Rogério Pereira; Maciel, Natan Medeiros; Prado, Cynthia Peralta de Almeida; Pezzuti, Tiago Leite
The role of morphology on animals’ ecology helps us understand the adaptive significance of variation in anatomical structures among species. However, for tadpoles the implications of variation in species morphology on resource use and partitioning among species are poorly understood. This thesis was elaborated in order to better understand tadpoles’ ecomorphology, and is divided into three chapters. The first chapter consists on a bibliographical review and a scientometric analysis on tadpoles’ ecomorphology. Through the data survey we described the tadpoles’ ecomorphological trajectory, quantified the scientific knowledge produced in this study area, and identified the main gaps that may guide future studies. We verified that ecomorphological studies on tadpoles have been increasing over time, with modifications in methodologies and new perspectives to understand the ecology and evolution of tadpoles. However, many of these studies are descriptive or investigate the phenotypic plasticity of larvae in response to predators. Thus, there are still many environmental factors to be explored, as well as the necessity of studying beyond inferences. As such, tadpoles’ ecomorphology will be able to help us understand the diversity of anuran larvae (i.e., ecology and evolution) and with conservation of these animals. Aiming to fill some of these gaps in knowledge, the second and third chapters correspond to researches on how variation in external oral morphology influences tadpoles’ ability to feed on substrates with different properties. In the second chapter we tested the performance of tadpoles feeding on substrates at different orientations. We found that species with similar oral morphology also have similar performances when feeding on substrates positioned at different orientations. Only species that occur at different depths in the environment varied in performance at a specific orientation (i.e. vertical). Among tadpoles that occur in the same place, but vary in terms of external oral morphology, whereas some species have high performances feeding on substrates regardless their orientation, other species are more efficient feeding at specific orientations of substrates. We concluded that these differences in performance may determine how tadpoles select and/or share resources in the environment. In the third chapter, we studied with more details the influence of variation in external oral morphology, testing the species performance when feeding on substrates with different textures. Differences in the number of labial tooth rows and in the marginal papillae configuration affected tadpoles’ grazing performance on substrates with different textures, indicating specializations of feeding behavior. In addition, we verified that tadpoles with the most common oral morphology among anuran larvae had the best performances in comparison to all the other species. This result may help explain the adaptive significance of morphological variation among anuran larvae.
O papel dos impactos antrópicos nos processos locais e padrões globais de extinção em cetáceos
(Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2015-03-20) Araújo, Claryana Costa; Brito, Daniel; http://lattes.cnpq.br/5139765780779893
The population of humpback dolphins Sousa chinensis that resides in the eastern Taiwan Strait (ETS) is geographically and genetically isolated from populations inhabiting the coastal waters of mainland China and appears to be facing unsustainable levels of human threats. Using VORTEX 9.99b, we modeled the viability of this Critically Endangered population under the present conditions as well as under realistic additional threat scenarios. We examined 6 different levels of bycatch mortality, 3 scenarios of habitat loss/degradation, and scenarios in which these threats were experienced together. Under the baseline (present) scenario, the population exhibited a decreasing growth rate and was predicted to be smaller than the initial population size in more than 76% of all model runs. In all scenarios with additional threats, the proportion of model runs in which population size was smaller than the initial size varied from 77.1 to 92.6%. Over the short term, fisheries-related mortality appears to have a more obvious impact on the population’s trajectory than habitat loss/degradation. Even minimal increases in mortality from the current baseline levels will increase the probability of extinction of this population. Due to the fragile situation of ETS humpback dolphins, mitigation actions to reduce the current threats to this population are needed immediately.
Padrões globais na estrutura e fragilidade de redes planta-herbívoro
(Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2015-03-20) Araujo, Walter Santos de; Almeida Neto, Mario; http://lattes.cnpq.br/1000297113793647
The intensification of land use due to human activities in natural environments has led to various consequences to biodiversity, ranging from local extinction of native species and colonization of by exotic and invasive ones to the complete conversion of ecosystems in to anthropic landscapes. Among the different biodiversity components that can be influenced by human habitat modification are the ecological interactions between insect herbivores and their host plants, which together represent 75% of the known diversity of terrestrial species. In this context, the objective of my thesis was to investigate global patterns in the structure and fragility of plant-herbivore networks. Specifically, I sought to answer as the intensification of land use and the dominance of exotic host plant species influence the structure and fragility of interaction networks of insect herbivores and host plants, and also I investigate whether there latitudinal gradient in the structuration of these interactions. I compiled 90 local plant-herbivore networks distributed worldwide, spanning different taxonomic groups of plants and insects and several feed guilds of herbivores. The main results of my analyses show that land use intensification and the dominance of exotic host plant species influence different aspects of plant-herbivore networks, such as species richness and taxonomic distinctness (a proxy to phylogenetic diversity) of herbivore species and the structure and fragility of interactions. Another recurrent result was that, when networks composed exclusively of endophagous herbivores were analyzed separately from those composed exclusively by exophages, only the networks of endophages had consistent effects of the land use intensity and proportion of exotic host plant species. Altogether, land use intensification surprisingly increases network specialization by decreasing connectance and nestedness, and increases modularity; while the increase in the proportion of exotic hosts had opposite effects. Possibly these changes in the network structure are due to loss proportionally higher of species with many interactions (i.e., generalists) in relation to species with few interactions (i.e., specialists). As a consequence of these changes in the network connectivity, land use intensification decreases the robustness of plant-herbivore networks, while the proportion of exotic host plant species increases. Therefore, networks located in habitats with higher land use intensity tend to be less robust that networks in more pristine habitats, which is a very intriguing result that goes in the opposite direction of most of the literature on ecological networks. Controling the antropic effects that can act on the networks, my results show that plant–herbivore networks are structured independently of latitude, suggesting that the factors that influence the interactions between host plants and insect herbivores are latitudinally invariant. The results and patterns found emphasize the important contribution of this thesis to the understanding of plant-herbivore networks in the context of human disturbances in natural habitats.
Padrões filogenéticos dos vertebrados terrestres: implicações para conservação
(Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2017-05-29) Batista, Mariana Cristina Gomes; Rangel, Thiago Fernando Lopes Valle de Britto; http://lattes.cnpq.br/1613666671361533; Rangel, Thiago Fernando Lopes Valle de Britto; Maciel, Natan Medeiros; Melo, Adriano Sanches; Tessarolo, Geiziane; Silva, Priscila Lemes de Azevedo e
The accelerated rate of species loss has emerged an increasing number of studies to design effective conservation strategies, considering the limited resources available for biodiversity conservation. In this context, it has been identified conservation priorities, patterns in species vulnerability has been investigated and estimates of biodiversity loss has been performed in attempt to measure the magnitude of the current extinction crisis. Amount of evolutionary history (EH) hold by organisms has been indicated as a suitable measure to estimate the potential damage by possible extinctions, since it incorporates diversity among species. The different applications of EH in conservation studies are briefly reviewed in Chapter 1, showing potential limitations of some approaches. Observations made in chapter 1 detail some benefits of EH loss estimates through sequential extinctions, which simultaneously allow an evaluation of the efficiency of different conservation strategies as well as an identification of priorities. However, rates of EH loss are usually limited to specific taxonomic groups or geographic regions, and are estimated through different methodological procedure and thus limit the power of comparison between results. Circumventing these limitations, Chapter 2 presents estimates of EH loss for terrestrial vertebrates on global and regional scales (cells 1 ° longitude by 1 ° latitude) through sequential extinctions, indicating sites where extinction of threatened species would be greater than expected at random. Although rates of EH loss are equivalent between groups when analyzed globally, we observed incongruent results among the distinct taxonomic groups when investigated regionally. However, the existence of distinct EH metrics has created doubt on the robustness of estimates of EH loss. One concern is the possibility that different EH metrics applied to the same group of species could artificially lead to different conservation strategies. In chapter 3 it was observed that there is quantitative difference in the rate of EH loss between distinct metrics, however the result was not qualitatively different, that is, within our methodological procedure the magnitude of EH loss is equivalent independent of the metric used.
Conservação filogenética de interações em redes antagonistas bipartidas
(Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2017-05-26) Bergamini, Leonardo Lima; Almeida-Neto, Mário; http://lattes.cnpq.br/1000297113793647; Melo, Adriano Sanches; Cianciaruso, Marcus Vinícius; Andreazzi, Cecília; Carvalheiro, Luísa Gigante; Almeida-Neto, Mário
This thesis comprises three chapters presented in the form of scientific articles, and approaches phylogenetic conservatism of ecological interactions under different aspects. Citations and bibliographic references are formatted in accordance with the norms from the journal Oikos, where a version of the first chapter was published. Supplementary materials cited in the text can be found in the anexes at the end of the thesis. I begin with the text from my qualification exam, that gives a brief overview about community phylogenetics. By presenting this more general literature, this introduction gives a point of view that complements the specific discussions of each chapter. In the first chapter, my coauthors and I explore the correlation between phylogenetic similarity and the similarity between counterpart sets of plants and herbivores in a regional Asteraceae-flowerhead endophages. By using different measures of counterpart similarity and different subsets defined by herbivore lineages I tried to detect how the evolutionary history of plants and herbivores is reflected in their interactions, both at the specific level as at the modular structure of the network. We show that, beyond the compositional similarity previously reported, closely related species also share a greater proportion of the phylogenetic history of their partners, both for resources and consumers. The comparison between patterns found in the entire network with those found in the subsets provides evidence that resource sharing happens mainly at deeper phylogenetic levels, so that phylogenetic sinal is detectable even among closely related consumers. Asymmetry in signal strength between trophic levels is more evident in the way how network modules reflect host plant phylogeny, both in the entire network and the sub-networks. Taken together, these results show that evolutionary processes, such as phylogenetic conservatism and independent colonization history may be the main forces behind phylogenetic structure observed in this particular plant-herbivore system. In the second chapter, I test with more detail the relative contributions of different ecological processes and the evolutionary history in the formation of the Asteraceae-Tephritidae interaction network. By uniting a previously used approach with a coevolutionary analysis method and some new methods proposed in this work I have shown the striking effect of phylogeny in this system and discuss how the patterns in this antagonistic network differ from other systems. In the third chapter I used a data set compiled from the cophylogeny literature to test the generality of the phylogenetic conservatism observed in other systems. I used a meta-analytical approach to estimate overall effect sizes for the correlations between phylogeny and interactions, as well as the asymmetry in signal strength. I have found a general pattern of phylogenetic conservatism in interaction patterns for both trophic levels along with considerable between-study heterogeneity. On the other hand, the asymmetry in signal strength was consistently small and non-significant in each individual study, with a positive albeit small overall effect size. My results provide compelling evidence that phylogenetic consevatism of ecological interactions is common in nature, togheter with a quantitave picture of its heterogeneity and of the asymmetry between trophic levels. Taken togheter, the results from the three chapters highlight the important role of specialization in structuring antagonistic interactions and the striking presence of phylogenetic constraints in the establishment of this interactions. I hope that the contributions presented here, the questions they raise, and the new approaches I have used help to improve our understanding of the processes that mediate the formation of ecological networks.
A influência das características da matriz em paisagens fragmentadas sobre a comunidade de aves no cerrado
(Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2017-03-02) Bernardo, Paulo Vitor dos Santos; Oliveira, Arthur Ângelo Bispo de; http://lattes.cnpq.br/1100433822757573; Bastos, Rogério Pereira; http://lattes.cnpq.br/6015137404238990; Nomura, Fausto; Nabout, João Carlos; Tesesa, Fabrício; Pérsio, Marcos; Bastos, Rogério Pereira
(Sem resumo em outra língua)
Teoria e métodos ecológicos e evolutivos aplicados a dados humanos: de diversidade biocultural à propagação de doenças
(Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2022-04-25) Borges, Christielly Mendonça; Rangel, Thiago Fernando Lopes Valle de Britto; http://lattes.cnpq.br/1613666671361533; Rangel, Thiago Fernando Lopes Valle de Britto; Diniz Filho, José Alexandre Felizola; Coelho, Marco Túlio Pacheco; Chacon, Thiago Costa; Silva, Bruno Vilela de Moraes e
Traditionally, Homo sapiens have been an exclusive subject of study of the humanities. The resistance of natural scientists to study humans from an eco-evolutionary point of view is easily explained by the unfolding of the 20th century eugenics movement. Starting from the scientific advances on the low genetic variability between human populations and the spatial patterns of language diversity, the idea of a non-biological human diversity emerged, where humans form numerous cultural groups with complex global spatial and demographic patterns. In this thesis, we apply eco-evolutionary theories and methods to human data, focusing on different aspects of linguistic diversity, following a macroecological approach and also analyzing the propagation dynamics of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). In Chapter 1, we reviewed how the evolution of languages and species goes far beyond mere analogies and has accumulated a growing literature that supports these parallels at both micro and macroevolutionary scales. In Chapter 2 we created a dialect quiz to collect linguistic data from Brazilian Portuguese (BP), and thus complement existing data, fill in gaps and later demarcate the different BP dialects, reconstruct the immigration history in Brazil, and research the evolution of BP. In Chapter 3 we investigate the mechanisms responsible for linguistic diversity in the Neotropical region (Mexico, Central and South America). We created a spatially explicit mechanistic model that incorporates altitude, water resources, precipitation and population group size as mechanisms capable of predicting the pre-Columbian linguistic diversity observed on the continent. In Chapter 4, we used a SIR (Susceptible, Infected, Removed) epidemiological model to assess the effectiveness of public policies of the state of Goiás in containing the spread of COVID-19 in its initial stage, between March and May 2020. In all chapters we successfully apply ecological theories and methods to data originated from humans, whether it's the language they speak or the virus that infects them. Therefore, we demonstrate how the methods and theories developed in biological disciplines can be applied to advance knowledge in the humanities, especially in linguistics and public administration. In this sense, we demonstrate the importance and effectiveness of multidisciplinary studies, especially for an object of study as complex as Homo sapiens.
Prioridades para a conservação de aves no cerrado diante das mudanças globais
(Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2020-03-30) Borges, Fábio Júlio Alves; Loyola, Rafael Dias; http://lattes.cnpq.br/7649189080736923; Loyola, Rafael Dias; De Marco Júnior, Paulo; Terribile, Levi Carina; Cavalcanti, Roberto Brandão; Brum, Fernanda Thiesen
Climate and land use changes are affecting natural ecosystems, reducing and fragmenting the habitat available to species, increasing population isolation and, consequently, decreasing gene flow, changing species distribution, altering their life cycles, causing population declines and species extinction. They are pointed out with the most important direct pressures on terrestrial biodiversity and their impacts tend to increase in the coming decades. In this context, a study for conservation planning that presents the response mechanisms of the species, indicates the species that will be most vulnerable, identifies the most important areas for the conservation of the species and discuss how the different components of diversity will be affected by these changes becomes necessary and important. The Cerrado is a biodiversity hotspot, being considered the most vulnerable savanna in the world. Virtually 50% of its native vegetation cover has been lost and only 7.5% of the Cerrado is covered by protected areas. In addition, a temperature increase of 5 to 5.5ºC and a reduction in precipitation of 35 to 45% for the Cerrado are projected by the end of this century, which puts all of its biodiversity at risk. This thesis assesses the possible impacts of climate and land use changes for birds in the Cerrado and presents conservation proposals in the face of such impacts. Chapter 1 provides a literature review that seeks to find possible mechanisms for species response to climate change through their biological and ecological traits. Chapter 2 makes an assessment of species vulnerability to climate and land use changes, considering sensitivity, adaptive capacity and exposure of the species evaluated. Still, a mapping of these components is presented and how much of the distribution of each most vulnerable species is within the protected areas. Chapter 3 identifies areas where climatic conditions would change little and maintain native vegetation, which could act as refugia for species. Estimates the proportion of species distribution that will occur within the areas of refugia. It presents and discusses the most appropriate conservation strategies to protect species in areas with different combinations of climate and land use. Chapter 4 shows how the functional and phylogenetic structure of bird communities is related to species richness and how these components are spatially distributed in the Cerrado. In addition, it assesses how climate and land use changes will affect functional and phylogenetic structures, maps important areas to protect taxonomic, phylogenetic and functional components and assesses the spatial congruence between these areas.
Padrões espaciais de abundância e diversidade genética em paisagens dinâmicas
(Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2016-02-26) Braga, Rosana Talita; Rangel, Thiago Fernando Lopes Valle de Britto; http://buscatextual.cnpq.br/buscatextual/visualizacv.do?id=K4771597T0; Diniz- Filho, José ALexandre Felizola; Terribile, Levi Carina; Telles, Mariana Pires de Campos; Dambros, Cristian
Spatial patterns of population abundance: a review of predictions and theoretical models in ecology and biogeography: The search for mechanisms influencing population demographic patterns has continuously increased. The early models described how closed populations performed, considering only local demographic attributes. However, the spatial configuration and dispersal rates in demographic patterns become determinant factors for understanding patterns of distribution and abundance. As a result, spatially explicit models have been improved to be analytically tractable by using computer simulations. Because species are not infinitely disperse, here I investigated the theoretical predictions to understand what determine range boundaries and distribution patterns, as well as abundance patterns over species ranges. I conclude that empirical studies are crucial to a more accurate understanding of population dynamics along space and time to validate the theoretical predictions made about the geographic distribution of species.
Estrutura funcional das assembleias de peixes: padrões de diversidade processos ecológicos e conservação em ecossistemas aquáticos tropicais
(Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2014-03-25) Carvalho, Rodrigo Assis de; Tejerina-Garro, Francisco Leonardo; http://lattes.cnpq.br/6719234350740061; Tejerina- Garro, Francisco Leonardo; Marco, Paulo de; Sanches, Adriano
Species richness became a classical descriptor of biological communities, however, this concept does not encompass functional differences among species which may be linked to the functioning and the maintenance of ecosystem processes. For example, species with similar ecological traits should play similar ecological functions while species with distinct traits should play different functions. Understanding functional patterns of communities and how ecological processes act on their structuring is a challenge to ecologists, mainly in environments poorly known as tropical freshwater systems. In this context, the main goals of this thesis are to: i) test if the functional structure of headwater fish assemblages are influenced by drainage area and/or environmental components of basins; ii) comprehend the functional structure of river and headwater stream fish assemblages and evaluate the role of environment and spatial components on this structure; iii) test if functional diversity and species diversity patterns, besides spatial priorities for their conservation, are spatially congruent. The first objective was evaluated with a set of 25 headwater streams distributed in the Araguaia (13) and Tocantins (12) River basins. We tested for (dis)similarities among Araguaia and Tocantins fish assemblages with an analysis of similarities (ANOSIM), and we evaluated the role of space and environment on fish assemblages functional structure with RLQ and Fourthcorner analyses. We found a functional dissimilarity between fish assemblages of Araguaia and Tocantins (R = 0.09, p = 0.03) and RLQ was significant for trait/environment relationships (p = 0.005), although spatially structured environment also seems to be relevant. Altitude, channel depth, water temperature, turbidity and conductivity are environmental variables that influenced: body mass, water column position, substrate preference, parental care, foraging location and migratory habits. In this ways, fish assemblages' functional structure of Araguaia and Tocantins River basins are delimited is influenced by both space and local conditions of the environment. For evaluating the second objective, we calculate the net relatedness index (NRI) of 22 rivers and 27 headwater stream of Tocantins-Araguaia basin and related them with environmental variables of each watercourse. We used a variation partitioning for understanding how much of NRI variation could be explained by environment and/or space. The spatial pattern of NRI indicated that fish assemblages from headwater streams tend to be functionally clustered and from rivers overdispersed, and their separation is associated with four environmental variables: depth, width, water velocity and dissolved oxygen. However, variation partitioning indicated a lower influence of the environment on NRI variation when compared with the spatial components. Therefore, the functional structure of rivers and headwater streams is associated with neutral processes such as the dispersal limits of each species through the space. We evaluated the third objective using 21 units formed by the combination of one river and one headwater stream. Utilizing null models, we verified if units with higher species richness also have higher functional diversity. We created conservation scenarios for species richness and functional diversity with an algorithm of complementarity. No unit had higher functional diversity than expected by it species richness, which might indicate the possibility of developing a single conservation strategy for them. However, the congruence between conservation scenarios for species richness and functional diversity seems to be the result of the algorithm used that selects areas harboring species with restricted spatial occurrence, independently of other criteria used.
Processos ecológicos e evolutivos no surgimento e manutenção da diversidade biocultural
(Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2020-02-20) Coelho, Marco Túlio Pacheco; Rangel, Thiago Fernando Lopes Valle de Britto; http://lattes.cnpq.br/1613666671361533; Rangel, Thiago Fernando Lopes Valle de Britto; Bini, Luis Maurício; Ribeiro, Matheus de Souza Lima; Colwell, Robert Knight; Jardim, Lucas Lacerda Caldas Zanini
current challenge in ecology and evolution is to understand the direct and indirect effects of ecological and evolutionary processes on the spatial structure of biodiversity. To overcome this challenge, ecologists and evolutionary biologists use two types of models: models that describe nature (i.e. correlative models) and models that explain nature (i.e. mechanistic models). Three knowledge gaps, involving the use of correlative and mechanistic models to investigate spatial patterns of biodiversity, are explored in my thesis: (i) heuristic criteria (i.e., a method lacking rational justification or theoretical basis, but accepted as good enough for a given purpose), inherited from the beginning of science, are used to judge the credibility of correlative and mechanistic models that are widely used to understand complex patterns of biodiversity. However, critical discussions about the validity of these criteria are rare in ecology and evolution; (ii) few mechanistic models assume the interaction of ecological and evolutionary processes at individuals’ level in broad spatial and temporal scales, when studying spatial patterns of species diversity; (iii) few studies explore the effect of ecological and evolutionary factors, using the methodological advances on the use of correlative and mechanistic models, to better understand human diversity patterns. All the three points presented earlier are explored in my thesis that is divided into three parts and six chapters. In the first chapter, I discussed the philosophical and statistical bases used to justify the use of simplicity when judging the credibility of theories, hypothesis and models in ecology and evolutionary biology. I showed that invoking the parsimony principle in ecology and evolution is particularly important in models that are used as operational tools to make predictions. In the second and third chapter, I built a mechanistic simulation model that assumes the absence of ecological niche but assumes the effect of energy on processes structuring biodiversity, such as speciation, extinction and dispersion. This model reproduced the richness pattern of terrestrial mammals in Australia (chapter 2) and latitudinal patterns of bird richness in different continents (chapter 3). By also using a mechanistic model, in the fourth chapter I tested the effect of biogeographical processes on climatic niche diversification though a model that purposely disregards the effect of any adaptive process on climactic niche evolution. This study showed the strong role of biogeographical processes on climatic niche evolution, even when no adaptative force is acting on climatic niche diversification. Finally, in the last two chapters, I explored aspects of human diversity drawing the attention of ecologists and evolutionary biologists to aspects of biodiversity that are seldom explored in ecology. In the fifth chapter, I revised aspects of human diversity that are similar to several patterns described in biogeography and macroecology, showing that ecologists and evolutionary biologists can contribute to long-standing debates in many fields of science, using their theoretical and methodological tools to study patterns of human diversity. Lastly, in the sixth chapter I used a combination of path analysis, mechanistic model and geographically weighted regression (GWR) to investigate the broadly described pattern of language diversity in North America. This study showed that the ecological predictors of language diversity are not perfectly universal nor entirely direct and that the predictive power of the model vary through space with regions where almost 86% of the variation in language diversity is explained, to regions where around 40% of variation is explained.
Características de história de vida de árvores do Cerrado direcionando o futuro e a adaptação aos impactos das mudanças climáticas
(Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2013-06-28) Côrtes, Lara Gomes; Cianciaruso, Marcus Vinicius; De Marco Júnior, Paulo; http://lattes.cnpq.br/2767494720646648
The speed of climate change nowadays brings unprecedented challenges to biodiversity conservation. As environmental conditions are important factors in determining the geographical distribution of species, the latter should change their distribution with changes in climate, rearranging communities with gains and losses of species. Aiming to identify vulnerabilities and propose proactive conservation to increase the adaptation of species to climate change we did an approach with species distribution models, an essential tool to predict the species potential distribution in different climatic scenarios. An important understanding in this changing scenario is the knowledge of what life history traits may make species more susceptible to changes in climate and then, may be possible, if such characteristics are related to specific environmental conditions, defining the ecological niche breadth of species as well as their geographic distribution. We sought to identify whether simple life history traits of trees occurring in the Cerrado could be related to the size of the niche and distribution area, and if the species with characteristics associated with a small area distribution and restrict niche breadth would be more predisposed to extinction due to climate change. It was found that the evergreen generalist species have lower potential distributions, evergreen species from broad sense cerrado have smaller latitudinal ranges and height proved to be related to the geographic distribution of broad sense cerrado species. Still trying to identify potential impacts on biodiversity and ecosystem function, assuming the environmental conditions as selective filter of species with life history traits that guarantee a higher performance in a new climate, it was tested if climate change reduces the functional diversity of communities in sub-basins of the Cerrado. There was a large reduction in richness, but an increase in functional diversity, since most communities lost species functionally redundant, but which can act as an insurance against loss of ecosystem functions. Thus, the future communities will be more vulnerable to other disturbances, such as habitat loss and fragmentation. In this context, proactive a that can increase the connectivity of ecosystems will be essential for the biodiversity conservation to climate change. Thus, we propose a systematic planning of restoration to complement the establishment of protected areas and, simultaneously, selected areas of lower socioeconomic conflict and climate stability. The restoration should be understood as an important proactive conservation action in a changing world that is full of increasingly fragmented ecosystems as the Brazilian Cerrado.
Avifauna em áreas de mineração: diversidade e conservação em Niquelândia e Barro Alto GO
(Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2011-03-25) CURCINO, Alexandre; KLEIN, Vera Lúcia Gomes; http://lattes.cnpq.br/6477452328378345
In the fixed point methodology, the observer remains for a predetermined time, recording all birds registered by observation or hearing. Widely used in temperate regions, the methodology has been used in Brazil, where it has suffered adaptations through the years. Whereas the current studies show different sampling times of methodology (10, 15 and 20 min), the aim of this survey was to compare the birds richness estimated for the sampling times of 10 and 20 minutes, in cerrado, gallery forest and vereda, in the regions of Niquelândia and Barro Alto - Goias and verify the effectiveness of bird detections per hour of study for different sampling situations and travel times between fixed points. The survey in Niquelândia occurred in 2007 and 2008. Barro Alto, in the years 2008 and 2009. At each location were established 20 point counts, and sampled five points between 6h00min and 8h40min. The points were drawn for 10 min and 20 min sampling . The results suggest that the researcher who remains 10 min at each point obtain the same statistical results that the researcher who remains 20 min at each point. The species detection efficiency is related to the balance in the choice of sampling time and displacement in order to increase the chances of finding rare species, and at the same time, maximize the number of detections.
Tráfico de animais silvestres: da captura ao retorno à natureza
(Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2018-12-03) Destro, Guilherme Fernando Gomes; De Marco Júnior, Paulo; Terribile, Levi Carina; http://lattes.cnpq.br/0833667862532867; Terribile, Levi Carina; Nabout, João Carlos; Morais, Alessandro Ribeiro de; Silva, Daniel de Paiva; Resende, Fernando de Moura
Animal trafficking, one of the most lucrative illegal activities worldwide, generates serious social and environmental consequences, including economic losses, introduction of exotic species, disease transmission and changes in ecological processes. Apart from legality issues, thousands of animals are apprehended each year, leading to high technical and operational costs from governmental authorities for the proper destination of these specimens. Herein, the animal trafficking thematic was discussed under a broad and updated view, seeking to elucidate issues originated from the dissociation of scientific knowledge from the resolution of environmental problems, also known as research–implementation gap. Thus, in the first chapter, the main drivers related to wild animals capture for trafficking were enumerated, prioritizing the factors most relevant concerning illegal bird capture in Brazil. In this chapter, after a broad scale analysis, instead of socioeconomic factors, native vegetation coverage and proximity to protected areas were pointed out as the main factors regarding illegal capture. In the second chapter, the role of legal or illegal wildlife trade on the introduction of exotic species and changes in biogeographic patterns of overexploited species were assessed. In this chapter, the Amazon was pointed out as one of the most vulnerable regions for the invasion of bird species used as pets in Brazil. In chapter 3, the main drivers related to failures in the bird population restoration efforts were compiled, be they reintroduction or reinforcement efforts. According to the results, actions aiming at returning birds to the wild will be more successful when factors like predation, post-release dispersion movements and diseases are controlled or eliminated. Lastly, in the fourth chapter, assessments were carried out on whether source- municipalities are the most suitable areas for seized animal population restoration efforts considering the irremediable impacts of climate change. Thus, ecological niche modeling and the use of protected areas as a control group allowed for the observation that areas unrelated to the capture of trafficked specimens in Brazil may be more suitable long-term population maintenance. In summary, through these four chapters, we hope to bring advances not only to the academic field, by promoting an innovative approach to relevant ecological issues, but also reinforce the importance of joining theory and practice by providing direct subsidies to managers and decision-makers involved in the protection and conservation of overexploited wildlife by trafficking, worldwide.
Avaliação de estratégias espaciais para otimizar a conservação de redes de habitat
(Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2019-03-29) Diniz, Milena Fiuza; Oliveira, Arthur Ângelo Bispo de; http://lattes.cnpq.br/1100433822757573; Marco Júnior, Paulo de; http://lattes.cnpq.br/2767494720646648; Marco Júnior, Paulo de; Rangel, Thiago Fernando Lopes Valle de Britto; Diniz Filho, José Alexandre Felizola; Ribeiro, Milton Cezar; Silva, Daniel De Paiva
Habitat loss and fragmentation have become ubiquitous factors throughout natural landscapes around the world, and are among the major threats to biodiversity. In regions intensely modified by human activity, management of isolated areas may be insufficient to achieve conservation objectives. Therefore, a more efficient solution can be achieved by designing habitat networks, where protected areas and the connections among them act cooperatively and synergistically to ensure the species' regional persistence. Designing a habitat network requires a series of methodological steps, all of which can be developed through different approaches. The main objective of this thesis was to fill important gaps related to the selection of surrogate species and methodological strategies to optimize the projection of habitat networks. In Chapter 1, we reviewed the structure and applications of the major connectivity models, highlighting their assumptions and limitations in representing animal dispersal. We noted that the models have their own foundations and frameworks, and therefore we are assuming important differences on the dispersal ecology of species when choosing a particular approach. In Chapter 2, we evaluated the spatial congruence between habitat networks derived from the combination of different connectivity models and prioritization algorithms. We showed that the choice of methodological strategies for the projection of habitat networks can be decisive for the target species representation. Therefore, we suggested that the analytical tools should be selected according to the conservation objectives, rather than arbitrarily by assuming equivalence between the different methods. In Chapter 3, we investigated whether the potential of species as umbrellas for connectivity conservation can be influenced by the landscape composition and configuration. We showed that the ability of species to represent important areas for connectivity of others is a property determined by the species characteristics, as well as by the spatial pattern of habitat in the landscapes. In Chapter 4, we constructed networks of habitat quality and connectivity using different surrogate strategies based on one and multiple species and evaluated the efficiency of these structures in representing the target species' spatial requirements. We found that determining conservation priorities from the demands of a single umbrella species can have a very variable efficiency in covering the needs of co-occurring species. We also showed that selecting a small set of surrogates based on the species pool diversity may be the best strategy to provide efficient conservation solutions. We hope that the results of this thesis can be used to guide the future selection of surrogate species as well as the decisions related to the most appropriate methodological strategies for designing habitat networks capable of ensuring multispecies conservation.
Influência do fogo na alometria e assimetria de espécies vegetais do cerrado sensu stricto
(Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2011-04-28) Diniz, Vania Sardinha dos Santos; Franceschinelli, Edivani Villaron; http://lattes.cnpq.br/8863732932277904
Sem resumo em outra língua
Biogeografia da conservação frente à expansão agrícola: conflitos e prioridades
(Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2012-04-10) DOBROVOLSKI, Ricardo; LOYOLA, Rafael Dias; http://lattes.cnpq.br/7649189080736923; DINIZ FILHO, José Alexandre Felizola; http://lattes.cnpq.br/0706396442417351
Agriculture is the human activity with the greatest impact on the environment. Specifically, it represents the greatest threat to biodiversity. In the future, this activity should expand due to population growth, increased consumption and production of biofuels from food. To understand the possible impacts of this expansion on biodiversity, we used scenarios of land use change between 1970 and 2100 from IMAGE (Integrated Model to Access Global Environment) to test the following hypotheses: (i) areas considered as global priorities for conservation by international NGOs will be preferentially impacted by agricultural expansion in the XXI century, (ii) there is a conflict between the priority areas for carnivores conservation and agricultural expansion, and this conflict can be reduced by incorporating information on agricultural expansion in the prioritization process, (iii) the integration among countries for conservation planning may benefit both biodiversity and agricultural productivity, (iv) Brazilian protected areas will be impacted by agricultural expansion in the future and this impact will differ between protected areas of integral protection and those of sustainable use. We found that: (i) the impact on priority areas for conservation depends on the criteria by which they were set, so that areas defined by its high vulnerability are currently most affected than those of low vulnerability. Throughout the XXI century this impact is expected to increase, although the difference between the two types of priorities remains, except for High Biodiversity Wilderness Areas, defined by their low vulnerability in current time, but for which most pessimistic scenarios forecast an impact similar to priority areas of high vulnerability, (ii) there is a high spatial congruence between areas with high agricultural use in the future and priority areas for conservation of carnivores. This conflict can be reduced if the prioritization process include information on agricultural expansion; this incorporation, however, causes a profound change in the distribution of priority areas and reduces the number of protected carnivore populations, (iii) the integration of countries to create a set of priority areas for conservation that represents 17% of the land surface can protect 19% more mammal populations without reducing food production, compared to a strategy in which each country seeks to protect its territory independently, and (iv) the impact of agriculture in Brazil is expected to increase until the end of the century, threatening even the protected areas and their surroundings. This impact, however, should not be different between areas of sustainable use and those of integral protection. We conclude that agricultural expansion should remain a major threat to biodiversity in the future, even in areas of special interest for conservation. Conservation actions should be planned taking into account this threat in order to reduce their potential impacts. For this, countries like Brazil should strengthen its surveillance on agricultural expansion and on how this activity is developed. Furthermore, the integration of international conservation efforts should be pursued, given its benefits for biodiversity and food production. Finally, humanity must choose methods of agricultural production that reduce its impacts, including avoiding its future expansion, so as to meet the increasing needs of a human population globally.

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