Doutorado em Agronomia (EA)

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Sistema integrado de diagnose e recomendação (DRIS) para a cultura da soja (Glycine max L. Merril) na região de Rio Verde-GO
(Universidade Federal de Goiás, 1998-08-28) Leandro, Wilson Mozena; Veloso, Ronaldo; Almeida Neto, José Xavier de
In order to diagnose the most limiting nutrients for soybean crop, in Rio Verde region, GO, farms were divided in distinct and homogeneous plots. Soil and leaf sampling were performed at the 50% soybean flowering stage. The third leaf from the top of 30 plants were sampled per plot. Yield was estimated from plants in 1m rows in 10 points per plot. Soil and tissue analysis were interpreted by critical levels and DRIS methods. The diagnosis precision was tested by different DRIS indices (expressions, ratios) calculation procedures. Plant nutrient condition diagnosis methods showed different interpretations. The original Beaufils method was the most precise. As related to DRIS use for soils, the resin-extracted P method was more precise than the Mehlich I extractor. Phosphorus was the most limiting nutrient for soybean crop. Potassium applied in excess caused exchangeable bases unbalance and induced a magnesium defficiency. The DRIS method showed higher sensitivity to diagnose nutrition problems, especially for micronutrients.
Espécies frutíferas nativas dos cerrados de Goiás: caracterização e influências do clima e dos solos
(Universidade Federal de Goiás, 1999-02-26) Naves, Ronaldo Veloso; Almeida Neto, José Xavier de; Almeida Neto, José Xavier de; Carvalho, Janice Guedes de; Rodrigues, João Domingos; Chaves , Lázaro José; Gonçalves , Vicente Antônio
Native fruit species represent an important role in the Brazilian State of Goiás. Due to the limited scientific knowledge on these species, the current work aimed the characterization of plants, soil and climate, with their inter-relationships for five Goiás-native fruit trees present in the cerrado (a type of Brazilian savanna) with potential for economic exploration. Studied fruit trees were: araticum (Annona crassíflora Mart.), caju-arbóreo-do-cerrado (Anacardium othonianum Rizz.), cagaita (Eugenia dysenterica D.C.), mangaba (Hancomia speciosa Gomez) and pequi (Caryocar brasiliense Camb.). Thirty seven Goiás cities were covered in about 200000 km2 , between 14° 31' 5.48" and 18° 44' 51.64" South Latitude and 47° 46' 13.95" and 52° 39' 53.42" West Longitude. Fifty sampling areas with 1 ha each were divided in four 0.25 ha quarters. At least one selected fruit tree was present in the chosen cerrado area, with the lowest possible human action. Area, plant and soil till 80 cm deep features were statistically analyzed and the results showed that E. dysenterica trees are distributed in a more gathered pattem, whereas A. crassfflora and mainly C. brasiliense trees are amply dispersed among Goiás cerrado. The studied species are generally short in size, present small basal area and show canopy shape varying from global on A. othonianum and C. brasiliense and columnar on E. dysenterica and A. crassiflora trees. Strong light competition is very frequent among these species. Greater densities are present in higher altitude areas with lower average annual temperatures. A. crassiflora and E. dysenterica trees are xxii more frequent in soil "Latossolo Vermelho Amarelo", while C. brasiliense and A. othonianum present higher densities on soil "Litossolo". Studied species show survival strategies that give them establishment and development ability on extremely soil-nutrient poor environments, with high toxic aluminum levels. Even in those conditions, leaf levels of nutrients are adequate. A. crassiflora and C. brasiliense trees tend to occur in soils with lower levels of potassium, calcium, magnesium and zinc when compared with soils where these species do not occur. E. dysenterica trees tend to occur in soils with potassium, calcium, magnesium, manganese and clay in higher levels than areas where the species is not present. A. othonianum and C. brasiliense densities increases with highest acidity and ~ basal area oi this frui! trees increases with lowest aluminum saturation. E.\~ dysenterica tree densities decrease with the increase of foliar leveis of potassium, while A. crassiflora tree densities decreases with foliar calcium increase. A. othonianum height is increased with the increment of foliar leveis of zinc, whereas C. brasiliense trees are taller when potassium and manganese are increased on the leaf. Areas with natural occurrence of the studied fruit trees are suffering an intense human action.
Avaliação comportamental de plantas de baru (Dipteryx alata Vog.) nos cerrados do Estado de Goiás
(Universidade Federal de Goiás, 1999-03-26) Corrêa, Gilmarcos de Carvalho; Zica, Lincoln Fonseca; Zica, Lincoln Fonseca; Rodrigues, João Domingos; Jesus, José Garcia de; Garcia, Antônio Henrique; Souza, Maurício de
This study was carried out with 150 plants of baru (Dipteryx alata Vog.) from three regions of Goiás State. It had 50 plants per region, and it were randomizes choiced at 1995. The purpose was to verify the occurence and distribution of genetic variation among tested populations. Fruits and seeds were analysed about morphological characters. Emersion and initial development of plantas were analysed too. The experiment was planted as hierarchal model with regions level, plants within regions and fruits within plants. There was variation to all morphological characters in fruits and seeds at regions and plants within regions levels. There was no variation about plant emersion percentage and emersion velocity index (EVI). There ws variation about emersion velocity (days). Plant height and basis diameter at 30 days after emersion showed variation at regions and plants within regions levels. The most variation proportion was founded at plants within regions level with high levels of transmission to all characters.
Epidemiologia da ferrugem asiática da soja em ambientes do Estado de Goiás: efeito de fungicida e época de semeadura
(Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2005-02-28) CRUVINEL, Adriane Reis; OTTONI, Giselle; http://lattes.cnpq.br/4584420838543565
During the last crops, the soybean rust has been appeared as one of the most important problems in the national agriculture. The direct loses on the production and in the costs with fungicides have been increased the damages on this crop. Aiming to understand better the disease epidemiology, this work searched for answers by epidemic progress in two locations, the time of planting effect, the cycle of planting, the use of fungicide, and by different cultivars. The experiments were assembled in Experimental Stations from Agência Rural in Senador Canedo and in Anápolis. For each place were used three times of planting, six cultivars on the three crop cycles (Monsoy 6101 and BRSNina premature cycle; Emgopa 315 and BRSGO Santa Cruz middle cycle; Emgopa 313 and BRSGO Paraíso late cycle), with and without fungicide action, have been evaluated on the three parts of the plant (lower, middle and upper). Each time, to each one of the places, have been considered as an experiment with spli-split-plot. After the disease symptom observations, the split under chemical control were freaked each 21 days using pyraclostrobin+epoxiconazole on 66,5 g + 25 g a.i. ha-1. The evaluations, after the first symptom observation, have been done weekly up to the complete leaves took away. With the periodic severity data the Area Under Progress Disease Curve (AUPDC) and Relative Area Under Progress Disease Curve (RAUPDC), that is the area divided by the epidemic time duration, were calculated. The parameters were productivity, thousand-grains weight (TGW) and small grains percent (%SG). The delay on the start of the disease on Anápolis, comparing with Senador Canedo, increases the discussion on the results. The previous disease occurrence in Senador Canedo and the high level inoculate presented can be associated to the fact of experimental site in Senador Canedo has soybean cultivate all over the year. The delay on the start of the disease on Anápolis, compared to Senador Canedo has been resulted on productivity increase and fungicide effect decrease. Comparing the time of planting in both planting places, the second one presented the highest level of severity, but the highest level of productivity even. The use of fungicide decrease significantly the AUPDC, increase the productivity, the TGW and decrease the %SG. The premature cycle cultivars presented lowest disease severity. The cultivar Emgopa 315 although be a medium cycle presented results equals premature cycles cultivars. On each site the time of planting were differentiated. On high pressure inoculate condition the difference between evaluated factors was lower. On lower inoculate pressure the evaluated factors expressed better the changes. As conclusion we have: a) how early the disease appears higher is your effect on productivity; b) using premature cultivars the escape effect decrease the disease damages when compared to medium and late cycle; c) the disease decrease the soybean cycle by the defoliation; d) although all the cultivars presented susceptibility to rust, related to lower severity on partial resistance; e) the fungicide utilization pyraclostrobin+epoxiconazole on de 66,5 g + 25 g a.i. ha-1, used on first symptom and in 21 on 21 days decrease the disease progress and the effects on productivity; f) the disease progress decrease by fungicide utilization is better in late planting; g) under the fungicide effect pyraclostrobin+epoxiconazole with 66,5 g + 25 g a.i. ha-1 there s no variation time planting and site; h) under high inoculate pressure the variation between time planting on disease progress and productivity is lower; i) the time of planting must be considered but not lonely, always in association with others factors of fungus action; j) the use of RAUPDC is necessarily when there is variation the time of soybean cycle, affecting the rust epidemic duration; l) the highest disease level occurs on the part of the plant near the soil and the defoliation difficult the disease evaluation on this part of the plant; m) the most effective disease occurs on the highest parts of the plant.
USO AGRONÔMICO DE LODO DE ESGOTO NA RECUPERAÇÃO DE ÁREA DEGRADADA: EFEITO RESIDUAL
(Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2006-01-31) GODOI, Emiliano Lobo de; LEANDRO, Wilson Mozena; http://lattes.cnpq.br/9052207260053937; BORGES, Jácomo Divino; http://lattes.cnpq.br/6694312790302062
The agricultural use of sewage sludge for recovery of degraded areas is one the main alternatives for final disposal of the resultant residue of cities treated sewer. The present work had the aim of evaluating the residual effect sewage sludge from the Sewer Treatment Station of Goiânia, after 41 months of its use on soil in increasing on length and diameter and in survival index of arboreous species mutamba (Guazuma ulmifolia), aroeira (Myracrodruon urundeuva), paineira (Chorisia speciosa) and pau-de-óleo (Copaifera langsdorffii). The following soil parameters were evaluated: pH, organic matter, cation exchange capacity, phosphorus, potassium, calcium, magnesium, copper, iron, manganese, zinc, cadmium, chromo, nickel and lead. The experimental design was randomized blocks, with four replications, including the following treatments: 1) control; 2) mineral fertilizer; 3) 20 Mg ha-1 of bio-solid; 4) 20 Mg ha-1 of bio-solid + bio-stimulator; 5) 40 Mg ha-1 of bio-solid; 6) 40 Mg ha-1 of bio-solid + bio-stimulator; 7) 60 Mg ha-1 of bio-solid; 8) 60 Mg ha-1 of bio-solid + bio-stimulator. The residual effect of bio-solid affected positively the increasing on length, diameter and in survival index of mutamba (G. ulmifolia); the increasing on length and diameter of aroeira (M. urundeuva); the diameter and in survival index of paineira (C. speciosa); and the diameter of pau-de-óleo (C. langsdorffii) only in the cases where bio-stimulator was associated. It was verified that the appliance of single doses of bio-solid enhanced significantly the increase of pH, cation exchange capacity, organic matter, phosphorus, calcium, iron, copper and zinc in the soil, and a reduced tendency in the total content of magnesium cadmium, lead and chromo. The total content of potassium, manganese and nickel in the soil did not affect until 41 months of bio-solid single doses application. The present work suggests that the agricultural use of sewage sludge from the Sewer Treatment Station of Goiânia as an organic manure is both environmentally and technically viable. However, there must be a persistent control over its effects on the chemical properties of the soil.
Estudos epidemiológicos do mal-do-pé (Gaeumannomyces graminis (Sacc.) von Arx & Olivier var. graminis) em arroz (Oryza sativa L.) de terras altas, no estado de Goiás
(Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2006-03-22) Peixoto, Cecília do Nascimento; Ottoni, Giselle; Prabhu, Anne Sitarama; http://lattes.cnpq.br/3913700456386036; Prabhú, Anne Sitarama; Rocha, Mara Rúbia da; Ottoni, Giselle; Faria, Josias Corrêa de; Filippi, Marta Cristina de
The morphological and cultural characteristics of G. graminis var. graminis isolates from rice and grasses were studied. The fungus forms two types of mycelia, dark macrohyphae that join laterally to form runner hyphae or rhizomorphs and hyaline or infectious microhyphae, as well as fan shaped hyphae characteristic of the pathogen. Pigmented and lobed hyphopodia on lower leaf sheaths were formed both under natural conditions and artificial inoculations of plants. The perithecia containing asci and ascospores were found on leaf sheaths lesions on field samples. The perithecia were produced on leaf sheaths of inoculated plants as well as on detached sterilized leaf sheaths and on culture medium, potato-dextrose-agar (PDA). Hyphae and hyphopodia were formed from germination tubes of ascospores, and the hyphae under moist stress conditions produced chlamydospores which were initially hyaline and later attained dark color. The culture of Ggg, was characterized by fluffy aerial mycelium, white in the initial stages of growth and later with age, the colony color changed from dirty-white or mouse gray to almost black. The marked diagnostic colony characteristic of whorled appearance was the curling back of marginal hyphae. The amount and time of formation of perithecia varied among the isolates tested. The virulence test conduced with 20 isolates of rice and grasses, showed differences in aggressiveness both on rice seedlings and adult plants. In general, isolates from rice were more aggressive on rice than isolates from grasses. The test with four levels of inoculum (0, 5, 1.0, 2.0, 4.0 g per plant of autoclaved sorghum grains) and two plant ages showed that 60-day old were more susceptible than 35-day old plants. The spontaneous infection of healthy plants was observed in the greenhouse indicating the role of ascospores in the dissemination of black sheath rot in rice. Furthermore, the pathogenicity of ascospores of Ggg on rice plants was confirmed by inoculations tests. Six fields of upland rice were surveyed in the advanced stages of maturation for the incidence of black sheath rot. The disease incidence on tillers, under natural conditions of infection, ranged from 68 to 100%. The pathogenicity of 20 isolates retrieved from rice and grasses were studied. All isolates were pathogenic to rice and grasses such as baranyard grass (Echinochloa crusgalli), fountain grass (Pennisetum setosum) signal grass (Brachiaria sp), crab grass (Digitaria horizontalis), plantain signal grass (Brachiaria plantaginea), indian goose grass (Eleusine indica) and southern sandbur (Cenchrus echinatus). Winter cereals such as wheat, oat, rye, barley and triticale as well as sorghum, corn, and millet exhibited different degrees of susceptibility to the isolate Ggg-a 01. Significant differences were observed in relation to characteristic symptoms on the culm, lesion height, number of tillers or dead plants, presence of characteristic mycelium, fan shaped hyphae, production of hyphopodia and perithecia. The formation of perithecia was not observed on leaf sheaths of inoculated plants of millet, sorghum, southern sandbur and maize. All inoculated wheat plants were killed indicating more susceptibility than other cereals. The resistance of 58 upland rice genotypes were tested in the greenhouse, utilizing rice isolate Ggg-a 01. Of the genotypes assessed, the lesion height of SCIA16 and SCIA08 was significantly shorter compared to the highly susceptible genotype CNAS10351. The progress and dissemination of black sheath rot in rice was studied during two years under field conditions in savanna sensu lato ‘cerrado’. The central line of each plot was inoculated with isolate of Ggg to establish the infection foci. The soil was infested with four levels of inoculum (5.0, 10.0, 20.0 and 40.0 g of autoclaved sorghum grains containing mycelium / 40 cm) and main tiller of plants (4, 8, 16 and 32, tillers per plot/ 40 cm) were inoculated with 2.0 cm-long detached leaf sheaths containing perithecia by insertion between the culm and leaf sheath of the tiller. There was no significant effect of inoculum level on the disease severity obtained by soil infestation with mycelium as well as the plants infected with perithecia. However, the total area under disease progress curve was significantly smaller for plant infection with perithecia than for soil infestation by mycelium, during 2002/2003. The evaluation of disease incidence for the analysis of gradients was based on infected tillers in 1.6 square meter area, five lines on either side of the inoculated 40 cm-long central line. The analysis according models of Gregory (1968) and Kiyosawa & Shiyomi (1972) showed the existence of gradients in the first year, both for levels of inoculum of soil infection by mycelium and plant infection with perithecia. In the second year (2004/2005), there was no well defined gradient for all the treatments. The disease progress was not affected by inoculum levels on soil or plant infections. Monomolecular model was found more adequate in tests conduced under greenhouse conditions while the models of Gompertz and monomolecular, better described the disease progress under field conditions.
Sistema integrado de diagnose e recomendação para a cultura do milho em espaçamento reduzido na região de Hidrolândia, Goiás
(Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2006-04-20) ROCHA, Anisio Correa da; LEANDRO, Wilson Mozena; http://lattes.cnpq.br/9052207260053937
Soil and leaves samples were collected and grain yield were evaluated in a commercial crop in order to diagnostic the limiting nutrients, deficiency or excess, on corn planted in 0.45 m row spacing, at Hidrolândia, Goiás. For the diagnosis of soil and leaves samples, were utilized sufficiency range approach, currently used in Brazil and the DRIS. The DRIS procedure for assessing nutritional status of plants by leaf and soil analysis utilizes standard values ( norms ) for nutrient rations rather than the nutrient itself. With the results of the analyses of corn leaves and soil, the population was divided in low and high yielding groups. DRIS norms were established using a yield of 5000 kg ha-1 to divide the data set into high and low yield subpopulations. The locally calibrated norms used to evaluate the nutritional status of the corn, from the leaves analysis, were compared to the others authors in several places. The geographic differences in DRIS norms were identified. For the calculation of indices DRIS differents procedures were used. The interpretation of the soil and leaves analyses by the different procedures of the DRIS methods and by the sufficiency range showed different responses with relation to the deficiency and/or excess of nutrients. The P and K in the soil analysis and B in the leaves analysis, in the majority of the procedures, were the most limiting nutrients by deficiency.
Indicadores de sustentabilidade em sistemas de rotação e sucessão de culturas com algodoeiro em plantio direto
(Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2006-08-30) MENEZES, Luiz Antonio Silva; OLIVEIRA JÚNIOR, Juarez Patrício de; http://lattes.cnpq.br/3493497589009413; LEANDRO, Wilson Mozena; http://lattes.cnpq.br/9052207260053937
The objective of this wok was to monitor sustainability indicators of soil involving the cotton plant in different crop rotation and succession systems, as well as to evaluate cover crop species which best adapt and that have longer longevity of decomposition as well as their effects on the physical and chemical properties and characteristics of soil. The field trials were developed in two sites. One experiment was conducted on the experimental Farm of Campus II of the UFG, in the town of Goiânia-GO and the other in the experimental area of the Fundação GO, in the town of Santa Helena de Goiás- GO. Both plant mass yield and decomposition longevity were evaluated in Goiânia by the litterbag process as well as also the physical and chemical characteristics of soil and cotton seed yield kg ha-1 and grain soybean kg ha-1, upon the effect of different cover crop species. The single covers which provided increased dry plant mass yields were grain sorghum followed by feather-grass, Crotalária + Millet and Brachiaria and in longevity, the decomposition of the plant mass was maximum in the first 22 days standing out the mixture Mucuna + grain sorghum which showed highest residual plant mass yield. Most of the treatments involving the cover plant species in Goiânia presented the values of resistance to penetration (RP) within the ranges considered from high to low. Crotalária (Crotalária juncea) presented in Goiânia the lowest RP in solo, this being able to be the best option for the farming system management. The lowest values of RP found at Santa Helena were obtained by the cover crops Pigeon pea, Millet and grain sorghum. The crop rotation systems studied did no differ as to the effect of soil density, total porosity, macroporosity, microporosity and average diameter of aggregates. The elements P and Ca proved limiting as well as pH, V% and CEC for the cotton crop. There was no influence of the cover crop species on yield of the cotton plant and soybean.
Caracterização e avaliação de parâmetros qualitativos de híbridos de milho para elaboração de pamonhas na região metropolitana de Goiânia
(Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2007-07-30) GONÇALVES, Sara Lane Sousa; OLIVEIRA, Jaison Pereira de; http://lattes.cnpq.br/7342298421214478; BRASIL, Edward Madureira; http://lattes.cnpq.br/6555744240223597
The importance of maize and their quality is unquestionable, due to its diversification of use. The Green maize is considered a special type of corn, as sweet corn, popcorn, maize, waxy maize white corn, baby corn, etc., and as such, is not included in systematic surveys of agricultural crops of the Brazilian Institute of geography and statistics. In this sense porpose in this work, characterize some productive aspects of pamonharias of the metropolitan area of the city of Goiânia and identify, according to these aspects, characteristics phytotecnic and desirable technology for green maize producing pamonhas. Due to specificity of stewardship, green maize is ranked as one of the types of special maize, and to work with special types of maize, the producer must have a secure channel connection with buyers and market access. This conduit is performed largely by the distributors. The Green maize market for producing pamonhas requires rigorous qualitative assessments, which imposes a greater control of the quality of its products. According to these requirements, some commercial companies and producers are seeking to develop plant varieties, besides that they permit the achievement of high productivity of spikes, agronomic and technological characteristics have favorable, whereas microbiological aspects, physiological, throughout the product. The State of Goiás is nationally known for pamonhas and existing in their pamonharias cities. In Goiania, concentrates a large number of pamonharias, in which the goianiense is not limited to the traditional pamonha, offering its customers a wide variety of delicacies of corn. The pamonha, which in its formulation uses the mass obtained from green maize added to other products, is cooked in own corn straw and served for consumption, and fried, or baked after being baked. The State of Goiás is nationally known for pamonhas and existing in their pamonharias cities. In Goiania, concentrates a large number of pamonharias, in which the goianiense is not limited to the traditional pamonha, offering its customers a wide variety of delicacies of maize. However, the cultivation of green maize, whereas their by-products in particular pamonha, could provide the farmer profitability since the entire production chain is the most well studied quantitatively and qualitatively. Such studies may provide the producer with access to a differentiated market and expanding, offering consumers a healthy food the right price, approaching the farmer to the consumer.
Impactos da aplicação de vinhaça sobre as propriedades químicas do solo e de seu efluente
(Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2007-08-17) SILVA, Mellissa Ananias Soler da; BORGES, Jácomo Divino; http://lattes.cnpq.br/6694312790302062; KLIEMANN, Huberto José; http://lattes.cnpq.br/6440607205386937
The objective of this study was to evaluate the impacts of vinasse on soil columns effluents besides quantify ionic species in soil layers as affected by vinasse application, and its downward movement along time. Soil samples were collected at two different areas: the first one is a sugarcane field cropped during 21 years; the second one, an untouched savannah area. Soil samples were brought to Greenhouse of Escola de Agronomia e Engenharia de Alimentos (EA/UFG) and were built two experiments: 1º) These samples were inserted into PVC columns with 120 cm height x 25 cm diameter, inner coated with raffia bags, and cropped with sugarcane. Vinasse treatments were applied on soil columns at rates equivalent to 0, 300, 600 e 1200 m3 ha-1. Effluents were sampled at four times (0, 60, 90 and 120 days) after vinasse application, followed by chemical determination of organic carbon (CO), Cl-, Ca2+, Mg2+, Na+, K+, NH4 +, NO3 -, SO4 2- and, pH; 2º) These samples were put into PVC columns with 120 cm height x 10 cm diameter, inner coated with two waterproof ink layers mixed with sand, partially cut into 0-10, 10- 20, 20-40, 40-60, 60-80, 80-120 cm layers. Vinasse treatments were applied with no additional water on soil columns at rates equivalent to 0, 300, 600, 1200 and 2400 m3 ha-1. At each date 0, 60, 90 and 120 days after the beginning of the experiment correspondent layers from the soil columns were sampled for soil chemical analyses of P, NO3 -, NH4 +, Cl-, Na+, K+, Ca2+, Mg2+, SO4 2-, CO, pH and CEC. In the first one were concluded the vinasse increase the effluents pH. When the amount of vinasse was 1200 m3 ha-1 the complexes of Ca2+ and Mg2+ cations and SO4 2- and Cl- anions with organic matter were formed, enhancing their leaching. Applications of high amounts then 1200 m3 ha-1 of vinasse may disperse the soil. In the second one was observed the vinasse applications increase K+, Ca2+ and Na+ and P availability on surface and on downward layers of the soil profiles. Ions like Na+ and K+ may cause soil physical dispersion, increasing its susceptibility to erosive processes.
Produção de frutos e entomofauna associada ao pequizeiro (Caryocar brasiliense CAMB.) no cerrado do estado de Goiás
(Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2007-09-21) FERREIRA, Gislene Auxiliadora; NAVES, Ronaldo Veloso; http://lattes.cnpq.br/2740049203016314; CHAVES, Lázaro José; http://lattes.cnpq.br/9990967290797379; VELOSO, Valquíria da Rocha Santos; http://lattes.cnpq.br/7952914949535819
The Brazilian Savannah is rich in biodiversity and possess high number of fruitful species with potential of use for human consumption. The pequizeiro is a native species of the Savannah with economic and cultural importance for Midle-Western Brazil, needing, however, techniques that make possible the implantation of orchards, its conduction and the harvest of fruits, aiming at to reduce the pressure on the natural environment, as well as the maintenance of the regional culture. The present work considers to characterize the production of pequizeiros of natural occurrence in fifteen dispersed populations in five regions of the State of Goiás; to study the occurrence, behavior and bioecology of entomofauna present in the plants of the pequizeiro in sixteen populations of pequizeiro of the State of Goiás; e to evaluate the occurrence of Eunica bechina in fourteen locations of this State with raised natural occurrence of pequizeiros and its potential of plague. The criterion of election of the populations considered the biggest space dispersion of these, the bigger production of fruits, and the relative nucleation of the trees of pequizeiro in each population. The studied pequizeiros had presented averages: production (132,28 fruits/plant), diameter in the base (0,40 m), diameter in the height of the chest (0,35 m), total height (7,64 m), height of the pantry to the ground (2,97 m), projection of the area of the pantry (83,34 m2), with 1,58 average frutos.m-2 of projection of the area of the pantry in the ground. Promising plants for future programs of improvement of the pequizeiro exist. The production of the pequizeiro is irregular in the State of Goiás between harvests, plants and population, being considered on average low. There is one raised group of organisms interacting with the pequizeiro , being distinguished the insects that can contributed for the production. The species gotten with the percentages of occurrence in the different populations belonged to the orders, respectively: Hemiptera (25.64%), Coleoptera (17.95%), Lepidoptera (16.67%), Hymenoptera (15.39%), Díptera (11.54%), Orthoptera (6.41%), Neuroptera (2.56%), Isoptera (1.28%), Thysanoptera (1.28%), Psicoptera (1.28%). The joined species in the sixteen pequizeiro populations had more frequently been: Eulechriops sp. (100%), Atta laevigatta (93.75%), Eunica bechina (93.75%), Lyriomisia sp. (93.75%), Edessa rufomarginata (100%) and Rhodoneura intermedia (100%), Phydotricha erigens (81.75%). The species T. tibiali, A laevigatta, R. intermedia, Carmenta sp., E. rufomarginata and E. bechina can be considered potential plagues of the pequizeiro in the Savannah of the State of Goiás. It is needed more studies on the contribution of the fauna, illnesses, the one grass-of-bird and of the insolation in the production of the pequizeiro . It is necessary the establishment of sustainable measures of handling for the extractive and the plantation, conduction and production of fruits of the pequizeiro .
Caracterização física e química de frutos de barueiros (Dipteryx alata VOG.) de ocorrência natural no cerrado do Estado de Goiás, Brasil
(Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2007-11-30) Vera, Rosângela; Soares Junior, Manoel Soares; http://lattes.cnpq.br/0920319108540253; Naves, Ronaldo Veloso; http://lattes.cnpq.br/2740049203016314; Naves, Ronaldo Veloso; Fernandes, Eliana Paula; Souza, Eli Regina Barboza de; Caliari, Márcio; Lobo, Valácia Lemes da Silva
Barueiro (Dipteryx alata Vog.) is a species native to the Brazilian Cerrado with high fruit yield and high nutritional value. The objective of this work was to study the physical and chemical characteristics of barueiro fruits (baru) harvested from plants in eleven locations in the state of Goiás, in the Cerrado biome. In each location twelve trees in full production were randomly selected. Approximately sixty fruits were collected from each tree, and from those fruits a sample of ten fruits was taken to study some physical characteristics. Another sample of twenty fruits was taken for chemical analyses. For the physical characterization, the following variables were evaluated: mass, length, width and thickness of the whole fruit; epicarp+mesocarp mass (pulp); almond and endocarp mass, and almond length, width and thickness. For the chemical determinations a composite sample was obtained from ground almonds extracted from the endocarp. Moisture content, whole protein, ethereal extract, phosphorus, potash, calcium, magnesium, sulfur, copper, iron, manganese and zinc were determined in three replicates as well as the fatty acid composition. The data obtained was submitted to the analysis of variance and means comparison by Tukey test at 5% level of probability. The descriptive statistical analysis was applied to data obtained from the physical analyses of the mass of the fruits and almonds. The average fruit mass varied from 26.08 to 37.20 g, and the average almonds mass varied from 1.11 to 1.48 g. The fruits had a 51.15% average of pulp, 44.69% of endocarp, and the almonds had 4.16%. The mass of the almond was positively correlated to fruit mass, fruit length, fruit width and fruit thickness. The average moisture content of the almond varied from 2.93 to 5.07g (100 g)-1. The protein content varied from 25.16 to 27.69 g (100)-1 and the ethereal extract from 32.42 to 37.36 g (100)-1. The average content of saturated fatty acids varied from 19.930 to 25.74%, and the unsaturated fatty acids varied from 73.47 to 79.19%. The most common fatty acids were oleic, whose average content varied from 45.58 to 48.98g (100 g)-1 and linoleic, whose average content varied from 22.83 to 29.71 g (100 g)-1. The mineral macronutrients that showed the highest concentrations were potash, phosphorus and sulfur. Calcium and magnesium were present in the lowest concentrations. The mineral micronutrients that showed the lowest concentrations were copper, manganese and zinc. Iron was present in the highest concentration
Comportamento ecofisiológico de espécies arbóreas nativas do Cerrado e exóticas
(Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2008-01-17) SOUZA, Cynthia Domingues de; PORTES, Tómas de Aquino; Tómas de Aquino Portes
It was used the "transpirometer of balance" for planting of five tree species to evaluate the physiological behaviour regarding: total transpiration, stomatal conductance and transpiration leaf, growth, partition of phytomass, study the fluorescence of chlorophyll a e anatomical study of leaves of the species : Tabebuia serratifolia Nichols (Ipê yellow), Hymenaea stigonocarpa Mart. Ex Hayne (Jatobá), Myroxilum balsamum (Linn) Harms (Balsamo), Eucalyptus camaldulensis Dehn and Eucalyptus citriodora Hook (eucalyptus). The equipment consisted of a hydraulic system, composed of three elements: a reservoir of water (R1), another with a buoy (R2) to control the level of water in vessels (V) where the tree species were planted. The soil was analyzed by LASF / UFG-AGRO. It recommended, for pot, dolomitic lime (50g) and 88g of NPK (4-14-8). This study is subdivided parcels of split plot in time (split-plot in time), at a significance level of 5%, analyzed by SAS / STAT. E. camaldulensis and E. citriodora showed similar transpiration. Ipê, jatobá and balsamo showed no significant difference between them. The porometric measures suggested that the species obey strict control stomatic, with the closing of the stomates in the light of high evaporative demand of the air, changing the rates transpiration and stomatal conductance along the hours of the day. Evaluations biophysical showed that the growth in height, diameter and leaf area of E. camaldulensis was superior to other species. To partition of biomass, this species showed significant difference in dry stems, leaves and roots. The photochemical efficiency of photosystem II (Fv / Fm) was statistically similar to the species E. citriodora, E. camaldulensis, ipê and balsamo, with a significant difference between the ratio (Fv / Fm), E. camaldulensis and jatobá, suggesting that the jatobá showed greater susceptibility of photosystem II in this experiment because of the high brightness. The study of the anatomy leaf showed that E. camaldulensis and E. citriodora have leaves amphistomatic with stomatestype anomocytic, ipê and balsamo have leaves hypostomatics with stomates anomocytic. Jatobá leaves hypostomatics with paracytic stomates. Given the results, it is suggested that the leaf anatomy influenced the rate transpiration resulting in differences in growth and biomass of partition. Ipê, jatobá and balsamo had more layers of lacunary parenchyma than eucalyptus, adaptive characteristics that allow those species colonize places of lesser brightness. All species showed secretory cavities. The stomatic density estimated average of each species indicated proximity of the values found in sclerophylly plants (100-500/mm ²). This work showed the importance of the physiological responses of the tree species, on the consumption of water, helping in the definition of strategies for management of natural environments, guided information for reflorestations with native and exotic species in the savanna in Goias states.
Efeitos de culturas de cobertura na qualidade física do solo sob plantio direto
(Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2008-02-22) Andrade, Rui da Silva; Silveira, Pedro Marques da; Stone, Luís Fernando; http://lattes.cnpq.br/0233514913817700
The objective of this study was to verify the suitability of S index in the diagnostic of physical quality of Cerrado soils and, based upon it, to determine the effect of cover crop mulches on physical quality of a Dystrophic Red Latosol (Oxisol) under no-tillage. A total of 2364 samples were selected from the soil data base of Embrapa Rice & Beans and Embrapa Cerrados, covering Cerrado soils from Mid-West, North, and Northeast regions of Brazil. Values of S index, defined as the slope of the soil water retention curve at its inflection point, obtained from these samples were correlated to soil bulk density, macroporosity, and total porosity, considering the following textural classes: very clayey, clayey, sandy clay, sandy clay loam, loam/sandy loam e loamy sand/sand. Based on review of literature, critical values were established for the physical attributes that separated, according to the texture, soils with good and poor structural quality and, based upon they, critical values were established for the S index. In order to study the effect of cover crop mulches on soil physical quality, an experiment was carried out under center pivot at Embrapa Rice & Beans, in Santo Antônio de Goiás, GO, in a randomized block design, with eight replications. The treatments consisted of eight cover crops: Brachiaria brizantha; corn associated with B. brizantha; pigeon pea; millet; Panicum maximum; sorghum; Stylosanthes guianensis; and Crotalaria juncea. The first seven crops had been cultivated in summer season since December 2001 and C. juncea since November 2003. In the winter season, after cover crop desiccation, irrigated common bean crop was implemented under no-tillage. In February 2006, soil organic matter content, some soil physical attributes, and soil physical quality measured by S index were determined. This index was highly correlated to the physical attributes, showing to be an adequate indicator of physical quality of Cerrado soils. The limit value of S = 0.045 showed to be adequate to separate soils with good structure and soils with the tendency to be degraded, while values of S ≤ 0,025 indicate physically degraded soils. Cover crops, specially grasses, favored soil aggregation at surface layer. Soil cultivation modified its structure in comparison to native forest, increasing bulk density and reducing macroporosity and total porosity, and hence, reducing soil physical quality. Among the cover crops, pigeon pea, C. juncea, and corn associated with B. brizantha were those that maintained soil surface layer with good physical quality.
Aplicabilidade do sistema de avaliação da aptidão agrícola das terras frente à realidade do processo produtivo agropecuário goiano
(Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2008-02-27) BORGES, Lino Carlos; OLIVEIRA, Luiz Fernando Coutinho de; http://lattes.cnpq.br/5499109407814908
There are several works which aim to equate the agricultural production in function of the best use of natural resources as soil and water, in the attempt of obtaining the maximum of effectiveness in the productive system, and upon this context the evaluation of the potential of using the lands has major importance for a correct planning of agricultural activities. The elaboration of maps of agricultural aptitude is of extreme importance for the sustainable use of soil and water, it should be the first and more important instrument of agricultural planning. Because of this, the elaboration of those maps should be accompanied of a discerning methodological process, focused mainly in the socioeconomic aspects aiming to adequate it to the various levels of soil handling present nowadays. This work has as objectives: 1) Research the applicability of the evaluation system of the lands agricultural aptitude regarding the actual conditions of the agricultural productive process for two areas of the State of Goiás, basin of drainage of Córrego das Pedras and of Ribeirão Jurubatuba (nascent of Ribeirão João Leite) and of the immediate surrounding of the National Park of Emas; 2) Look for latent factors responsible for the large variability of the lands aptitude in the studied areas, and detect the similar samples considering this clustering, using for this multivariate techniques of factor analysis of principal components and discriminative. The work considers quantifying and comparing the elements of production among the various classes of agricultural aptitude, establishing qualitative differences among those aptitude classes and the handling levels, comparing the theoretical model proposed in the studies against the several realities of the researched areas. The data related to the soil types, agricultural aptitude and handling levels recommended were gathered from maps elaborated for the two areas being studied. Data regarding productivity, production costs, land value, gross revenue and local adopted technology were obtained from personal visits and direct interviews with a sample of 52 farm properties for the agricultural year of 2006/2007. Based on the information found in the 52 analyzed samples, the use of factor analysis was shown to be promising, for this study area, being an innovative aspect in the interpretation of data related to the agricultural aptitude. Two techniques of statistical multivariate analysis were used: factor analysis aiming to reduce the columns of the original matrix (variables in study) through the identification of latent factors, synthesizing the common information over all variables; and the discriminant analysis with the objective of classifying the observations, with known data. These analyses indicated that productivity and production cost are related and that a possible explanation for it may be due to the levels of handling and technology, as with the gross income it may be explained by other elements as the business opportunity, market value for the products, and not necessarily with the level of technology. It was verified also a need for establishing greater and more meaningful details regarding the handling levels for the cases of pasture and forestry. Because of the peculiarities and diversity of production systems found in the basin of Ribeirão João Leite, the system of agricultural aptitude of the lands proposed by Ramalho Filho & Beek (1995) was considered insufficient, for suggesting only three handling levels, while the dispersion of the data regarding production, productivity, production cost and gross revenue, demonstrates the need of better discrimination or hierarchization of the handling levels. For the area of the immediate surrounding of the National Park of Emas the system of agricultural aptitude was shown to be more appropriate on the handling levels recommended. The system proposed by Ramalho Filho & Beek (1995), in a certain way, plasters or limits the expectations one could have relative to the potential of certain cultures, soils and used labor force, regarding the productivity and profitability of some agricultural and forestry activities. It was verified also that the handling levels are extremely important, and they should be in greater number and more detailed than the existing 3 handling levels (A,B and C) proposed by Ramalho Filho & Beek (1995).
Escolha de descritores mínimos e estabelecimento de coleções nucleares em Capsicum spp.
(Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2008-03-05) SILVA, Waldir Camargos Júnior e; DUARTE, João Batista; http://lattes.cnpq.br/4117228759548186
The plant genetic diversity is a valuable guarantee for possible adversities that can be risking the survival of biological species. Brazil is one of the richest countries in biodiversity of plants, with about 20% of all the existing biodiversity on Earth and around 19% of the agricultural lands in the world. Genetic resources are studied in well-defined stages, such as collecting or introduction, multiplication, preservation/conservation, evaluation/characterization and use. In Brazil, the Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuária manages a national system of curatorship of genetic resources in which more than 250 thousand samples of plants, animals and microorganisms are preserved. The plants of the genus Capsicum (chilli and sweet peppers) are found throughout the national territory, presenting countless kinds, with a great phenotypic and genotypic diversity. Practically all the brazilian states have their own cultivars, but some of them, can be in fact, considered a mere duplicate because, sometimes, the same cultivar is known under different names. Thus, the morphological characterization is a task of great importance to this plant genus so, it is possible to avoid the conservation and maintenance of accessions of similar genomic patterns in germplasm banks. Embrapa Hortaliças has a collection of germplasm of sweet and chilli peppers (Capsicum spp.), which amounts to about 2,500 accessions. These mainly belong to the species C. annuum, C. baccatum, C. chinense and C. frutescens. The morphological characterization of most of these acessions (893) have been carried out in recent years for a series of characters (descriptors) which allow the investigation of the structure of their genetic variability and, from then the proposition of strategies to handle the collection. Considering the need of studies aiming to know, value and use the accessions of the Capsicum spp. Embrapa Hortaliças collection, this research was developed with the objective of describing the accessions and the descriptors available in this collection, in order to search for minimum descriptors and propose core collections for this germplasm bank. The study demonstrated that it is possible to reduce around 50% the number of descriptors currently used in the characterization of the accessions, without significant harm to the representation of the genetic variability of the collection. The factorial correspondence analysis showed to be appropriate for the selection of minimum descriptors, as well as to the proposition of core collections from germplasm banks, characterized, predominantly, by qualitative data. Variables related to the fruit showed great variability in all the germplasm collection, demonstrating that these attributes are important in the genetic discrimination among the accessions. The study also showed that the geographical origin, regardless of the species, is directly associated with the genetic divergence among the accessions in Capsicum spp.
MÉTODOS DE PREDIÇÃO E ESTIMAÇÃO DE VALOR GENOTÍPICO E ESTRATIFICAÇÃO AMBIENTAL PARA AVALIAÇÃO E RECOMENDAÇÃO DE CULTIVARES
(Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2008-06-13) FELIPE, Cristiane Rachel de Paiva; DUARTE, João Batista; http://lattes.cnpq.br/4117228759548186
This research had the objective of evaluating the effects of different statistical approaches for the selection and ranking of genotypes, in the context of maize varieties trials. For that, data from real trials designed in lattice were used, in the Goiás State, Brazil, in the growing seasons of 2002/2003, 2003/2004, 2004/2005 and 2005/2006, as well as data from simulated experiments, aiming to cover situations related to that reality. The study also intended to quantify the effects of the genotype by environment interactions (GxE) from the real trials, aiming for the environmental stratification for the maize cultivation in the State, pointing out the cultivar evaluation and recommendation. Considering those objectives, the study is divided in three scientific articles. In the first one (Chapter 3), the effects of approaches of fixed model (FF), mixed model with random effect of blocks (AF), mixed model with random effect of treatments (FA), random model (AA), and James-Stein s estimator (JS) were evaluated on the selection and ranking of genotypes tested on the maize varieties trials, coordinated by the Agência Goiana de Desenvolvimento Rural e Fundiário (AgenciaRural Goiás). The experiments, in number of 47, were installed in lattice design, with three replications, during the four cited harvest years. In the second article (Chapter 4), the same approaches were evaluated, in terms of accuracy, mean predictive deviation and precision of their estimates/predictions, considering the simulated trials, also in lattice. Forty-eight cases were considered, corresponding to the combinations of different experimental sizes (15, 54, 105, and 450 treatments), genotypic determination coefficients h2' (6%, 15%, 25%, 48%, 63% and 82%), and two probability distributions for the generation of genotypic effects (normal and uniform). One thousand trials were simulated for each case, reaching the total of 48,000 experiments. The third and last article (Chapter 5) refers to the study of the GxE interaction, emphasizing the already mentioned environmental stratification, where the winner genotypes approach in association with the AMMI analysis (additive main effects and multiplicative interaction model) was adopted. Among the results and conclusions achieved through this study, it is possible to point out: i) the adoption of statistical approaches with shrinkage effect on the genotypic means results in the selection of a lower number of genotypes, especially in those trials whose mean of the check cultivars (baseline to the genotypic selection) is higher than the experimental grand mean; this fact reduces the number of genotypes with low yield potential in the next cycles of the selection program; ii) the use of models with fixed effects of treatments leads to a higher percentage of selected genotypes, mainly in the experiments whose check varieties mean overcomes the experimental grand mean; iii) among the shrinkage statistic approaches evaluated, the AA model must be preferred for the selection of genotypes, due to its capacity for better predicting the parametric genotypic effects (higher accuracy and lower mean predictive deviation), no matter if these effects are normally or uniformly distributed; iv) on the other hand, the FF model shows the worst relative performance, except for the situations where the variability among the genetic treatments is high (h2 ®1,0); v) considering low values for h2 (6%), the FA model shows efficiency similar to the AA model; vi) two established environmental strata showed to be consistent throughout the years, even when the tested genotypes were altered from one harvest season to the other: Ipameri, Inhumas and Senador Canêdo (stable to four years), and Porangatu and Orizona (stable along three years); vii) considering the obtained clustering, it is possible to reduce, at least 16%, the number of test locations currently used, and/or substitute the redundant locations by test places which better represent the recommended target region, aiming to increase the evaluation efficiency of the GxE interaction, in the scope of the genetic plant breeding program; viii) the ALBandeirante variety presents high yield potential and adaptability to the maize cultivation conditions in the Goiás State.
Caracterização morfológica, fisiológica, isoenzimática e controle de isolados de Corynespora cassiicola (Berky & Curt) Wei, agente causal da mancha alvo
(Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2008-06-27) TERAMOTO, Adriana; CUNHA, Marcos Gomes da; http://lattes.cnpq.br/2006008625763742
Corynespora cassiicola is the causal agent of target spot of several crops of economical importance such as soybean, cotton, tomato, cucumber etc. Sixteen isolates of this fungus from several hosts and different regions in Brazil were obtained and conducted morphologic, physiologic, isozymic characterization as well as control, in laboratory and in greenhouse of the Center of Research in Phytopathology of Escola de Agronomia e Engenharia de Alimentos, da Universidade Federal de Goiás , located in Goiânia, State of Goiás. The main objectives of this investigation were to characterize: a) morphology: by determination of dimensions and number of pseudosepta in one hundred spores of each isolate; b) physiology: by evaluating mycelial growth under different temperatures (15oC, 20oC, 25oC, 30oC and 35oC) and photoperiods (0, 12 and 24 hours); sporulation in different photoperiods; hours of continuous humidity to improve spores germination; the pathogenicity of several isolates of C. cassiicola by inoculation on several hosts (cucumber, soybean, cotton, coffee, Barbados cherry, tomato and melon) and the preservation of 10 isolates using three methods: Castellani, mineral oil and periodic transfer; c) isozyme analysis: with polyacrylamide gel eletrophoresis of esterase of 14 isolates; and d) control: by reactions of nine cucumber hybrids to C. cassiicola; and the sensibility of six isolates of C. cassiicola to eight fungicides in vitro (captan, chlorotalonil, mancozeb, azoxystrobin, difeconazole, carbendazim, tebuconazole and thiophanatemethyl) using concentrations of 0, 1, 10, 100 e 1000 μg mL-1; fungicide treatment of cucumber plants inoculated with C. cassiicola. The following results were obtained: a) the dimensions (length and width) of spores were in accord with the key for the identification of pathogen; b) the best temperature for mycelial growth in potato-dextrose-agar medium (PDA) was 25oC; eight isolates exhibited response to the photoperiods used whereas six were sensitive to photoperiod; the majority of isolates sporulated more under 24 hours of light; eight hours of continuous humidity was enough to germinate the majority of spores of the isolates; the pathogenicity of isolates was observed and some hosts were more specifics to their isolate of origin, such as tomato plant, and others such as melon and cotton plants were less specifics; and the mycelial growth of the great part of isolates were not affected by the preservation method; sporulation showed great variation among the methods and all preservation methods conserved the pathogenicity of the isolates; c) the eletrophoresis analysis of sterase isozyme showed variation in number of the bands and positions in the gel which indicated differences among isolates, these were divided in two different groups of similarity, probably indicating the existence of races among them; d) the less susceptible hybrids were Taisho, Nikkey, Yoshinari and Safira; the difenoconazole fungicide resulted in better porcentage of pathogen inhibition in vitro and carbendazim and thiophanate-methyl presented the worst results, and this last one can not be able to inhibite the mycelial fungi growth and before seven and fourteen days of artificial inoculation of pathogen and application of fungicides, only azoxystrobin was efficient to control the disease.
Variabilidade de plantas e progênies de populações naturais de Hancornia speciosa Gomes do Cerrado
(Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2008-07-30) GANGA, Rita Maria Devós; NAVES, Ronaldo Veloso; http://lattes.cnpq.br/2740049203016314; CHAVES, Lázaro José; http://lattes.cnpq.br/9990967290797379
The mangaba tree (Hancornia speciosa Gomes) is a fruit tree native from Brazil with potential for domestication, due to its excellent smell, flavor and texture. However, genetic conservation and breeding programs of these species are in an initial developmental phase. This way, this research aimed to characterize trees and fruits of natural populations of H. speciosa, as well as evaluate the distribution of phenotypic variability among them; evaluate progenies of mangaba trees that compose the Escola de Agronomia e Engenharia de Alimentos of Universidade Federal de Goiás (EA/UFG) germplasm collection and estimate genetic parameters for the initial development of plants in the field. Mangaba trees populations have been sampled in different locations of the Brazilian Cerrado, including the states of Goiás, Tocantins, Mato Grosso, Mato Grosso do Sul, and Bahia, totaling 109 mother plants of 35 populations of the botanic varieties pubescens, gardneri, speciosa and cuyabensis. In relation to the trees, plant height, stem perimeter, and number of fruits per plant were taken. From a sample of five fruits per plant, individual measures have been taken, such as: length, diameter, weight, total weight of seeds, average seed weight, pulp plus peel weight, seed number per fruit, pulp plus peel yield, fruit shape and color and estimated production. Seeds from these mother plants were used to install the EA/UFG mangaba germplasm collection in December 2005, in a randomized complete block design with 57 treatments, four replications and one plant per plot in a 5 m x 6 m spacing. The treatments were open pollination progenies, originated from 28 natural populations. The characteristics plant height and stem basal diameter were evaluated in all plants from January 2006 to August 2007, which resulted in 20 data readings. Data from each plant has been transformed into growth rate. The analyses of variance and the genetic parameter estimates were obtained to the growth rate and to the data of latest reading of stem diameter and plant height. The progress was estimated by simulating genetic selection in both sexes and maternal selection. In Cerrado conditions, the results showed that H. speciosa mother plants show high levels of phenotypic variation in fruit characters and most of this variation is among populations. There is a large phenotypic variability in the varieties too. H. speciosa var. gardneri and H. speciosa var. pubescens fruits are larger and heavier. The botanic variety gardneri shows gait more high than the others varieties. In the varieties gardneri and pubescens predominate round shape and light green color, while in speciosa and cuyabensis predominate oblong shape and dark yellow and dark green colors, respectively. The varieties gardneri and pubescens stand out as the most promising for selection based on fruit size and fruit weight. The mangaba tree progenies of the germplasm collection of EA/UFG present high levels of genetic variation in stem diameter and plant height and to their growth rates. Most of the genetic variation in stem diameter is within populations and to plant height is among populations. H. speciosa var. cuyabensis and H. speciosa var. gardneri show greater growth in stem diameter and plant height. On account of the expected progress of selection, the collection can be used as seed orchard or clonal garden, without plant thinning, collecting seeds or buds of superior plants. The maternal selection is recommended to maintain greater variability in future breeding cycles, permitting progress from selection and maintaining the germoplasm collection intact.
Adubação de mudas de baru (Dipteryx alata Vog.), em viveiro
(Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2008-08-08) PACHECO, Abílio Rodrigues; BORGES, Jácomo Divino; http://lattes.cnpq.br/6694312790302062
Producing seedlings of good quality is an important step in the process of planting forest species. Addition of lime and fertilizers contribute in obtaining good quality seedlings, however, information is limited on fertilization and nutrition of native species of savannah. The objective of this study was to evaluate growth response of baru seedlings (Dipteryx alata Vog.) to organic and mineral fertilizers. Seedlings were produced in plastic bags with a diameter of 20 cm x 30 cm and capacity of four liters of substrate. Clay Dark Red Latosol collected from subsoil (20 cm depth) from Federal District of Planaltina, DF was used. The first experiment was conducted in complete randomized blocks, with eleven treatments in a factorial arrangement (4X2), with three replications (composed of seedlings coming from different matrix) and plots consisted of three seedlings. The treatments tested were E0+D0, E10+D0, E20+D0, E30+D0, E0+D1, E0+D2, E0+ALL, E10+D1, E10+D2, E10+ALL and E20+D1, where: E0, E10, E20 and E30 are doses of cattle manure varied from 0 to 30% in relation to final volume of mixed subsoil; D1 and D2 are traditional rates of chemical fertilizers, and D2 is double of D1 and D1 equivalent to dolomitic lime incorporated in the subsoil (0,5 g L-1) + P (150 mg L-1) + K (200 mg L-1) + Zn (5 mg L-1) + Cu (5 mg L-1) + Mn (5 mg L-1) + B (1 mg L-1) + Mo (0,5 mg L-1) + N (50 mg recipient-1 month-1, diluted in water); P and K were applied in the form of triple superphosphate and potassium chloride, respectively, Zn, Cu and Mn in the form of sulfates, B and Mo in the forms of borax and sodium molibidate, respectively.; ALL is symbol of slow release fertilizer in six months (2.4 g recipient-1 after emergence of seedlings and five months of age), contain N (15%), P2O5 (10%), K2O (10%), Ca (3,5), Mg (1,5%), S (3%), B (0,02%), Cu (0,05%), Fe (0,5%), Mn (0,1%), Zn (0,05%) and Mo (0,004%). In others experiments (1, 2, 3, and 4) baru seedlings were submitted to four rates of dolomitic lime (0.0, 0.5, 1.0 and 2.0 g L-1 of substrate), P (0, 150, 300 and 600 mg L-1), K (0,100, 200 and 400 mg L-1) and N (0, 50, 100 and 200 mg seedling-1 month-1), in combination with two rates of cattle manure (10% and 20% in relation to final volume of mixture with subsoil). These experiments were conducted in complete randomized blocks in a factorial arrangement (4x2), with three replications (composed of seedlings coming from different matrix) and plots consisted of three seedlings. Source of N was urea (45% N), P triple superphosphate (45% P2O5), and K potassium chloride (60% K2O), respectively. After eight month of seedlings age following observations were made: Stem diameter of 5 cm height, plant height, top dry matter, soil and leaves chemical analysis for each treatment combination. In the first experiment, baru seedlings presented positive response to addition of traditional chemical fertilizers (rates D1 and D2) and slow release (ALL). Organic manure improved growth of seedlings with the addition of 20% and 30% cattle manure, however there was no difference between two rates. All treatments tested permitted production of seedlings of good quality for commercial sale and planting in the field, except of control treatment without fertilization (E0%+D0) and which received only 10% cattle manure with addition of subsoil (E10%+D0). Organic manure (20% cattle manure) and mineral fertilizers (D1, D2 and ALL) increased fertility of the substrate and leaf concentrations of N, P, K, S and Zn. In the experiments 1 and 4, seedlings presented positive growth to cattle manure incorporated in the subsoil, rate 20% better than rate 10%. Incorporation of cattle manure in the subsoil in the dose of 20%, supplied adequate fertilization in the substrate and foliar nutrition for growth and mineral nutrition of baru seedlings. In the presence of cattle manure incorporated in the subsoil in the 10 and 20% rates, seedling growth response was negative with the addition of potassium and there was no response with the addition of lime and phosphorus. Nitrogen topdressing monthly gave positive response to growth and height, stem diameter, top dry weight, when applied after incorporation of cattle manure in the subsoil in the dose of 10%, but response was positive in relation to height with rate of 20% cattle manure.

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