IESA - Artigos publicados em periódicos

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Future dynamics of land use and land cover in the Cerrado biome
(2026) Frazão, Ana Paula; Ferreira, Manuel Eduardo; Sousa, Silvio Braz de; Santos, Sophia Victória
The Cerrado, recognized as a global biodiversity hotspot, is under intense pressure from agricultural expansion. To support public policy planning, this study projected future land use and land cover scenarios up to 2100 using a spatial modeling framework developed in Python, based on Markov Chains, Weights of Evidence, and neighborhood metrics. PRODES deforestation rates were used to define three scenarios: optimistic (6,512.6 km²/year), trend (8,140.8 km²/year), and pessimistic (11,551 km²/year). The results indicate that the optimistic scenario slows the loss of native vegetation, whereas the trend scenario maintains recent conversion patterns and the pessimistic scenario intensifies landscape fragmentation. The highest annual losses are concentrated between 2030 and 2050 (optimistic: –2,707 km²; trend: –6,342 km²; pessimistic: –15,711 km²), followed by a decline due to the scarcity of remaining natural areas. By 2100, native vegetation may be reduced to 1.3–1.7 million km², corresponding to 47–61% of its original extent. These findings indicate that maintaining current trajectories may compromise the biome’s ecological resilience, highlighting the need for stricter conservation and deforestation control policies.
Meta-analysis: efficiency of using remote sensing to monitor algal and cyanobacterial blooms in continental aquatic environments
(2026) Rissate, Guilherme Luiz; Darim, Elisa Parreira; Ferreira Neto, Gilson de Souza; Ferreira, Manuel Eduardo; Carneiro, Fernanda Melo
Algae, including both eukaryotes and prokaryotes (cyanobacteria), play a crucial role in aquatic ecosystems. However, eutrophication caused by human activities has led to excessive algal blooms, degrading water quality. Traditional phytoplankton monitoring methods are limited in scale and cost, whereas remote sensing emerges as an efficient alternative, enabling broad and continuous analysis. Chlorophyll-a, a pigment found in algae and cyanobacteria, is a key indicator of phytoplankton biomass and can be quantified using remote sensing techniques. This study conducted a meta-analysis of 267 articles (1983-2021) to assess the effectiveness of remote sensing models in estimating chlorophyll-a in inland waters. The results demonstrated that these models are effective, with a mean effect size of 0.6776. High heterogeneity among studies was observed, primarily influenced by atmospheric correction methods. Group 4 corrections (simultaneous retrieval of atmospheric and water components) helped explain part of the model's heterogeneity. Hyperspectral imagery and semi-analytical algorithms showed higher accuracy, though they were less frequently used. Lotic environments (rivers) exhibited larger effect sizes than lentic ones (lakes), reflecting ecological differences. Arid and temperate climates yielded better results than tropical and cold climates. The study concludes that remote sensing is a viable tool for monitoring algal blooms, with the potential to enhance water quality management.
Potenciais riscos da mineração a céu aberto na dinâmica dos corpos hídricos: recorte no manancial da bacia do Córrego da Lagoa, Ouvidor
(2026) Rodrigues, Lucas Ferreira; Matos, Jainer Diogo Viera; Ferreira, Manuel Eduardo
The present study examines the landscape and transformations in the Cerrado biome, focusing on the city of Ouvidor (GO) and the Lagoa Stream Watershed. It highlights the characteristics of the biome, its phytophysiognomies, and the impact of socioeconomic activities such as livestock farming, agriculture, and mining on landscape changes. The analysis emphasizes the relationship between anthropogenic activities, water resources, and regional transformations. It incorporates landscape concepts, stressing the unique heritage of the landscape and the responsibility for its sustainable use. The choice of Ouvidor is justified by the need for hydrological information to improve resource management. The methodology includes a literature review, document research, geoprocessing, and field analyses. This study aims to understand local dynamics and contribute to water resource management in the region.
UAV multisensor data and GAMLSS improve forage biomass estimation in Cerrado integrated crop-livestock pastures
(2026) Lima, Gabriella Santos Arruda de; Ferreira, Manuel Eduardo; Baumann, Luis Rodrigo Fernandes; Freitas, Fernanda Mara Cunha; Machado, Pedro Luiz Oliveira de Almeida; Silva, Antônio Vitor Resende; Koakuzu, Selma Nakamoto; Silva, Mellissa Ananias Soler da; Carvalho, Márcia Thaís Melo; Santos, Micael Moreira; Madari, Beata Emoke
Introduction: Accurate estimation of aboveground biomass (AGB) is essential for monitoring pasture productivity and supporting sustainable management of integrated crop–livestock (ICL) systems. We hypothesized that integrating multispectral, thermal, and canopy-structural information derived from unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) would improve AGB prediction relative to spectral information alone, and that Generalized Additive Models for Location, Scale and Shape (GAMLSS) would accommodate seasonal heteroscedasticity while maintaining predictive performance comparable to Random Forest (RF) and Support Vector Machine (SVM) models. Methods: We collected 280 destructive biomass samples from two ICL paddocks and one continuously grazed pasture in the Brazilian Cerrado between 2022 and 2024. Twenty-four UAV-derived predictors, including spectral bands, vegetation indices, canopy surface temperature, and canopy height, were evaluated using repeated five-fold cross-validation. Model transferability was assessed by withholding one management paddock at a time. Results and discussion: Under repeated five-fold cross-validation, GAMLSS achieved the lowest prediction error (R² = 0.69 ± 0.01; RMSE = 2.15 ± 0.04 Mg ha⁻¹), followed closely by SVM (R² = 0.68 ± 0.01; RMSE = 2.19 ± 0.03 Mg ha-1); RF showed lower accuracy (R2 = 0.53 ± 0.01; RMSE = 2.63 ± 0.02 Mg ha-1). In the paddock-transferability assessment, GAMLSS also showed the lowest error (R2 = 0.63 ± 0.04; RMSE = 2.34 ± 0.26 Mg ha-1). For GAMLSS, the complete multisensor configuration reduced RMSE by 6.2% compared with the spectral-only configuration. The selected model was used to generate spatially explicit maps of AGB and standing aboveground biomass carbon, estimated from the mean measured carbon concentration of forage biomass. Integrating multispectral, thermal, and structural UAV data with distributional regression improves AGB estimation and enables spatial monitoring of tropical pastures under contrasting management conditions.
Delgado de Carvalho e a Geografia escolar: racialidade e unidade nacional na Primeira Repúblic
(2026) Souza, Lorena Francisco de; Cirqueira, Diogo Marçal
The article examines Delgado de Carvalho's interpretations of the Brazilian nation between 1910 and 1930, focusing on how he integrates the notions of environment and race in the teaching of Geography. Through the analysis of the manual "Geographia do Brasil," published and revised during these decades, the text explores how Geography was used to legitimize and promote the idea of the nation in Brazil. Influenced by European theories, Delgado de Carvalho sought to translate the geographical and racial complexities of the country into a narrative of national unity. He confronted the contradictions imposed by the racist theories of the time, which viewed the tropical environment and the Brazilian racial composition as obstacles to progress. At the same time, his works aimed to resolve the dilemma of miscegenation, emphasizing the whitening of the population as a solution to the formation of a "modern and civilized" nation. Delgado de Carvalho's role was central to the development of Geography as a scientific and school discipline in Brazil, and his contributions significantly influenced the teaching of Geography in subsequent decades.
Avaliação do potencial das trilhas ecológicas para a oferta de serviços ecossistêmicos culturais
(2026) Andrade, Helen Lima de; Faria, Karla Maria Silva de
This project aimed to evaluate the cultural ecosystem services (CES) present on a trail in the Altamiro de Moura Pacheco State Park (PEAMP), located near the urban area of Goiânia, Goiás. The methodology involved applying a checklist of CES indicators along the trail to identify the presence and quality of these services in the environment. The results highlighted the importance of PEAMP as a biodiversity refuge of the Cerrado, offering opportunities for societal connection with nature and the promotion of environmental education. However, gaps were identified in the infrastructure and service provision along the trail, suggesting the need for investments to improve visitor experience and promote sustainable development in the region. In summary, the study underscores the importance of valuing and conserving ecosystem services in urban areas as a means to promote human well-being and ensure environmental sustainability.
Dinâmica espaço-temporal de queimadas no Parque Nacional da Chapada dos Veadeiros por sensoriamento remoto entre 2020 e 2025
(2026) Lemes, Stffane Beatriz Figueredo; Casanova, Felipe; Faria, Karla Maria Silva
The Brazilian savannas (Cerrado) is a biome characterized by high biodiversity, where fire occurrences have been intensified by anthropic actions, potentially compromising ecosystem structure and functionality. In this context, this study analyzes the spatial and temporal dynamics of burned areas in the Chapada dos Veadeiros National Park during the dry season between 2020 and 2025, aiming to characterize fire frequency, spatial distribution, and spatio-temporal dynamics to support the integrated management of the Park. The methodology was based on the use of Sentinel-2 (MSI) imagery, employing the Normalized Burn Ratio (NBR), SWIR false-color composites, and active fire data from the FIRMS/NASA system (MODIS and VIIRS). Multitemporal analyses allowed the identification of heterogeneous fire occurrence patterns, with a greater extent of burned areas in each of the analyzed years, highlighting 2022 as the most significant year in terms of spatial extent during the dry season. The total mapped area affected by fire during the analyzed period was 82.068 ha. The integration of methodologies demonstrated high spatial coherence between fire scars and active fires, evidencing the effectiveness of remote sensing in monitoring wildfires within protected areas. The results reinforce the importance of continuous fire monitoring for environmental planning and for strengthening fire prevention and management strategies in the Cerrado.
Representation of relief by geomorphometric archetypes: a ‘new’ vision of geomorphological mapping in Brazil
(2026) Soares Neto, Gervásio Barbosa; Sano, Edson Eyji; Vasconcelos, Vinicius; Faria, Karla Maria Silva; Martins, Eder de Souza
This study presents a geomorphological map of Brazil based on geomorphometric parameters. The lack of standardized relief representation highlights the need for objective delineation of relief units using measurable morphometric characteristics. Available relief and slope were combined with a geomorphometric approach based on mathematical modelling to identify predominant landform archetypes and define metric relief classes consistent with observed terrain conditions. A classification system dividing Brazil into fifteen relief classes was developed, including plains, fluvial terraces, alluvial fans, depressions, plateaus, scarps, sierras, hills and low hills. Each class was associated with characteristic slope forms. The resulting geomorphological map improves the consistency and accuracy of relief representation and supports analyses of human–environment interactions, with applications in land-use planning, environmental management, agriculture, mineral exploration, and protected-area management.
Evaluation of sediment deposition processes in hydroelectric plant: case study of espora reservoir, Brazil
(2026) Barcelos, Assunção Andrade de; Cabral, João Batista Pereira; Ramalho, Fernanda Luisa; Gomes, Patrícia da Silva; Rocha, Hudson Moraes; Becegato, Valter Antonio; Paulino, Alexandre Tadeu
Studying sedimentary distribution in water reservoirs is essential to understand the depositional processes and develop sustainable environmental management strategies. Characterization of deposited sediments provides information about the sources of particulate matter, transport patterns and predominant deposition mechanisms in different compartments of the reservoir. This study aimed to evaluate active deposition processes and to improve the understanding of sedimentation in water reservoirs. In this case, the Espora hydroelectric power plant, located on the Corrente River, southwestern Goiás, Brazil, was employed as a model environment. Sediment cores were collected at 29 points along the reservoir, covering different aquatic compartments. Particle-size analysis of the sediments was performed based on established methodologies using textural classification to identify sedimentary facies. The results indicated the predominance of stream deposits (sandy material) in areas where water flow velocity was higher, and bed deposits, composed predominantly of clays and silts, in regions of lower water flow velocity and greater depth.
Assessing soil erosion susceptibility in a tropical landscape: insights from a Brazilian case study
(2026) Guerrero, João Vitor Roque; Silva, Elton Vicente Escobar; Almeida, Cláudia Maria de; Campos, Cintia Isabel de; Di Lollo, José Augusto; Gomes, António Alberto Teixeira; Nunes, Fabrizia Gioppo
Soil is a strategic resource essential for maintaining ecosystem services, an initiative closely linked to a country’s stage of development. In this sense, urgent strategies are required to mitigate the impacts of climate change on soil systems. This study aimed to assess the susceptibility to soil erosion as a means to support sustainable land-use planning in the municipality of Anápolis, presenting a highly disturbed landscape in Brazil. To achieve this, we applied the Information Value (IV) technique—a Bayesian statistical method based on frequency analysis—which quantifies the influence of various geoenvironmental factors on the probability of erosion occurrence by statistically evaluating their relationship with past erosion events. The results showed that approximately 50% of the municipality is highly susceptible to erosion, and for this reason, these areas should be prioritized by public authorities. The proposed geoenvironmental model demonstrated a satisfactory accuracy (~80%), confirming its effectiveness as a tool to enhance soil resilience.
Reformas educacionais e reflexos sobre a formação inicial: abordagem a partir do olhar de licenciandos em Geografia
(2026) Melo, Josandra Araújo Barreto de; Cavalcanti, Lana de Souza
Nas últimas três décadas, a educação brasileira vem passando por reformas que incidem sobre a Geografia, sobretudo no Ensino Médio, retirando a sua autonomia como componente autônomo. Tais reformas, associadas à redução da carga horária e transformações nos livros didáticos, vêm repercutindo na prática dos professores. Mediante o exposto, esta pesquisa objetivou identificar possíveis repercussões dessas mudanças na formação inicial em Geografia, a partir da visão de licenciandos dos cursos de Geografia da Universidade Estadual da Paraíba (Campus I) e da Universidade Federal de Goiás (Campus Samambaia) sobre experiências vivenciadas nos estágios supervisionados. A metodologia utilizada consistiu na aplicação de questionário junto à licenciandos nas duas instituições e realização de grupos focais. As falas dos licenciandos foram transcritas e analisadas a partir da proposta de Análise de Conteúdo (AC), de Bardin (2015). Os resultados demonstraram que as transformações no ensino de Geografia vêm repercutindo de forma contundente na formação inicial nas duas instituições, haja vista que mais de 50% dos concluintes não se sentem motivados a serem professores, em virtude da precarização da carreira acentuada por tais transformações
Sensoriamento remoto “das enchentes, inundações e alagamentos”: potencialidades e limitações
(2026) Santos, Alex Mota dos; Nunes, Fabrizia Gioppo
Satellite imagery has revolutionized the way scientists obtain data and information about terrestrial landscapes and their dynamics. In this context, this article analyzes the potential and limitations of using remote sensing images acquired by passive sensors for mapping areas affected by floods, inundations, and urban flooding. The methodology involved a literature review and the analysis of images from the CBERS-4A and Landsat-9, which provide recent, free, and suitable data for municipal-scale analyses. To this end, images from municipalities located in the southern portion of the state of Bahia that were affected by these natural disasters were analyzed. The results showed that passive sensors present limitations related to atmospheric conditions in regional-scale analyses, making them more suitable for studies in smaller areas and in locations with low cloud cover.
Uma proposta de regionalização para o território goiano
(2026) Arrais, Tadeu Pereira Alencar; Salgado, Tathiana Rodrigues; Lima, Leandro Oliveira de
This study is part of a research report resulting from an agreement between the Government of the State of Goiás, through the State Secretariat of Industry, Commerce, and Services, and the Federal University of Goiás, with the involvement of the Research Support Foundation (FUNAPE). The research arose from the need to propose a new regionalization scheme, particularly for the provision of public education and health services, while considering new methodological frameworks and the socioeconomic development of Goiás.
Remotely piloted aircraft system (RPAS) applied to the forest Inventory of Tectona grandis Linn f.: an RGB-based approach
(2026) Lenzi, Italo Luiz Corrêa; Nunes, Gustavo Manzon; Ferreira, Manuel Eduardo; Figueiredo, Evandro Orfanó; Mora, Rômulo; Drescher, Ronaldo
Advances in the forestry sector are closely linked to scientific research and the implementation of technologies in the areas of sensors, aerial images, GPS, learning algorithms, data processing, as well as the use of computer intelligence systems to obtain and analyze data in forestry plantations, which require tools that provide a higher degree of precision, reduced costs and less time for data collection. This constant evolution of the sector, together with the improvement of Remotely Piloted Aircraft Systems (RPAS), paves the way for the use of this platform in forest data collection. In this article we discussed the use of RPAS to obtain dendrometric and morphometric variables to estimate wood volume in two Tectona grandis Linn f. stands, where field measurement and overflight were carried out using the Phantom 4 Pro RPAS. The aerial photos were processed using Pix4Dmapper software to generate the orthomosaic, digital terrain model and surface. Using these products, information was collected on the total height, crown area and crown diameter of the trees, with the aim of estimating volume (v) using the variables collected from the images (indirect method) and with the addition of the variables collected in the field (direct method). The estimates of v showed satisfactory results through the evaluation statistics, and it was possible to estimate forest production from data obtained by RPAS, obtaining an adjusted coefficient of determination of 66% in the indirect method and the estimate together with the field data showed an adjusted coefficient of determination of 94%.
Content of radionuclides in soils of hydraulic development areas in Brazil
(2026) Gomes, Patrícia da Silva; Barcelos, Assunção Andrade de; Cabral, João Batista Pereira; Ramalho, Fernanda Luisa; Rocha, Hudson Moraes; Becegato, Valter Antonio; Paulino, Alexandre Tadeu
This study aimed to quantify and assess the spatial distribution of 238U, 232Th, and 40K in the soils of the Espora Hydroelectric Power Plant (Espora HPP) and Queixada Small Hydroelectric Power Plant (Queixada SHPP) watershed (model hydraulic development areas) and their relationship with the geological, chemical, physical, and biological aspects of the soil. The study areas are located in the Corrente River drainage basin, in the southwestern portion of the state of Goiás, Brazil. Radionuclides were quantified using a PGIS-2 portable gamma spectrometer, with measurements taken at 21 sampling points. Soil samples were collected from the surface layer (0–20 cm) for particle-size and chemical analyses. The results indicated that the average radionuclide contents in the soils were 64.49 Bq/kg for 40K, 45.44 Bq/kg for 238U, and 4.53 Bq/kg for 232Th. When comparing these values with the global average established by UNSCEAR, it was observed that 232Th and 40K concentrations were below the global reference, whereas 238U concentration exceeded the world average of 33 Bq/kg. Particle-size characterization revealed significant variability in soil texture, with sand content ranging from 51.46 to 90.91%, clay content from 7.45 to 30.64%, and silt content from 1.64 to 17.90%. Organic matter content had an average of 10.09 g/kg, while soil pH ranged from 4.67 to 6.54. The results of this study have demonstrated the relevance of integrating radiometric and geochemical data for assessing environmental safety in hydroelectric development areas. The approach adopted can support monitoring programs and decision-making processes related to soil management and land-use planning in regions influenced by hydraulic infrastructures.
A paradiplomacia como vetor de desenvolvimento local em Campo Grande-MS na rota Bioceânica Capricórnio
(2026) Silva, Fabio Roberto Cordeiro da; Carneiro Filho, Camilo Pereira
This article investigates the role of paradiplomacy as a strategic tool for local development and the international insertion of subnational entities, focusing on the case of Campo Grande (MS) within the Capricorn Bioceanic Corridor. As globalization weakens the state monopoly over foreign policy, the international action of municipalities and states gains relevance in International Relations. This research, with a qualitative, exploratory, and descriptive approach, is based on specialized bibliography and institutional documents, aiming to understand how Campo Grande can position itself as a logistical, economic, and cultural hub in the corridor that connects Brazil, Paraguay, Argentina, and Chile to the Pacific Ocean. The study identifies three main types of paradiplomacy – commercial, identity-based, and regional integration –, noting that its effectiveness depends on factors such as bureaucratic capacity, institutional alignment with state and federal levels, and participation in multi-level cooperation networks. Partial results indicate that paradiplomacy can boost agribusiness, attract foreign direct investment, expand exports of value-added products, and promote cultural and academic exchanges. However, significant challenges remain, including regulatory and bureaucratic barriers, financial limitations, and linguistic obstacles, which require strategies to overcome. The study concludes that paradiplomacy is a key vector for local development and regional integration, especially when institutionalized as a permanent public policy at the municipal level. In this sense, Campo Grande has the potential to move beyond being merely a transit point of the Corridor to assert itself as a dynamic center and articulator of economic, social, and cultural opportunities in the South American space.
Análise espacial da desigualdade socioterritorial no estado de Goiás, Brasil
(2026) Carmo, Nadyelle Curcino do; Nunes, Fabrizia Gioppo; Santos, Alex Mota dos
Social-spatial inequality refers to disparities between territories and their populations, encompassing income distribution, access to basic services, quality of life, and cultural, political, and historical factors that shape these disparities. The article analyzes social-spatial inequality in municipalities of Goiás, Brazil, using univariate and bivariate spatial techniques to identify patterns (clusters) of social exclusion and inclusion within a GIS environment. Spatial statistical techniques, such as Global and Local Moran’s I, were applied. Indicators of literacy, longevity, absence of housing infrastructure, and income were considered. The results revealed significant spatial dependence clusters in municipalities of the metropolitan region of Goiânia and surrounding the Federal District. In the univariate analysis, positive spatial autocorrelation was observed for all indicators. In the bivariate analysis, between the Municipal Development Index (IDM) and the selected indicators, negative spatial autocorrelation was identified, except for IDM–Longevity and IDM–Employment, which showed positive associations.
Rainfall dynamics in the river basin of the Jataí stream – Central-West Brazil
(2026) Silva, Ezequiel Pereira da; Lopes, Regina Maria; Cabral, João Batista Pereira
The transformations made by man in the environment, assigning different types of uses and occupations, can cause environmental damage and alterations when carried out in a disorderly manner. Among the possible changes, those linked to the climate have become the subject of worldwide debate regarding its quality and changes, making the study a conditioner for economic and social activities as well as quality of life and river basin planning. The aim of this research is to analyze the dynamics of rainfall in the river basin of the Jataí stream during its rainy season, from October 2021 to April 2022. In order to achieve this objective, we considered the rain intensity and distribution through the installation of six collection points with rain gauges and the INMET weather station as the seventh point. The results showed that rainfall was not homogeneous in the basin area, ranging from 749.7 mm in P3 to 1,116.8 mm in P4, with November 2021 being the wettest month. Of the 212 collection days, there was precipitation on 187 of them, totaling 1,236 hours of weak and moderate rainfall, with some episodes of very heavy rainfall, such as the one recorded in P1 of 77.67 mm precipitated in just 1 hour of rain on 01/09/2022. These results can contribute to proper environmental and climate planning in the basin, especially in its urban area.
Os preditores da desigualdade socioterritorial no estado de Goiás, Brasil
(2026) Carmo, Nadyelle Curcino do; Nunes, Fabrizia Gioppo; Santos, Alex Mota dos; Silva, Carlos Fabrício Assunção da; Almeida Junior, Pedro Monteiro de
This article analyzes the predictors of socio-territorial inequality in the state of Goiás, Brazil, with an emphasis on the influence of the primary agribusiness sector on municipal development levels. To this end, 37 socioeconomic and territorial variables from the years 2021 and 2022 were used. The adopted methodology combines statistical models (Ordinary Least Squares – OLS) and machine learning algorithms (Random Forest and XGBoost). The OLS model was employed to examine statistical relationships between socioeconomic variables, while the Random Forest and XGBoost algorithms were used to assess the importance of these variables in predicting the Municipal Development Index (MDI). The analysis considered indicators such as health infrastructure, access to sanitation, literacy levels, and economic inclusion. The results indicate that variables such as employment, hospital bed availability, and basic sanitation have a strong impact on socio-territorial inequality, demonstrating that a lack of access to essential services is directly associated with low development levels. Furthermore, the research reveals that although agribusiness drives economic growth at the state level, it also contributes to the deepening of socio-territorial inequalities by concentrating wealth in specific municipalities. These findings highlight the need for public policies that promote more equitable development.
Modelagem da perda de solos no município de Silvânia - Goiás
(2026) Rocha, Gustavo Maia; Nunes, Fabrizia Gioppo; Santos, Alex Mota dos
Brazil, with its vast territorial extension and climatic diversity, faces serious problems of water erosion of soils. This process, driven by the force of rainwater in tropical climates regions, along with intense agricultural activities, such as in the municipalities of the Brazilian Cerrado, represents one of the main forms of soil degradation. Thus, this study aims to evaluate the temporal and spatial dynamics of vulnerability to soil loss in the municipality of Silvânia, Goiás, in two distinct scenarios: 1985 and 2023. To do this, we sought to identify the probable causes of water erosion in the different land cover and land use typologies, understanding which environmental factors trigger this phenomenon. For modeling, the Universal Soil Loss Equation (USLE) was employed in a Geographic Information System (GIS), estimating the CP, LS, K, and R factors. The results indicated significant changes in land cover, with an increase in agricultural areas and a reduction in natural formations. Agricultural areas on steep slopes revealed high erosion vulnerability to erosion, influenced by the accentuated relief, land use patterns and edaphoclimatic characteristics of the region. It is concluded that the agricultural expansion without conservation practices has accentuated soil degradation. For the municipality, the importance of land management and conservation techniques such as terracing, contour lines, and maintenance of vegetation cover is highlighted.

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