IESA - Artigos publicados em periódicos

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Fronteira Brasil-Guiana Francesa: interações espaciais, cidades gêmeas e exploração petrolífera
(Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2025-10-11) Carneiro Filho, Camilo Pereira; Leal, Laura Beatriz Silva
Between moments of approximation and separation, over time, the Brazil-French Guiana border and its security and defense functions began to coexist with others such as integration and cooperation. However, the period of the COVID-19 pandemic (March 11, 2020 to May 5, 2023) highlighted several obstacles in the relationship between Brasília and Paris, which involve the completion of the BR-156 highway, the regularization of traffic across the Franco-Brazilian Binational Bridge, among other points. Thus, the present articlepresents an analysis of the spatial interactions on the border between Brazil (Amapá) and France (French Guiana), contemplating the consolidation of the border, the dynamics of the twin cities and the expectation ofoil exploration on the north coast of Oiapoque. In terms of methodology, this paper constitutes a qualitative research, based on bibliographic analysis, from the perspective of Geopolitics and Political Geography, enriched with fieldwork and thematic cartography.
Global 30-m annual median vegetation height maps (2000–2022) based on ICESat-2 data and Machine Learning
(2025) Hunter, Maria O'Healy; Parente, Leandro Leal; Yu-feng, Ho; Bonannella, Carmelo; Ferreira Junior, Laerte Guimarães; Morton, Douglas Christopher; Consoli, Davide; Sloat, Lindsey
Accounting for alternation in temporal quality analysis in MapBiomas Brazil
(2025) Silva, Ana Paula Matos e; Hunter, Maria O'Healy; Pontius Jr., Robert Gilmore; Baumann, Luis Rodrigo Fernandes; Parente, Leandro Leal; Ferreira Junior, Laerte Guimarães
Land use and land cover maps are an important resource for understanding interactions between humans and their environment across space and time with current mapping efforts often spanning upwards of 20 years. We present here a new method for a robust assessment of land cover transitions over time and apply this methodology to the yearly MapBiomas land use land cover maps of Brazil spanning 1985–2022. Based on a reference sample of 85,152 points, we find MapBiomas to have limited accuracy as an indicator of yearly land use change, but consistent over the full mapping period. Alternation, a newly defined error component, captures the number of land use transitions a location experiences throughout time. It is the primary reason for differences in estimates of annual change and is 4.6 times more frequent in the MapBiomas product than reference data. Differences in alternations are particularly prevalent in transitions from pasture to savanna and forest classes. The total land use changes detected over the 37 year study period are consistent between the reference data and the MapBiomas classification with 232 million hectares and 252 million hectares, or 27% and 29% of the Brazilian territory respectively.
Light use efficiency (LUE) based bimonthly gross primary productivity (GPP) for global grasslands at 30 m spatial resolution (2000–2022)
(2025) Isik, Mustafa Serkan; Parente, Leandro Leal; Consoli, Davide; Sloat, Lindsey; Mesquita, Vinicius Vieira; Ferreira Junior, Laerte Guimarães; Sabbatini, Simone; Stanimirova, Radost; Teles, Nathália Monteiro; Robinson, Nathaniel; Costa Junior, Ciniro; Hengl, Tomislav
The article describes production of a high spatial resolution (30 m) bimonthly light use efficiency (LUE) based gross primary productivity (GPP) data set representing grasslands for the period 2000 to 2022. The data set is based on using reconstructed global complete consistent bimonthly Landsat archive (400TB of data), combined with 1 km MOD11A1 temperature data and 1 CERES Photosynthetically Active Radiation (PAR). First, the LUE model was implemented by taking the biome-specific productivity factor (maximum LUE parameter) as a global constant, producing a global bimonthly (uncalibrated) productivity data for the complete land mask. Second, the GPP 30 m bimonthly maps were derived for the global grassland annual predictions and calibrating the values based on the maximum LUE factor of 0.86 gCm−2d−1MJ−1. The results of validation of the produced GPP estimates based on 527 eddy covariance flux towers show an R-square between 0.48–0.71 and root mean square error (RMSE) below ~2.3 gCm−2d−1 for all land cover classes. Using a total of 92 flux towers located in grasslands, the validation of the GPP product calibrated for the grassland biome revealed an R-square between 0.51–0.70 and an RMSE smaller than ~2 gCm−2d−1. The final time-series of maps (uncalibrated and grassland GPP) are available as bimonthly (daily estimates in units of gCm−2d−1) and annual (daily average accumulated by 365 days in units of gCm−2yr−1) in Cloud-Optimized GeoTIFF (~23TB in size) as open data (CC-BY license). The recommended uses of data include: trend analysis e.g., to determine where are the largest losses in GPP and which could be an indicator of potential land degradation, crop yield mapping and for modeling GHG fluxes at finer spatial resolution. Produced maps are available via SpatioTemporal Asset Catalog (http://stac. openlandmap.org) and Google Earth Engine.
Seismic facies analysis using chirp sub-bottom profile data from large sandy-bed rivers, lower São Francisco River, Northeast Brazil
(2025) Santos, Landerlei Almeida; Latrubesse, Edgardo Manuel; Feng, Zhou
A chirp sub-bottom profiler (SBP) system (shallow high-resolution seismic) was used to characterize the internal architecture of submerged bedforms and fluvial bars of the lower São Francisco River, Northeast Brazil. From upstream to downstream, the area was subdivided into two geomorphic channel reaches: anabranching-braided; and anabranching-stable. The uppermost sedimentary layers of the riverbed were analysed. A processing flow (bandpass filtering, automatic gain control, time-varying gain and stacking) to attenuate the effect of noise, equalize the gain and highlight the internal structures that were not clear in the primary recorded SBP section (envelope mode) was applied. Detailed seismic analysis and description of the SBP seismic profiles allow the interpretation of seven seismic facies. An idealized stage of development for each channel landform is based on the seismic characteristics of the sandy sets of the anabranching-braided reach. In the anabranching-stable islands reach, the bedforms have a low degree of preservation. Our result demonstrates that the SBP chirp data is a potential tool that allows the identification and definition of sedimentary facies in large sandy-bed rivers.
Jovens escolares e suas práticas espaciais em cidades pequenas: potencialidades para ensinar e aprender geografia
(2025) Ferreira, Afonso Vieira; Cavalcanti, Lana de Souza
Comprender el mundo de relaciones que los jóvenes escolares establecen con sus iguales y con los espacios cotidianos donde desarrollan sus más diversas prácticas espaciales urbanas es una tarea compleja que implica múltiples aspectos. La complejidad de este proceso se intensifica al examinar la relación entre las espacialidades juveniles en las pequeñas ciudades de Brasil y la enseñanza de la geografía. Desde esta perspectiva, este trabajo pretende presentar aspectos teóricos, conceptuales y empíricos de la relación entre la enseñanza de la geografía y las prácticas espaciales de los jóvenes escolares de pequeñas ciudades. La metodología adoptada para producir datos empíricos se basa en la investigación cualitativa, mediante cuestionarios aplicados a alumnos de primer año de enseñanza media de escuelas públicas de pequeñas ciudades del estado de Tocantins. Los resultados indican que las prácticas espaciales urbanas en este contexto son limitadas, lo que requiere esfuerzos específicos para aprovechar el potencial de la enseñanza de la geografía para la educación ciudadana.
Optimizing nitrogen estimates in common bean canopies throughout key growth stages via spectral and textural data from unmanned aerial vehicle multispectral imagery
(2025) Silva, Diogo Castilho; Madari, Beata Emoke; Carvalho, Maria da Conceição Santana; Ferreira, Manuel Eduardo
Leaf nitrogen assessment is crucial for optimizing crop management, driving remote sensing use. This study demonstrates the effectiveness of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) multispectral imagery for enhancing leaf nitrogen content estimation in common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) through the integration of vegetation indices (VIs) and texture features. Research conducted over two years (2021–2022) evaluated various nitrogen rates across critical growth stages (V4, R5, and R7). Machine learning models combining spectral and textural information significantly outperformed single-index approaches, achieving root mean square error (RMSE) values of 1.80 g kg−1 (relative root mean square error – RRMSE = 2.93 %) at V4 stage using support vector machine with VIs, and 2.79 g kg−1 (RRMSE = 5.20 %) at R5 stage using random forest with VIs. For later growth stages (R7) and across the entire season (all growth stages), the combination of VIs and texture metrics proved most effective, with random forest achieving RMSE values of 3.42 and 3.96 g kg−1 (RRMSE = 7.40 and 7.32 %), respectively. Texture analysis in across-row directions (90° and 135°) provided superior performance compared to traditional diagonal approaches for row-planted crops. Linear regression analysis showed that normalized difference texture indices incorporating correlation and homogeneity explained up to 71 % of leaf nitrogen content variability at R7 stage. The optimal nitrogen rate of 91 kg ha−1, validated through both yield response and leaf nitrogen measurements, provides a robust benchmark for nitrogen management in common bean production. This methodology offers a practical framework for real-time, site-specific nitrogen management that improves upon current recommendation systems.
Compreender as juventudes: tarefa importante e necessária para realizar o ensino de Geografia com sucesso
(2025) Cavalcanti, Lana de Souza
The text brings together fundamental aspects for understanding young students in different current contexts, with the aim of contributing to the daily practice of Geography teachers. In the initial part, the text addresses the concept of youth, using previously systematized references as support. Next, a conception of Geography teaching is presented with a view to developing geographic thinking, from a critical perspective. The text continues with elements of the methodological orientation in this perspective, as well as the expectations of young people with school and Geography classes, evidenced in research with schoolchildren, and which influence learning practices. Finally, an understanding of the relationship between youth, geographic learning and daily life is summarized.
Contributions of water resources charges on the Paranaíba river
(2025) Pasqualetto, Antonio; Faria, Karla Maria Silva de; Muro Júnior , Aldo; Mendes, Thiago Augusto
Population growth and demand for water require managers to ensure its availability and quality. Among the instruments defined by law no. 9,433/1997, the charge for water stands out. Thus, the objective was to evaluate the evolution of charges for the use of water resources in Brazil, with emphasis on the Paranaíba river basin. The methodology was based on two phases, one of reviewing articles available in Capes journals and the other of consulting spreadsheets from the Araguari River Basin Agency on charging for the use of water under the Union's jurisdiction in the Paranaíba river basin. The results showed that charging for the use of water resources constitutes a relevant instrument for disciplining and attracting financial resources that will allow improvements in the planning and management of water use. It is noteworthy that irrigation appears as the main user of the flow captured in the Paranaíba river. However, the main source of resources for collection comes from public supply. Among the Federation Units, the Federal District proved to be the largest contributor in the Paranaíba river basin.
Implicações das transformações no uso e cobertura da terra na gestão hídrica da bacia hidrografica do rio Araguaia
(2025) Assis, Pâmela Camila; Silva, Ana Paula Matos e; Faria, Karla Maria Silva de; Bayer, Maximiliano
This study investigates transformations in land use and cover in the Araguaia River basin between 1985 and 2022, highlighting the pressures resulting from agricultural expansion on the sub-basins. Using data from MapBiomas, the study offers a detailed analysis of environmental changes over nearly four decades, reflecting the intensification of human activities such as agriculture, livestock, and urbanization. The analysis revealed a significant reduction in natural vegetation cover, with a 44.21% decrease in Forest Formation, 41.53% in Savanna Formation, and 34.74% in Grassland Formation. These transformations demonstrate a shift towards intensified agriculture, with a significant increase in soybean cultivation and other temporary crops in previously uncultivated areas. The Rio das Mortes sub-basin stands out among the other sub-basins for having the highest rate of area conversion. Even after 26 years since the enactment of the Water Law, the Araguaia River basin still lacks committees which cover its entire territory. There are currently only seven basin committees, covering only 39.47% of the basin’s total area. There are 23 among the 40 sub-basins which still do not have an established basin committee. This gap in water resource management underscores theurgent need for effective public policies for the conservation and sustainable use of the river basin.
Conteúdos de astronomia presentes no componente curricular geografia na base nacional comum curricular (BNCC) e na formação docente no Instituto de Estudos Socioambientais (IESA) da Universidade Federal de Goiás (UFG)
(2025) Meneguelli, Juliana Faria; Barros, Juliana Ramalho
This article aims to identify the connections between the Astronomy contents present in the Geography Component in Brazil’s Common Core State Standards (BNCC) and teacher training at the Institute of Socio-Environmental Studies (IESA) of the Federal University of Goiás (UFG). The methodological procedures adopted in this article are based on qualitative research and the construction of tables that list the contents and skills that interface between Astronomy and Geography. The theoretical discussion revolves around the possible connections between the knowledge of astronomy and geography as outlined in the official documents analyzed such as Brazil’s Common Core State Standards (BNCC) and the Reference Curriculum of the State Education Network of Goiás. There is also a concern about teacher training in Geography at UFG. Thus, we list the disciplines that interface together knowledge of astronomy and geography.
Balanço hídrico climatológico e classificação climática de köppen e thornthwaite para o município de Araguaína, Tocantins
(2025) Pereira, Marcelo Divino Ribeiro; Cabral, João Batista Pereira; Silva, Ezequiel Pereira da; Lopes, Regina Maria
The dynamics of climatic elements, with emphasis on temperature and precipitation, are fundamental for studies on the Climate Classification Systems (CCS) of a region, as well as for determining the Climatological Water Balance (BHC). Thus, the objective of the work was to determine the Climatological Water Balance and the climatic classification for the municipality of Araguaína (TO), basedon the methodological proposals of Köppen and Thornthwaite. In this case, a historical series referring to the years 1991 to 2020 was used. As a result, there is 1761.9 mm of accumulated annual precipitation and a Potential Evapotranspiration (ETP) in theorder of 1425.36 mm; the average monthly temperature of the municipality over 29 years was 25.4 ºC.The Water Surplus (WSR) found was 638.19 mm, while the Water Deficit (WDE), represented by the months of May, June, July, August, September and October, was around 301.65 mm for the years analyzed. Regarding the climate of the municipality, according to the Köppen proposal, it is of the Aw type, tropical with a dry season in winter; for Thornthwaite, the climate is classified as B2 -w-A’-a’, therefore, humid, with Moderate Deficiency in Winter, Megathermal with climatic subtype a’.
Movimentos curriculares de Geografia no contexto do ensino médio
(2025) Souza, Vanilton Camilo de; Silva, Leildo Dias; Pereira, Ana Beatriz Duarte; Silva, Gabriel de Miranda Soares
Los planes de estudios destinados a la formación de los jóvenes son ciertamente un tema que suscita amplios debates y disputas. A exemplo es la reforma de la educación secundaria. Esta investigación tiene como objetivo comprender cómo se presentan los conocimientos geográfi cos en los documentos curriculares para la educación secundaria en las redes educativas de Goiás, Mato Grosso y Pará y las reacciones de entidades y asociaciones en el contexto de las reformas emprendidas para este nivel de educación. La metodología es cualitativa con énfasis en el análisis documental. Los resultados muestran que la Geografía en los documentos curriculares de Goiás y Mato Grosso se diluyó en las ciencias humanas y sociales aplicadas. En el documento curricular de Pará hay un esfuerzo por construir un documento crítico y la Geografía todavía tiene un lugar en él. En este movimiento, las intuiciones y entidades de clase se posicionan contra la reforma, demostrando que profundizará las desigualdades sociales. Concluimos que la ley de reforma de la educación secundaria se presenta como un retroceso para la enseñanza de la Geografía.
Hollywood no Cerrado e o devir do espaço: sobrevivência, imagem e narrativa
(2025) Silva, Valéria Cristina Pereira da; Silva, Alberto da
From theoretical approach about Didi-Huberman’s surviving image concept, we are searching uncovered the surviving way and the image power over the space present at reviewed documentary show a history about important Hollywood’s artists went live at Anápolis – a little town in the Brazilian highland where this group comes, in your own way, doing a space transforming. The documentary brings a value of memory that collaborates with Anápolis’ identity.
Five decades of morphological evolution and hydro-sedimentary interactions in a fluvial confluence in the Brazilian Cerrado
(2025) Assis, Pâmela Camila; Zancopé, Márcio Henrique de Campos; Siqueira, Luan Ferreira; Macedo, Hudson de Azevedo; Bayer, Maximiliano
River confluences are zones of intense hydro-sedimentary interaction whose morphological dynamics remain poorly understood in tropical environments, especially in the Cerrado biome. This study investigates the morphodynamic transformations at theconfluence of the Araguaia and Vermelho Rivers in Aruanã (Goiás, Brazil), over 51 years (1972–2023). The studyintegrates remote sensing data, bathymetry, and acoustic profiling. Riverbanks, thalwegs, sandbars, junction angle, and channel width were mapped, along with the calculation of hydraulic and geomorphological parameters. The results reveal high planimetricmobility, with junction displacement of up to 2.5 km, a 27° reduction in the confluence angle, and intense fluctuations in the configuration and area of fluvial bars. The confluence was characterized by a retreat between the 1970s and 2000 due to the erosion of part of the floodplain; then an advance of the confluence was observedin the period from 2000 to 2023, driven by formation and consolidation of the tributary bar. The dominance of the Araguaia River influences the scour zone position and thalwegconfiguration. Differential bank erosion was observed, conditioned by the morpho-sedimentary units of the floodplain, as well as colonization of the tributary bar by vegetation, promoting temporary stabilization. It isconcluded that the adjustments in theconfluence morphology result from aninteraction between the seasonal hydro-sedimentary regime, bank lithology, and migration of fluvial forms, highlighting a dynamic system that is sensitive to changes in land use and land cover.
Hydrological shifts in the Cerrado's largest free-flowing river under land use and climate pressure
(2025) Cremon, Édipo Henrique; Abreu, Laudier Lopes; Santos, Daniel Araujo Ramos dos; Tonin, Alan Mosele; Bayer, Maximiliano; Pereira, Alessandra Cristina
The Araguaia River is the longest free-flowing river in the Brazilian Cerrado, a biome characterized by pronounced seasonality, high biodiversity, and extensive agricultural development. The river supports floodplain systems, groundwater recharge, and multiple human uses, but has undergone rapid landscape transformation in recent decades. This study evaluates long-term trends in river discharge and assesses the relative influence of land use and climate variability from 1985 to 2022. We used in situ hydrometric data for minimum and maximum annual discharge, precipitation and climate indices, and annual land use and land cover data. The Mann-Kendall test and Sen's slope estimator were applied to detect trends, while Random Forest regression quantified the influence of land use and climate variables. Results show a consistent decline in both minimum and maximum annual discharge across most hydrometric stations. Land use change, particularly deforestation and agricultural expansion, was the primary driver of reduced minimum discharge. For maximum discharge, climate variables—including precipitation anomalies and El Niño/La Niña events—had greater relative influence, although land use effects remained significant. The expansion of irrigated areas further reduced baseflow, especially during the dry season. Variations in discharge trends across the basin corresponded to geomorphological differences, including floodplain extent and channel confinement. These results underscore the need for coordinated land and water management strategies in the Cerrado. Preserving native vegetation, regulating irrigation, and strengthening monitoring efforts are necessary to maintain the hydrological stability of the Araguaia River and ensure long-term water availability in one of South America's most dynamic agricultural regions.
Estimativa do volume sedimentar em uma confluência fluvial do rio Araguaia utilizando plataformas aéreas não tripuladas
(2025) Assis, Pâmela Camila; Ferreira, Manuel Eduardo; Costa, João Vítor Silva; Bayer, Maximiliano
Aerial surveys of the Earth's surface conducted using Remotely Piloted Aircraft Systems (RPAS, or drones) have been widely employed in volumetric calculations across various applications, including geology/mining activities, agriculture, and forest management (timber extraction and reforestation). In this study, photogrammetric techniques and three-dimensional landscape modeling were employed, combined with the use of an RPAS, to quantify the volume of sediments deposited and/or stored at the confluence of the Araguaia and Vermelho rivers, located in the municipality of Aruanã, state of Goiás, Brazil. The sediment dynamics in this region are configuredas a direct response to land use and land cover changes in the Araguaia River basin, particularly intensified since the 1960s, as well as to the influence of morphosedimentary units of the alluvial plain. The methodology was based on the processing of a set of aerial photographs acquired with a multirotor-type RPAS (DJI Phantom 4), a low-cost and user-friendly equipment. The images were processed using Pix4D Mapper software, enabling the generation of high-resolution Digital Surface Models (DSMs) and orthomosaics. In addition to aerial imagery and three-dimensional modeling, the technique proved effective for quantifying the sediments deposited and/or stored within the channel, allowing the identification of an area of 1.15 km² and an estimated volume of approximately 1,318,312.63 tons along a 4 km stretch of the middle course of the Araguaia River.
Quantifying terrestrial carbon in the context of climate change: a review of common and novel technologies and methods
(2025) Gameiro, Samuel; Ferreira, Manuel Eduardo; Chimelo Ruiz, Luis Fernando; Galford, Gillian L.; Zeraatpisheh, Mojtaba; Nascimento, Victor Fernandez; Collevatti, Rosane Garcia
Background Understanding carbon dynamics in Earth’s ecosystem is necessary for mitigating climate change. With recent advancements in technologies, it is important to understand both how carbon quantification in soil and vegetation is measured and how it can be improved. Therefore, this study conducted a bibliometric and bibliographic review of the most common carbon quantification methodologies. Results Among the most widely used techniques, the Walkley-Black method and Elemental Analysis stand out for measuring below-ground carbon, while forest inventories are prominent for assessing above-ground carbon. Additionally, we found that the United States and China have the largest number of publications on this topic, with forest and agricultural areas being the most studied, followed by grasslands and mangroves. However, it should be noted that despite being indirect techniques, remote sensing, regression analysis, and machine learning have increasingly been used to generate geo-environmental carbon models for various areas. Landsat satellite images are the most widely used in remote sensing, followed by LiDAR digital models. Conclusions These results demonstrate that while new technologies do yet not replace analytical techniques, they are valuable allies working in conjunction with the current carbon quantification process.
Integrative approach for monitoring the toxicity of effluents, surface water, and soil in the Cerrado biome
(2025) Santos, Igor Romeiro dos; Souza, Marcelino Benvindo de; Alves, Daniela Pereira da Silva; Santos, Danielle Gonçalves Teixeira dos; Silva, Isabela Náthaly Machado da; Fernandes, Amanda Silva; Cotrim, Carlos Filipe Camilo; Almeida, Luciane Madureira de; Lee, Chen Chen; Ferreira, Manuel Eduardo
Monitoring the quality of water resources is essential to determine environmental impacts and seek sustainable management solutions. In this work, we demonstrated the toxicity of effluents and surface water of an important river in Central Brazil, the Meia Ponte River, using not just physicochemical parameters but also ecotoxicological bioindicators, such as Aliivibrio fischeri, Allium cepa, Lactuca sativa, and Salmonella typhimurium. To complement this data, we analyzed soil toxicity and quality along the river bank using A. fischeri and microbial enzymes. The data was associated with the land use pattern to discuss the environmental impacts caused by the land use and cover in the Cerrado biome. Although most physicochemical parameters were within the values allowed by Brazilian legislation, the A. fischeri bioluminescence inhibition assay indicated sample toxicity mainly in the non-treated effluent and near the river mouth (both water and soil samples). The germination indexes for L. sativa and A. cepa were reduced in most samples. Mutagenicity was observed in a surface water sample of one collection point during the dry season. The current data suggest the toxic potential of the surface water and soil along the Meia Ponte River and the non-treated effluent. The effluent treatment decreased the toxic potential of the samples but did not always eliminate the toxicity. The toxicity of the Meia Ponte River was most observed in urban and agricultural areas. Finally, our work demonstrated the need to monitor the environmental health of the Meia Ponte River basin, also used for public water supply.
Planning and optimization of nitrogen fertilization in corn based on multispectral images and leaf nitrogen content using unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV)
(2025) Silva, Diogo Castilho; Madari, Beata Emoke; Carvalho, Maria da Conceição Santana; Costa, João Vítor Silva; Ferreira, Manuel Eduardo
Nitrogen (N) is a key factor affecting corn yield. Remote sensing of spectral reflectance from plant canopies offers an efficient way to assess N status. High spatial and temporal resolution imagery from unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) provides additional advantages. This study aimed to (1) develop and validate a model to predict top-dressing N requirements at the V5 stage using vegetation indices (VIs), N rates, and/or leaf N content (LNC), and (2) correlate VIs with LNC and yield at V6, V11, and R1 stages. Two experiments were conducted in Goiás state, Brazil. The first tested N rates from 0 to 300 kg ha−1 applied at V5, with imagery and LNC collected at V6, V11, and R1 stages. VIs such as GNDVI (R2 = 0.55–0.74), GN (R2 = 0.70–0.75), and TCARI (R2 = 0.62–0.63) showed strong correlations with N sources and LNC. Linear, linear-plateau, and quadratic-plateau models best fit the data. The validation trial confirmed the effectiveness of these VIs in optimizing N applications without reducing yield. GNDVI presented more benefits of reducing the amount of top-dressed N regardless of the variable used (N rate or LNC). The reduction of N inputs ranged from 6.6 to 35% compared to traditional methods. Additionally, VIs such as SAVI, GSAVI, and RVI accurately predicted yield, especially at the V6 stage, where correlations were highest (R2 ≥ 0.70). This approach demonstrates the potential of UAV-based VIs for optimizing N management and improving grain yield predictions.

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